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A unisex name (also known as an epicene name, a gender-neutral name or an androgynous name) is a given name that can be used by a person regardless of the person's sex. Some countries have laws preventing unisex names, requiring parents to give their children sex-specific names.[citation needed] In other countries unisex names are sometimes avoided for social reasons.[citation needed]

Names may have different gender connotations from country to country or language to language. For example, the Italian male name Andrea (derived from Greek Andreas) is understood as a female name in many languages, such as English, German, Hungarian, Czech, and Spanish.

Parents may name their child in honor of a person of another sex, which – if done widely – can result in the name becoming unisex. For example, Christians, particularly Catholics, may give a child a second/middle name of the opposite sex, e.g. name a son Marie or Maria in honor of the Virgin Mary or formerly Anne for Saint Anne; or name a daughter José in honor of Saint Joseph or Jean in honor of John the Baptist. This practice is rare in English-speaking countries.

Some masculine and feminine names are homophones, pronounced the same for both sexes but spelled differently. For example, Yves and Eve and (for some speakers) Artemus and Artemis. These names are not strictly unisex names.

In popular culture

Unisex names can be used as a source of humor, such as Julia Sweeney's sexually ambiguous character "Pat" on Saturday Night Live. A running joke on the TV show Scrubs is that almost every woman J.D. sleeps with has a unisex name: Jordan, Alex, Danni, Elliot, Jamie, Kim, etc. Similarly, the sex of the baby Jamie in Malcolm in the Middle was purposely kept ambiguous when first introduced at the end of the show's fourth season leading to speculation that it would remain unknown. However, the character's sex was revealed at the end of the first episode of season five. In Gilmore Girls, Rory is bothered by the discovery that her boyfriend Logan's workmate Bobby, is female. Rory had assumed Bobby was male and it is only upon their first meeting that Rory discovers Bobby is female.[1] Interestingly, the name "Rory" itself was historically a male name until Gilmore Girls reached popularity, at which point the name reached rough gender parity.[2]

In Japanese dramas and manga, a unisex name may be given to an androgynous or gender-bending character as part of a plot twist to aid in presenting the character as one sex when they are actually another.

In mystery fiction, unisex names have been used to tease readers into trying to solve the mystery of a character's sex. The novels of Sarah Caudwell feature a narrator named Hilary Tamar, a law professor who is never identified as either male or female.

English

Unisex names have been enjoying some popularity in English-speaking countries in the past several decades. Masculine names have become increasingly popular among females in the past century but originally feminine names remain extremely rare among males.

Masculine names which have been widely given to females and thus have become unisex include:[3]

In the United States, most of these names are now largely female, while in Britain, some (notably Evelyn, Hilary, Sidney, Robin) remain largely male. Sometimes different spellings have different sex distributions (Francis is less likely female than Frances), but these are rarely definitive.[3]

Modern unisex names may derive from:

Examples of unisex names among celebrities include:

According to the Social Security Administration, Jayden[4] has been the most popular unisex name for boys since 2008 and Madison[5] has been the most popular unisex name for girls since 2000 in the United States. Prior to Jayden, Logan[6] was the most popular unisex name for boys and prior to Madison, Alexis[7] was the most popular unisex name for girls.

Nicknames

Many popular nicknames are unisex. Some nicknames, such as Alex and Pat, have become popular as given names in their own right. The following list of unisex nicknames are most commonly seen in English-speaking countries such as Canada, the United States, Australia, South Africa, and the United Kingdom.

Finnish

Finnish law bans giving "female child a male name and male child a female name"[8] among other restrictions. Some ambiguous names do exist, which have been given to children of both sexes. A partial list includes:[9] Aala, Aale, Aali, Aalo, Airut, Aleksa, Alvi, Ami, Ara, Ariel, Asla, Dana, Dara, Eedi, Eelia, Eeri, Eeti, Eka, Ellis, Emili, Ensi, Ervi, Essa, Hami, Hani, Heile, Heine, Helgi, Helle, Hille, Ila, Ille, Ilo, Jessi, Jo, Juno, Kaari, Kaiho, Kara, Karli, Karo, Kullero, Lahja, Lei, Lemmi, Lumo, Mara, Margo, Marin, Marjus, Mietti, Mille, Miska, Mitja, Muisto, Nevin, Niika, Niki, Nikita, Nikola, Nilla, Noa, Noe, Noel, Oma, Orla, Peeta, Rani, Reine, Reita, Rene, Sana, Sani, Sasa, Sasha, Sassa, Seri, Sire, Sirius, Soini, Soma, Sävel, Tiera, Toive, Vanja, Varma, Veini, Vendi, Venni and Vilka. Many of these names are rare, foreign or neologism, established names tend to be strongly sex-specific. Notably, a class of names that are derived from nature can be often used for either sex, for example: Aalto (wave), Halla (frost), Lumi (snow), Paju (willow), Ruska (fall colors), and Valo (light). Similarly, there are some (sometimes archaic) adjectives which carry no strong gender connotations, like Kaino (timid), Vieno (calm) or Lahja (a gift). Certain names can have unisex diminutives, such as Alex, which can be short for Aleksandra or Aleksanteri (or variants thereof).

French

Popular unisex names of French origin include Camille, Claude, Dominique, Stéphane, and Maxime. There are also pairs of masculine and feminine names that have slightly different spelling but identical pronunciation, such as André / Andrée, Frédéric / Frédérique and Gabriel / Gabrielle.[10] In France and French-speaking countries, it can happen for people to have a combination of both masculine and feminine given names, but most of these include "Marie", such as Jean-Marie, Marie-Jean, Marie-Pierre.[11] Marie was a unisex name in medieval times; it is nowadays only female except for its presence in compound names. Notable examples of people with a combination of masculine and feminine given names are Jean-Marie Le Pen (male), Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles (male), Marie-Pierre Kœnig (male), and Marie-Pierre Leray (female).

European royals often bear the name Marie, the French form of Maria, in their names. Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este (Amedeo Marie Joseph Carl Pierre Philippe Paola Marcus), Prince Jean of Luxembourg (Jean Félix Marie Guillaume), and Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (Jean Benoît Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc) are examples of male royals who bear Marie in their names.

German

In the past, German law required parents to give their child a sex-specific name.[12][13] This is no longer the case, since the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany held in 2008 that there is no obligation for a name to be sex-specific, even if the child has only one given name.[14] The custom of adding a second name which matches the child's legal sex is no longer required. Still, unisex names of German origin are rare, most of them being nicknames rather than formal names (such as Alex).

Examples of unisex names: Eike, Gustl (the male variant is a shortening of August or Gustav, the female for Augusta), Toni, Niko, Kai, Kim.

Hebrew

Many of the modern Hebrew names have become unisex. A few popular examples are Gal, Tal, Noam, Lior and Daniel (which is unisex only as a modern name).

Icelandic

Unisex names are in general illegal in Iceland (the given name Blær one of the few exceptions, the first reversal by a judge (and accepted will not be appealed to the Supreme Court) of former denial (as a female name);[15] and e.g. Auður later approved for males,[16] while Alex was denied for females later that the same year[17]). The Icelandic Naming Committee (Icelandic: Mannanafnanefnd) has preapproved lists of male and female names (with e.g. Ofur (e. Super or Uber), Lady, and X (as middle name) declined, and for instance Þyrnirós (e. Sleeping Beauty, while literally meaning a rose with thorns) is approved for females).

Additionally traditional patronymic (or rarely matronymic or both) Icelandic last names (by law) cannot be unisex. The suffix of the last name -dóttir ("daughter") is used for female sex; males use the suffix -son (rare exceptions for foreign females: when using husband's last name as a family name; family names are in general illegal with few exceptions). Given names are also clearly (to Icelanders) masculine or feminine, and linguistic gender has to match the gender identity of the person.[18]

As of 2012, the law has been successfully challenged once, for the given male name Blær (transliterated Blaer) which was exceptionally allowed to be used for females. The Icelandic Naming Committee had for 14 years rejected the registration of Blær as a girl's name in the national census, and the girl in question was registered with the default given name stelpa ("girl") as the name was not on the list of about 1,853 approved female names. A lower court deemed the name additionally legal for females[19] and the state decided not to use its right to appeal.

Among the few exceptions to the gender agreement rule are the traditional name Sturla, linguistically feminine, from medieval history always applies to males; and Ilmur ("fragrance" or "odour"), linguistically masculine, must apply to females.

Indian languages

Many Indian names become unisex when written with Latin characters because of the limitations of transliteration. The spellings Chandra and Krishna, for example, are transliterations of both the masculine and feminine versions of those names. In Indian languages[in which alphabets?], the final a in each of these names are different letters with different pronunciations, so there is no ambiguity. However, when they are seen (and usually, spoken) by someone unfamiliar with Indian languages, they become sexually ambiguous. Other Indian names, such as Ananda, are exclusively or nearly exclusively masculine in India, but because of their a ending, are assumed to be feminine in Anglophone societies. Many unisex names in India are obvious and are never ridiculed. For instance Nehal, Sonal, Snehal, Niral, Pranjal and Anmol are used commonly to name baby boys or girls in western states of India such as Gujarat. Similarly, names like Kajal, Sujal, Viral, Harshal, Deepal, Bobby, Mrinal, Jyoti, Shakti, Kiran, Lucky, Ashwini, Shashi, Malhar, Umang, Shubham and Anupam are also very common sex-neutral names or unisex names in India. Most Punjabi Sikh first names such as "Sandeep, Gurdeep, Kuldeep, Mandeep", "Surjeet, Gurjeet, Kuljeet, Harjeet, Manjeet", "Harpreet, Gurpreet, Jaspreet, Kulpreet, Manpreet", "Prabhjot, Harjot, Gurjot, Jasjot" and "Sukhjinder, Bhupinder, Jasbinder, Parminder, Kulvinder, Harjinder, Ranjodh, Sheeraz, Hardeep, Kirendeep, Sukhdeep, Govindpal, Encarl, Rajan" are unisex names and equally commonly given to either sex.[20] Also, names derived from Dari Persian and Arabic, but not used among native speakers of those languages, are common among South Asian Muslims. Since Persian does not assign genders to inanimate nouns, some of these names are gender-neutral, for example Roshan, Parveen, and Insaaf.

Italian

In Italy unisex names are very rare.

There are basically male names like i.e. Andrea (which is female i.e. in English, Spanish, German or French), Elia or Mattia that can be given also to females. Names like Celeste, Amabile, Fiore or Diamante are, as opposite, female names that occasionally can be given to male.

Sometimes "Maria" is used as a middle male name (such as Antonio Maria).

"Rosario" (feminine: "Rosaria") is a male name in Italian whereas in Spanish is female.

There are also unisex nicknames, i.e. Giusi or Giusy that can stand either for Giuseppe or Giuseppina, respectively "Joseph" and "Josephine"; Dani or Dany which stand for Daniele (male) or Daniela (female); Alex that can stand for Alessandro (male) as well as for Alessandra (female); Fede (literally: "Faith") that can stand either for Federico or Federica.

Japanese

Despite there being only a small number of Japanese unisex names in use, unisex names are widely popular. Many high-profile Japanese celebrities such as Hikaru Utada, Jun Matsumoto, Ryo Nishikido, Tomomi Kahala, Harumi Nemoto, Izumi Sakai, and Shizuka Arakawa have unisex names.

Nicknames

Unisex names may also be used as nicknames. For example, a man named Ryounosuke and a woman named Ryouko may both use the unisex name Ryou as a nickname.

Portuguese

Brazilian

Names that end with an i are considered unisex in Brazil. They tend to be Native Brazilian Indian names in origin, such as Araci, Jaci, Darci, Ubirani, but names from other cultures are now being absorbed, such as Remy, Wendy, and Eddy. Names that end with ir and mar tend to be unisex also, such as Nadir, Aldenir, Dagmar and Niomar - though in these cases there are some exceptions.

Russian

Common Russian boys' names, such as Nikita and Misha (short for Mikhail), are assumed to be feminine in English, due to the 'a' termination, which is actually common in diminutive masculine forms. However, the 'a' termination does hold true for other Russian contexts, as the letter 'a' is appended to all Russian female last names (Ivanov's mother, wife, and daughter all have last name Ivanova; yet any son born out of wedlock to an Ivanova defaults back to last name Ivanov), and nearly all Russian feminine first names end in 'a' (or 'ya', a distinct letter in the Cyrillic alphabet). Also, nicknames (shortened versions of names) can be sex-ambiguous: Sasha/Shura (Alexandr or Alexandra), Zhenya (Yevgeniy or Yevgeniya), Valya (Valentin or Valentina), Valera (Valeriy or Valeriya).

Spanish

In Spain unisex names are extremely rare. María, an originally feminine name is used in Spanish for males as second name, very commonly after José (e.g., José María). José is used for females preceded by María (María José). Also Guadalupe, a feminine name is sometimes used as masculine after José (José Guadalupe).

Like in English, some common nicknames are unisex such as Álex (Alejandro, Alejandra), Cris (Cristina, Cristian, Cristóbal), Dani (Daniel, Daniela).

Turkish

There are many Turkish names which are unisex. These names are almost always pure Turkish names (i.e. not Turkified Arabic names that have an Islamic connotation) that derive from Turkish words. These names may either be modern names or be derived from Turkic mythology. Among the common examples of the many unisex names in Turkey include, Aytaç, Ayhan, Bilge, Cemre, Derya, Deniz, Evren, Evrim, Göksel, Gökçe, Özgür, Turhan, Toprak, Yüksel or Yücel. Some Persian-derived Turkish names, like Can and Cihan, are also unisex, as are even a few Arabic-derived names, like İhsan and Nur.

Vietnamese

Among modern Vietnamese names, unisex names are very popular. Vietnamese tend to distinguish unisex names by middle names (for example Quốc Khánh is a male name and Ngân Khánh is a female name). In many cases, a male could have a female name and vice versa. Popular examples of unisex names in Vietnam are: Anh (beautiful or outstanding), An (safe and sound), Hà (river), Khánh (joy or virtue), Linh (divinity, essence, or spirit), or Tú (star), etc.

Zimbabwe

Shona, a Bantu group in Zimbabwe, have unisex[21]name which may indicate the circumstances of the baby or the family during the time of the birth. All Shona names have a meaning, some also celebrate virtue or worship God. Popular unisex names in the Shona ethnic group[22]are Akatendeka (God is faithful), Anenyasha (God is merciful), Anesu (God is with us), Chipo (Gift), Farai (Rejoice), Kudzai (Worship), Nyasha (Mercy), Rufaro (Happiness), Shingirayi (Persevere), Tendai (Grateful), Tafadzwa (Joyful), Tanaka (We are good), Tatenda (We give thanks), Vimbai (Trust)

See also

References

  1. ^ "Rory and Logan: Getting Serious". Crushable. Retrieved 23 June 2012. 
  2. ^ "Rory – Boy Name or Girl Name?". Nancy's Baby Names. 2011-02-09. Retrieved 2017-07-26. 
  3. ^ a b National Institute for Genealogical Studies, "England Given Name Considerations" [1]
  4. ^ Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Jayden". 
  5. ^ Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Madison". 
  6. ^ Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Logan". 
  7. ^ Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Alexis". 
  8. ^ "FINLEX ® - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: 9.8.1985/694" (in Finnish). Finlex.fi. Retrieved 2013-09-29. 
  9. ^ "Lapsesta Ruu tai Sirius? Sukupuolineutraaleista nimistä tuli buumi Helsingin Uutiset" (in Finnish). Helsinginuutiset.fi. Retrieved 2013-09-29. 
  10. ^ "Patterns of French First Names - Prénoms Français". 
  11. ^ "Patterns of French First Names - Prénoms Français". 
  12. ^ David K. Israel. "Oh no, you can't name your baby THAT! - CNN.com". Mental Floss. 
  13. ^ Flippo, Hyde "The Germany Way" Published by McGraw-Hill (1996), Pages 96-97
  14. ^ BVerfG, 1 BvR 576/07 vom 5.12.2008, paragraph 16
  15. ^ "Mál nr. 17/2013 Eiginnafn: Blær (kvk.)" [Case 17/2013 Given name: Blær (female)]. Department of Justice: Úrskurðir og álit (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2017-11-27. 
  16. ^ "Mál nr. 73/2013 Eiginnafn: Auður". Department of Justice: Úrskurðir og álit (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2017-11-27. 
  17. ^ "Mál nr. 76/2013 Eiginnafn: Alex". Department of Justice: Úrskurðir og álit (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2017-11-27. Beiðni um eiginnafnið Alex (kvk.) er hafnað. [Request for given name Alex (female) is denied.] 
  18. ^ "Name Law and Gender in Iceland" (PDF). UCLA Center for the Study of Women. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. 
  19. ^ "Icelandic girl Blaer wins right to use given name". BBC. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2014. 
  20. ^ http://www.sikhnames.com, sikhnames.com -. "Sikh Names (SikhNames.com) Sikh Names, Meanings & Pronunciation". 
  21. ^ "50 Zimbabwean Shona Baby Names For Girls And Boys". 23 August 2016. 
  22. ^ 20000-names.com. "20000-NAMES.COM". 

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