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1251 In Literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of the 13th century. Events *1202 – Leonardo Fibonacci writes ''Liber Abaci'', about the ''modus Indorum'', the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, including the use of zero; it is the first major work in Europe to move away from the use of Roman numerals. *1204 – The Imperial Library of Constantinople is destroyed by Christian knights of the Fourth Crusade and its contents burned or sold. *1211 – Hélinand of Froidmont begins compiling his ''Chronicon''. *1215 – Bhiksu Ananda of Kapitanagar completes writing the Buddhist book ''Arya Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita'' (Sutra), in gold ink in Ranjana script. *1216 – Roger of Wendover, English monk and chronicler, at St Albans Abbey, begins to cover contemporary events, in his continuation of the chronicle ''Flores Historiarum''. *1217 – Alexander Neckam, English scholar and theologian, writes ''De naturis rerum'' ("On the Nature of Things"), a scienti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canterbury Cathedral
Canterbury Cathedral is the cathedral of the archbishop of Canterbury, the spiritual leader of the Church of England and symbolic leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Located in Canterbury, Kent, it is one of the oldest Christianity, Christian structures in England and forms part of a World Heritage Site. Its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ, Canterbury. Founded in 597, the cathedral was completely rebuilt between 1070 and 1077. The east end was greatly enlarged at the beginning of the 12th century, and largely rebuilt in the Gothic style following a fire in 1174, with significant eastward extensions to accommodate the flow of pilgrims visiting the shrine of Thomas Becket, the archbishop who was murdered in the cathedral in 1170. The Norman nave and transepts survived until the late 14th century, when they were demolished to make way for the present structures. Before the English Reformation, the cathedral was part of a Benedictine monas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
February 13
Events Pre-1600 * 962 – Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I and Pope Pope John XII, John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome. *1258 – Siege of Baghdad (1258), Siege of Baghdad: Hulegu Khan, a prince of the Mongol Empire, orders his army to sack and plunder the city of Baghdad, which they had just captured. *1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th. *1352 – War of the Straits: The Battle of the Bosporus is fought in a stormy sea into the night between the Genoese, Venetian, Aragonese, and Byzantine fleets. *1462 – The Treaty of Westminster (1462), Treaty of Westminster is finalised between Edward IV of England and the Scottish Lord of the Isles. *1503 – Challenge of Barletta: Tournament between 13 Italian and 13 French knights near Barletta. *1542 – Catherine Howard, the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England, is executed for adultery. 1601–1900 *1633 &nda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scriptures
Religious texts, including scripture, are texts which various religions consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition. They often feature a compilation or discussion of beliefs, ritual practices, moral commandments and laws, ethical conduct, spiritual aspirations, and admonitions for fostering a religious community. Within each religion, these texts are revered as authoritative sources of guidance, wisdom, and divine revelation. They are often regarded as sacred or holy, representing the core teachings and principles that their followers strive to uphold. Etymology and nomenclature According to Peter Beal, the term ''scripture'' – derived from (Latin) – meant "writings anuscriptsin general" prior to the medieval era, and was then "reserved to denote the texts of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible". Beyond Christianity, according to the ''Oxford World Encyclopedia'', the term ''scripture'' has referred to a text accepted to contain the "sacr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tripitaka Koreana
The is a Korean collection of the ( Buddhist scriptures), carved onto 81,258 wooden printing blocks in the 13th century. They are currently located at the Buddhist temple Haeinsa, in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It is the oldest intact version of Buddhist canon in Hanja script. It contains 1,496 titles, divided into 6,568 books, spanning 81,258 pages, for a total 52,330,152 Hanja characters. It is often called the ''Palman Daejanggyeong'' ("Eighty-thousand Tripitaka") due to the number of the printing plates that comprise it. It is also known as the ''Goryeo Daejanggyeong'' (Goryeo dynasty Tripitaka). Each wood block (page) measures 24 centimetres in height and 70 centimetres () in length. The thickness of the blocks ranges from and each weighs about three to four kilograms (6.61 - 8.81 lbs). The woodblocks would be almost as tall as Paektu Mountain at if stacked and would measure long if lined up, and weigh 280 tons in total. The woodblocks are in pristine co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raymond VII Of Toulouse
Raymond VII (July 1197 – 27 September 1249) was Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and Marquis of Provence from 1222 until his death. Family and marriages Raymond was born at the Château de Beaucaire, the son of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Joan of England. Through his mother, he was a grandson of Henry II of England and a nephew of kings Richard I and John of England. In March 1211, at the age of 13, Raymond VII married Sancha of Aragon. They had one daughter, Joan, and were divorced in 1241. He was engaged to Sanchia of Provence, but she married Richard of Cornwall instead. In 1243 Raymond married Margaret of Lusignan, the daughter of Hugh X of Lusignan and Isabella of Angoulême. They had no children and the Council of Lyons in 1245 granted Raymond a divorce. He then tried to get support of Blanche, mother of King Louis IX of France, to marry Beatrice of Provence, who had just become Countess of Provence, but Beatrice married Blanche's son Charles instead. Li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guillaume De Puylaurens
Guillaume de Puylaurens (in Occitan, Guilhèm de Puèglaurenç; in Latin, Guillelmus de Podio Laurenti; in English, William of Puylaurens) is a 13th-century Latin chronicler, author of a history of Catharism and of the Albigensian Crusade. He was born soon after 1200 at Toulouse, where he perhaps studied at the nascent university and gained the title of "Master". He worked with bishop Foulques around 1228 to 1230. He was curé at Puylaurens ( Tarn) from 1237 to 1240 (whence his name) and during this period was close to Foulques' successor as bishop, Raimond du Fauga. From 1244 onwards he was chaplain to Raymond VII of Toulouse and was present at Raymond's death on September 27, 1249. He lived until 1274 at least, occasionally working for the Inquisition. His work is entitled simply ''Cronica The ''Nuova Cronica'' (also: ''Nova Cronica'') or ''New Chronicles'' is a 14th-century history of Florence created in a year-by-year linear format and written by the Italian banker and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
September 27
Events Pre-1600 * 1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England. * 1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order. The Poles are defeated but their leaders escape capture. * 1422 – After the brief Gollub War, the Teutonic Knights sign the Treaty of Melno with Poland and Lithuania. * 1529 – The Siege of Vienna begins when Suleiman I attacks the city. *1540 – The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) receives its charter from Pope Paul III. 1601–1900 * 1605 – The armies of Sweden are defeated by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Battle of Kircholm. * 1669 – The Venetians surrender the fortress of Candia to the Ottomans, thus ending the 21-year-long Siege of Candia. *1777 – American Revolution: Lancaster, Pennsylvania becomes the capital of the United States for one day after Congress evacuates Philade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albert Of Stade
Albert of Stade (c. 1187 – c. 1260) was a German monk, historian and poet. Albert probably studied in the school of Bremen Cathedral. He joined the Benedictine Order and entered the near Stade. He rose to become prior and in 1232 was elected abbot. He was opposed both to the lax enforcement of the Benedictine Rule at Harsefeld and to the introduction of the stricter Cistercian observance. For this reason he resigned as abbot in 1240 and joined the Franciscan friary of Saint John in Stade.Kai-Henrik Günther, "Albert of Stade", in ''Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle'', edited by Graeme Dunphy & Cristian Bratu (Brill, 2016). Consulted online on 22 December 2019. In the same year that he became a friar, Albert began writing a Latin world chronicle, the ''Annales Stadenses'' or ''Annals of Stade''. It begins at Creation and ends in 1256. The early portions appear to have been based on Bede's ''Libellus de sex aetatibus mundi'' and Ekkehard's ''Chronicon''. As he approac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Welsh Marches
The Welsh Marches () is an imprecisely defined area along the border between England and Wales in the United Kingdom. The precise meaning of the term has varied at different periods. The English term Welsh March (in Medieval Latin ''Marchia Walliae'') was originally used in the Middle Ages to denote the marches between England and the Principality of Wales, in which Marcher lords had specific rights, exercised to some extent independently of the king of England. In modern usage, "the Marches" is often used to describe those English counties which lie along the border with Wales, particularly Shropshire and Herefordshire, and sometimes adjoining areas of Wales. However, at one time the Marches included all of the historic counties of Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire. Etymology The term ''March'' is from the 13th-century Middle English ''marche'' ("border region, frontier"). The term was borrowed from Old French ''marche'' ("limit, bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tours
Tours ( ; ) is the largest city in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Indre-et-Loire. The Communes of France, commune of Tours had 136,463 inhabitants as of 2018 while the population of the whole functional area (France), metropolitan area was 516,973. Tours sits on the lower reaches of the Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic coast. Formerly named Caesarodunum by its founder, Roman Augustus, Emperor Augustus, it possesses one of the largest amphitheaters of the Roman Empire, the Tours Amphitheatre. Known for the Battle of Tours in 732 AD, it is a National Sanctuary with connections to the Merovingian dynasty, Merovingians and the Carolingian dynasty, Carolingians, with the Capetian dynasty, Capetians making the kingdom's currency the Livre tournois. Martin of Tours, Saint Martin and Gregory of Tours were from Tours. Tours was once part of Touraine, a former provi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Marshal, 1st Earl Of Pembroke
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 or 1147 – 14 May 1219), also called William the Marshal (Anglo-Norman language, Norman French: ', French language, French: '), was an Anglo-Normans, Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman during High Medieval England who served five English kings: Henry II of England, Henry II and his son and co-ruler Young Henry, Richard I, John, King of England, John, and finally Henry III of England, Henry III. Knighted in 1166, William Marshal spent his younger years as a knight errant and a successful tournament (medieval), tournament competitor; Stephen Langton eulogised him as the "best knight that ever lived." In 1189, he became the ''de facto'' earl of Pembroke through his marriage to Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke, Isabel de Clare, whose parents were Aoife MacMurrough and Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. The title of earl was not officially granted until 1199, and is considered to be the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
