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{{Infobox military conflict , conflict=Operation Juniper Shield , partof= the
War on terror The war on terror, officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), is an ongoing international counterterrorism military campaign initiated by the United States following the September 11 attacks. The main targets of the campaign are militant ...
(
Islamist insurgency in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in the Sahel or Jihadist Insurgencies in the Sahel refers to the Islamist insurgency in the Sahel region of West Africa following the 2011 Arab Spring to the present day. In particular, the intensive conflict in the three coun ...
) , image= , caption=A United States special forces NCO watches weapons marksmanship training for a member of a Malian counter-terrorism unit in December 2010. , date=6 February 2007 – ''ongoing''
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=02, day1=06, year1= 2007) , place=
Sahara Desert , photo = Sahara real color.jpg , photo_caption = The Sahara taken by Apollo 17 astronauts, 1972 , map = , map_image = , location = , country = , country1 = , ...
and
North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...
,
West Africa West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali ...
, territory= , result= Ongoing , combatant1= {{ALG
{{MAR
{{flagicon , Mauritania
Mauritania Mauritania (; ar, موريتانيا, ', french: Mauritanie; Berber: ''Agawej'' or ''Cengit''; Pulaar: ''Moritani''; Wolof: ''Gànnaar''; Soninke:), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania ( ar, الجمهورية الإسلامية ...

{{Flagicon, Tunisia
Tunisia ) , image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa , image_map2 = , capital = Tunis , largest_city = capital , ...

{{flagicon, Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (, ; , ff, 𞤄𞤵𞤪𞤳𞤭𞤲𞤢 𞤊𞤢𞤧𞤮, italic=no) is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of , bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana t ...

{{CHA
{{MLI
{{NIG
{{Flagicon, Nigeria
Nigeria Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...

{{SEN
{{Flagicon, Cameroon
Cameroon Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the ...

{{Flagicon, Togo
Togo Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (french: République togolaise), is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its c ...

{{Flagicon, Ghana
Ghana Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Tog ...

{{Flagicon, Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital is Yamoussoukro, in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre i ...

{{Flagicon, Benin
Benin Benin ( , ; french: Bénin , ff, Benen), officially the Republic of Benin (french: République du Bénin), and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the nort ...

{{Flagicon, Cape Verde
Cape Verde , national_anthem = () , official_languages = Portuguese , national_languages = Cape Verdean Creole , capital = Praia , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , demonym ...

{{Flagicon, The Gambia
Gambia The Gambia,, ff, Gammbi, ar, غامبيا officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. It is the smallest country within mainland AfricaHoare, Ben. (2002) ''The Kingfisher A-Z Encyclopedia'', Kingfisher Publicatio ...

{{Flagicon, Guinea
Guinea Guinea ( ),, fuf, 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫, italic=no, Gine, wo, Gine, nqo, ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫, bm, Gine officially the Republic of Guinea (french: République de Guinée), is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the we ...

{{Flagicon, Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau ( ; pt, Guiné-Bissau; ff, italic=no, 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 𞤄𞤭𞤧𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮, Gine-Bisaawo, script=Adlm; Mandinka: ''Gine-Bisawo''), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau ( pt, República da Guiné-Bissau, links=no ) ...

{{Flagicon, Liberia
Liberia Liberia (), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to Guinea–Liberia border, its north, Ivory Coast to Ivory Coast ...

{{Flagicon, Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone,)]. officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea surrounds the northern half of the nation. Covering a total area of , Sierr ...

{{Collapsible list , title = Supported & Trained By: , {{flagicon, United States
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country Continental United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., ...
, {{Flagicon, Canada
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by to ...
{{cite web , url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/canada-in-afghanistan/Canada+sends+special+forces+African+Qaida+fight/5804679/story.html , title = Canada Sends Special Forces to Aid African Al-Qaida Fight , work =
Montreal Gazette The ''Montreal Gazette'', formerly titled ''The Gazette'', is the only English-language daily newspaper published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Three other daily English-language newspapers shuttered at various times during the second half of t ...
, date = 2 December 2011 , url-status = dead , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120106084750/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/canada-in-afghanistan/Canada+sends+special+forces+African+Qaida+fight/5804679/story.html , archive-date = 6 January 2012 , df=dmy-all
, {{flagicon, France
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
{{cite web , url=http://www.france24.com/en/20100725-french-hostage-executed-aqim-qaeda-north-africa-michel-germaneau-killing , title = French Hostage Executed after raid on Al-Qaeda base , publisher = France 24 news , date = 26 July 2011 , access-date = 13 September 2011 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111210063638/http://www.france24.com/en/20100725-french-hostage-executed-aqim-qaeda-north-africa-michel-germaneau-killing , archive-date = 10 December 2011 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all , {{Flagicon, Germany
Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...
, {{Flagicon, Netherlands
Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
{{cite web , url = http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=5937 , title = Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal , publisher = AFRICOM , date = 3 February 2011 , url-status = dead , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121224145854/http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=5937 , archive-date = 24 December 2012 , df = dmy-all , {{flagicon , Spain
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...
, {{flag, United Kingdom , {{Flagicon, Denmark
Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...
, {{Flagicon, Czech Republic
Czech Republic The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The ...
, {{Flagicon, Sweden
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic countries, Nordic c ...
, combatant2= {{flagicon image, Flag of Jihad.svg Islamic militants *
MOJWA The Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (abbreviated MOJWA) or the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (abbreviated MUJWA; ar, جماعة التوحيد والجهاد في غرب أفريقيا ''Jamāʿat at-tawḥīd wal-jih ...
*
AQIM Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb ( ar-at, تنظيم القاعدة في بلاد المغرب الإسلامي, Tanẓīm al-Qā'idah fī Bilād al-Maghrib al-Islāmī), or AQIM, is an Islamist militant organization (of al-Qaeda) that aims to o ...
* Al-Mourabitoun *
Ansar al-Sharia Ansar al-Sharia or Ansar al-Shariah is a name used by a collection of radical or militant Islamist groups or militias, in at least eight countries. While they share names and ideology, they lack a unified command structure. *Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen ...
*
Macina Liberation Front The Macina Liberation Front (MLF, , also known as the Macina Liberation Movement or Katibat Macina) is a militant Islamist group that operates in Mali. It is an affiliate of Ansar Dine. Origins and membership In March 2012, the President of M ...
*
Ansar Dine Ansar Dine ( ar, أنصار الدين ''ʾAnṣār ad-Dīn'', also transliterated ''Ançar Deen''; meaning " helpers of the religion" (Islam) also known as Ansar al-Din (abbreviated as AAD) was a Salafi jihadist group led by Iyad Ag Ghaly. An ...
*
Boko Haram Boko Haram, officially known as ''Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād'' ( ar, جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد, lit=Group of the People of Sunnah for Dawah and Jihad), is an Islamic terrorist organization ...
{{sfnp, Comolli, 2015, pp=28, 103, 171 *
Ansaru The Vanguard for the Protection of Muslims in Black Africa ( ar, جماعة أنصار المسلمين في بلاد السودان '), better known as Ansaru and less commonly called al-Qaeda in the Lands Beyond the Sahel, is an Islamic fundam ...
{{sfnp, Comolli, 2015, pp=28, 103, 171 ---- {{flagicon, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
ISIL An Islamic state is a state that has a form of government based on Islamic law (sharia). As a term, it has been used to describe various historical polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world. As a translation of the Arabic term ...
*
Islamic State in the Greater Sahara The Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (IS-GS) is a terrorist group adhering to the ideology of Salafi Jihadism. IS-GS was formed on 15 May 2015 as the result of a split within the militant group Al-Mourabitoun. The rift was a reaction to the ad ...

(2015–present) , commander1= * {{flagicon, Algeria
Abdelmadjid Tebboune Abdelmadjid Tebboune ( ar, عبد المجيد تبون, ʿAbd al-Majīd Tabbūn; born 17 November 1945) is an Algerian politician currently serving as the President of Algeria since December 2019 and as Minister of Defence. He took over the po ...

(2019-present) * {{flagicon, Algeria
Aymen Benabderrahmane Aymen Benabderrahmane ( ar, أيمن بن عبد الرحمان; born 30 August 1966) is an Algerian politician who is serving as Prime Minister of Algeria since 30 June 2021. He had served as Minister of Finance from June 2020 until February ...

(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Morocco
Mohammed VI Muhammad VI may refer to: * Muhammad Imaaduddeen VI (1868–1932), sultan of the Maldives from 1893 to 1902 * Mehmed VI (1861–1926), sultan of Ottoman Empire, from 1918 to 1922 * Mohammed VI of Morocco (born 1963), King of Morocco since 19 ...

(2007-present) * {{flagicon, Morocco
Aziz Akhannouch Aziz Akhannouch (; ; born 1961) is a Moroccan politician, businessman, and billionaire who is currently the Prime Minister of Morocco since his government took office on 7 October 2021. He is the CEO of Akwa Group and also served as Minister of A ...

(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Mauritania Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
(2019-present) * {{flagicon, Mauritania
Mohamed Ould Bilal Mohamed Ould Bilal (; born in 1963, Rosso), is a Mauritanian politician serving as the prime minister of Mauritania since 6 August 2020. Career Prime minister Prior to become the new Prime Minister Mohamed Ould Bilal worked as the head of th ...

(2020-present) * {{flagicon, Tunisia
Kais Saied Kais Saied ( ar, قَيس سَعيد; born 22 February 1958) is a Tunisian politician, jurist, and retired law professor, and currently the 8th President of Tunisia since October 2019. He was president of the Tunisian Association of Constitution ...

(2019-present) * {{flagicon, Tunisia Najla Bouden
(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Burkina Faso
Ibrahim Traoré Ibrahim Traoré (born 1988) is a Burkinabé military officer who has been the interim leader of Burkina Faso since the 30 September 2022 coup d'état which ousted interim president Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba. At age 34, Traoré is the world's ...

(2022-present) * {{flagicon, Burkina Faso
Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla (born 1955) is a Burkinabé lawyer, writer and statesman. Career On 21 October 2022, he was appointed Interim Prime Minister by Interim President President most commonly refers to: *President (corp ...

(2022-present) * {{flagicon, Chad
Mahamat Déby Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno ( ar, محمد إدريس ديبي إتنو; born 1 January 1984), also known as Mahamat Kaka, is a Chadian army general serving as the transitional president of Chad. He is the son of the late Chadian President Idriss ...

(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Chad
Saleh Kebzabo Saleh Kebzabo ( ar, صالح كبزابو, born 27 March 1947 in Léré, Chad) is a Chadian politician. He is the President of the National Union for Democracy and Renewal (UNDR) and a Deputy in the National Assembly of Chad."Saleh Kebzabo: "A v ...

(2022-present) * {{flagicon, Mali
Assimi Goïta Colonel Assimi Goïta (born 1983) is a Malian military officer who has been interim President of Mali since 28 May 2021. Goïta was the leader of the , a military junta that seized power from former president Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta in the 20 ...

(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Mali Abdoulaye Maïga
(2022-present) * {{flagicon, Niger
Mohamed Bazoum Mohamed Bazoum ( ar, محمد بازوم), is a Nigerien politician who is the current president of the Republic of Niger. He has been in office since 2 April 2021. Before becoming President, he served as the President of the Nigerien Party ...

(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Niger
Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou (born 1954) is a Nigerien politician of the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism (PNDS-Tarayya) who has been serving as Prime Minister of Niger since 3 April 2021. Mahamadou served in the government of Niger as Mini ...

(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Nigeria
Muhammadu Buhari Muhammadu Buhari (born 17 December 1942) is a Nigerian politician and current president of Nigeria since 2015. Buhari is a retired Nigerian Army major general who served as the country's military head of state from 31 December 1983 to 27 A ...

(2015-present) * {{flagicon, Senegal
Macky Sall Macky Sall (, wo, Maki Sàll, fuc, 𞤃𞤢𞤳𞤭 𞤅𞤢𞤤‎, italic=no, Maki Sal; born 11 December 1961) is a Senegalese politician who has been President of Senegal since April 2012. He was re-elected President in the first round vot ...

(2012-present) * {{flagicon, Senegal Amadou Ba
(2022-present) * {{flagicon, Cameroon
Paul Biya Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who has served as the president of Cameroon since 6 November 1982.

(2007-present) * {{flagicon, Cameroon
Joseph Ngute Joseph Dion Ngute (born 12 March 1954) is a Cameroonian politician currently serving as the 9th Prime Minister of Cameroon, following his appointment in January 2019. He succeeded Philémon Yang, who had held the post since 2009. Career Ngut ...

(2019-present) * {{flagicon, Togo
Faure Gnassingbé Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé Eyadéma (; born 6 June 1966"Biographie de nouve ...

(2007-present) * {{flagicon, Togo
Victoire Tomegah Dogbé
(2020-present) * {{flagicon, Ghana
Nana Akufo-Addo Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ( ; born 29 March 1944) is a Ghanaian politician who has served as the president of Ghana since 7 January 2017. In 2020, he was re-elected for his second term, which will end on 6 January 2025. Akufo-Addo previously ...

(2017-present) * {{flagicon, Ivory Coast
Alassane Ouattara Alassane Dramane Ouattara (; ; born 1 January 1942) is an Ivorian politician who has been President of Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) since 2010. An economist by profession, Ouattara worked for the International Monetary Fund (IMF)Patrick Achi Patrick Achi (born 17 November 1955) is an Ivorian politician who serves as Prime Minister of Ivory Coast since March 2021. A member of the Rally of the Republicans, he studied at Supélec and Stanford University and specialises in engineering ...

(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Benin
Patrice Talon Patrice Guillaume Athanase Talon (born 1 May 1958) is a Beninese politician and businessman who has been President of Benin since 6 April 2016. Early life and career Talon is of Fon origin and was born in Ouidah. He descends from slave trader ...

(2016-present) * {{flagicon, Cape Verde José Maria Neves
(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Cape Verde Ulisses Correia e Silva
(2016-present) * {{flagicon, The Gambia
Adama Barrow Adama Barrow ( ff, 𞤀𞥄𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢 𞤄𞤢𞥄𞤪𞤮, Aadama Baaro, born 15 February 1965) is a Gambian politician and real estate developer who has served as President of the Gambia since 2017. Born in Mankamang Kunda, a village ...

(2017-present) * {{flagicon, Guinea Mamady Doumbouya
(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Guinea
Bernard Goumou Bernard Goumou (born 2 October 1960) is a Guinean politician who serves as the prime minister of Guinea This article lists the prime ministers of Guinea, since the establishment of the office of Prime Minister in 1972. List Key ;''Politica ...

(2022-present) * {{flagicon, Guinea-Bissau
Umaro Sissoco Embaló Umaro Mokhtar Sissoco Embaló (born 23 September 1972) is a Bissau-Guinean politician serving as the president of Guinea-Bissau since 27 February 2020. He is a political scientist and military officer who previously served as prime minister b ...

(2020-present) * {{flagicon, Guinea-Bissau
Nuno Gomes Nabiam Nuno Gomes Nabiam (born 17 November 1966) is a Bissau-Guinean politician who has been the Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau since 28 February 2020. He is a political scientist and military officer who previously served as President of Guinea-Biss ...

(2020-present) * {{flagicon, Liberia George Weah
(2018-present) * {{flagicon, Sierra Leone
Julius Maada Bio Julius Maada Wonie Bio (born 12 May 1964) is a Sierra Leonean politician, and the current president of Sierra Leone since 4 April 2018. He is a retired brigadier general in the Sierra Leone Army and was the military head of state of Sierra Leo ...

(2018-present) * {{flagicon, United States Joe Biden
(2021-present) * {{flagicon, United Kingdom
Charles III Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms. He was the longest-serving heir apparent and Prince of Wales and, at age 73, became the oldest person ...

(2022-present) * {{flagicon, United Kingdom
Rishi Sunak Rishi Sunak (; born 12 May 1980) is a British politician who has served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since October 2022. He previously held two cabinet positions under Boris Johnson, lastly as ...

(2022-present) * {{flagicon, Canada
Mary Simon Mary Jeannie May Simon (in Inuktitut syllabics: ᒥᐊᓕ ᓴᐃᒪᓐ, iu, script=Latn, Ningiukudluk; born August 21, 1947) is a Canadian civil servant, diplomat, and former broadcaster who has served as the 30th governor general of Canada ...

(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Canada
Justin Trudeau Justin Pierre James Trudeau ( , ; born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician who is the 23rd and current prime minister of Canada. He has served as the prime minister of Canada since 2015 and as the leader of the Liberal Party since ...

(2015-present) * {{flagicon, France
Emmanuel Macron Emmanuel Macron (; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has served as President of France since 2017. ''Ex officio'', he is also one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra. Prior to his presidency, Macron served as Minister of Econ ...

(2017-present) * {{flagicon, France
Élisabeth Borne Élisabeth Borne (; born 18 April 1961) is a French politician who has served as Prime Minister of France since May 2022. She is a member of President Emmanuel Macron's party Renaissance. A civil engineer, government official and manager of sta ...

(2022-present) * {{flagicon, Germany
Frank-Walter Steinmeier Frank-Walter Steinmeier (; born 5 January 1956) is a German politician serving as President of Germany since 19 March 2017. He was previously Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2009 and again from 2013 to 2017, as well as Vice Chan ...

(2017-present) * {{flagicon, Germany
Olaf Scholz Olaf Scholz (; born ) is a German politician who has served as the chancellor of Germany since 8 December 2021. A member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), he previously served as Vice Chancellor under Angela Merkel and as Federal Minister ...

(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Netherlands
Willem-Alexander Willem-Alexander (; Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand; born ) is King of the Netherlands, having acceded to the throne following his mother's abdication in 2013. Willem-Alexander was born in Utrecht as the oldest child of Princess Bea ...

(2013-present) * {{flagicon, Netherlands
Mark Rutte Mark Rutte (; born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician who has served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands since 2010 and Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) since 2006. After a business career working for Unileve ...

(2010-present) * {{flagicon, Spain
Felipe VI Felipe VI (;, * eu, Felipe VI.a, * ca, Felip VI, * gl, Filipe VI, . Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Grecia; born 30 January 1968) is King of Spain. He is the son of former King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía, an ...

(2014-present) * {{flagicon, Spain
Pedro Sánchez Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón (; born 29 February 1972) is a Spanish politician who has been Prime Minister of Spain since June 2018. He has also been Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) since June 2017, having p ...

(2018-present) * {{flagicon, Denmark
Margrethe II Margrethe II (; Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid, born 16 April 1940) is Queen of Denmark. Having reigned as Denmark's monarch for over 50 years, she is Europe's longest-serving current head of state and the world's only incumbent femal ...

(2007-present) * {{flagicon, Denmark
Mette Frederiksen Mette Frederiksen (; born 19 November 1977) is a Danish politician who has been Prime Minister of Denmark since June 2019, and Leader of the Social Democrats since June 2015. The second woman to hold either office, she is also the youngest prime ...

(2019-present) * {{flagicon, Czech Republic
Miloš Zeman Miloš Zeman (; born 28 September 1944) is a Czech politician serving as the third and current President of the Czech Republic since 2013. He previously served as the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from 1998 to 2002. As leader of the Cze ...

(2013-present) * {{flagicon, Czech Republic Petr Fiala
(2021-present) * {{flagicon, Sweden
Carl XVI Gustaf Carl XVI Gustaf (Carl Gustaf Folke Hubertus; born 30 April 1946) is King of Sweden. He ascended the throne on the death of his grandfather, Gustaf VI Adolf, on 15 September 1973. He is the youngest child and only son of Prince Gustaf Adolf, D ...

(2007-present) * {{flagicon, Sweden
Ulf Kristersson Ulf Hjalmar Ed Kristersson (born 29 December 1963) is a Swedish politician who has been serving as Prime Minister of Sweden since October 2022. He has been the leader of the Moderate Party (M) since October 2017 and a member of the Riksdag (MP ...

(2022-present) {{Collapsible list , titlestyle=background-color:transparent; text-align:left; , title= Former , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Abdelaziz Bouteflika Abdelaziz Bouteflika (; ar, عبد العزيز بوتفليقة, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Būtaflīqa ; 2 March 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician and diplomat who served as President of Algeria from 1999 to his resignation in 2019 ...
† , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Abdelkader Bensalah Abdelkader Bensalah ( ar, عبد القـادر بن صالح, ʿAbd āl-Qādar bin Ṣāliḥ, 24 November 1941 – 22 September 2021) was an Algerian politician. He served as the President of the Council of the Nation, the upper house of the ...
† , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Abdelaziz Belkhadem Abdelaziz Belkhadem (; ar, عبد العزيز بلخادم; born 8 November 1945)
is an Algerian politician ...
, {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Ahmed Ouyahia Ahmed Ouyahia ( ar, rtl=yes, أحمد أويحيى, Aḥmad ʾŪyaḥyā; 2 July 1952) is an Algerian politician who was Prime Minister of Algeria four times (1995–98, 2004–2006, 2008–2012, 2017–2019). A career diplomat, he also served a ...
, {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Abdelmalek Sellal Abdelmalek Sellal ( ar, عبد المالك سلال, ʿAbd al-Mālik Silāl; born 1 August 1948) is an Algerian politician who was Prime Minister of Algeria from 3 September 2012 to 13 March 2014 when he took a leave of office to support Presiden ...
, {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Youcef Yousfi , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Noureddine Bedoui Noureddine Bedoui ( ar, نور الدين بدوي; born 22 December 1959) is an Algerian politician. He was Prime Minister of Algeria The prime minister of Algeria is the head of government of Algeria. Aymen Benabderrahmane has been t ...
, {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Sabri Boukadoum , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Abdelaziz Djerad Abdelaziz Djerad ( ar, عبد العزيز جراد; born 12 February 1954) is an Algerian politician and diplomat who served as Prime Minister of Algeria from 28 December 2019 to 30 June 2021. In September 2021, he was appointed ambassador to ...
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Driss Jettou Driss Jettou ( ar, إدريس جطو; born 24 May 1945) is a Moroccan politician, who served as the Prime Minister of Morocco from 2002 to 2007. Early life and education Jettou was born in the town of El Jadida on 24 May 1945. After secondary s ...
, {{flagdeco, Morocco, size=23px Abbas El Fassi , {{flagdeco, Morocco, size=23px Abdelilah Benkirane , {{flagdeco, Morocco, size=23px Saadeddine Othmani , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959
Ely Ould Mohamed Vall Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall ( ar, إعلي ولد محمد فال ''I‘lī Wald Muḥammad Fāl''; 1953 – 5 May 2017) was a Mauritanian political and military figure. Following a coup d'état in August 2005, he served as the transitional ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Ba Mamadou Mbaré , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Zeine Ould Zeidane , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959{{flagdeco, Mauritania, size=23px Yahya Ould Hademine , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, size=23px Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, size=23px Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ( ar, زين العابدين بن علي, translit=Zayn al-'Ābidīn bin 'Alī; 3 September 1936 – 19 September 2019), commonly known as Ben Ali ( ar, بن علي) or Ezzine ( ar, الزين), was a Tunisian politician ...
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Mohamed Ghannouchi Mohamed Ghannouchi ( ar, محمد الغنوشي ''Muhammad Al-Ghannushi''; born 18 August 1941) is a Tunisian politician who was Prime Minister of Tunisia from 1999 to 2011. Regarded as a technocrat, Ghannouchi was a long-standing figure in th ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Fouad Mebazaa , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Moncef Marzouki , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Beji Caid Essebsi Beji Caid Essebsi (or es-Sebsi; ar, الباجي قائد السبسي, translit=Muhammad al-Bājī Qā’id as-Sibsī, ; 29 November 1926 – 25 July 2019) was a Tunisian politician who served as the 6th president of Tunisia from 31 December 2 ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Mohamed Ennaceur , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Hamadi Jebali Hamadi Jebali ( ar, حمادي الجبالي, '; born 12 January 1949) is a Tunisian engineer, Muslim politician and journalist who was Prime Minister of Tunisia from December 2011 to March 2013. He was the Secretary-General of the Ennahda Mov ...
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Ali Laarayedh Ali Laarayedh ( aeb, علي العريّض, '; born 15 August 1955) is a Tunisian politician who was Prime Minister of Tunisia from 2013 to 2014. Previously he served in the government as the Minister of the Interior from 2011 to 2013. Followin ...
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Mehdi Jomaa Mehdi Jomaa ( ar, مهدي جمعة; born 21 April 1962) is a Tunisian engineer and was the acting Prime Minister of Tunisia from 29 January 2014 to 6 February 2015. He was chosen on 14 December 2013. Jomaa was Minister of Industry in the Ali ...
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Habib Essid Habib Essid ( ar, حبيب الصيد; born 1 June 1949) is a Tunisian politician who was Head of Government of Tunisia from 6 February 2015 to 27 August 2016. He was the first Head of Government to be appointed following the adoption of the new ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Youssef Chahed , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Elyes Fakhfakh , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Hichem Mechichi , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Blaise Compaoré Blaise Compaoré (born 3 February 1951)''Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders'' (2003), page 76–77.
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Honoré Traoré , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Yacouba Isaac Zida , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Michel Kafando Michel Kafando (born 18 August 1942) is a Burkinabé diplomat who served as the transitional President of Burkina Faso from 2014
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Gilbert Diendéré Gilbert Diendéré (; born 1960) is a Burkinabé military officer and the Chairman of the National Council for Democracy, the military junta that briefly seized power in Burkina Faso in the September 2015 coup d'état. He was a long-time aide ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Chérif Sy , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Roch Marc Christian Kaboré Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (; born 25 April 1957) is a Burkinabé banker and politician who served as the President of Burkina Faso from 2015 until he was deposed in 2022. He was the Prime Minister of Burkina Faso between 1994 and 1996 and Pr ...
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Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba (; born January 1981) is a Burkinabé military officer who served as interim president of Burkina Faso from 31 January 2022 to 30 September 2022, when he was removed in a coup d'état, by his own military colleague Ibr ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Paramanga Ernest Yonli , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Tertius Zongo , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Luc-Adolphe Tiao Luc-Adolphe Tiao (born 4 June 1954) is a Burkinabé politician and journalist who was Prime Minister of Burkina Faso from 2011 to 2014. Early life and career in journalism Born at Tenkodogo, Tiao attended a seminary from 1969 to 1974 and studied ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Paul Kaba Thieba , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré (born 27 August 1948) is a Burkinabé politician who served as the Prime Minister of Burkina Faso from 24 January 2019 to 9 December 2021. He was appointed to the position of Prime Minister by President Roch Marc C ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Lassina Zerbo , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Albert Ouédraogo Albert Ouédraogo (born 6 April 1969) is a Burkinabé economist who served as prime minister of Burkina Faso in the aftermath of the January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état, from 3 March until another coup on 30 September. Early life and educa ...
, {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px Idriss Déby{{KIA , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px
Pascal Yoadimnadji Pascal Yoadimnadji (January 11, 1950 – February 23, 2007) was a Chadian politician. He was Prime Minister of Chad from February 2005 to his death in February 2007.Valery Gottingar, , Chadian government web site, February 23, 2007 . Biography ...
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Adoum Younousmi Adoum Younousmi (born 1962) is a Chadian politician who served in the government of Chad as Minister of Public Works and Transport from 2003 to 2005 and as Minister of State for Infrastructure from 2005 to 2011. He was briefly Prime Minister in an a ...
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Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye Nouradine Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye ( ar, نور الدين دلوا كوماكوي; born December 31, 1949Youssouf Saleh Abbas Youssouf Saleh Abbas ( ar, يوسف صالح عباس '; born ''c''. 1953
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Emmanuel Nadingar Emmanuel Djelassem Nadingar (born 1951"Chad appoints new prime minister"
African P ...
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Djimrangar Dadnadji Joseph Djimrangar Dadnadji ( ar, جوزيف جمرانقار دادناجي; 1 January 1954 – 31 December 2019) was a Chadian politician who was Prime Minister of Chad in 2013. Life and career Dadnadji joined the civil service in 1975. He was ...
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Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet (born 1 January 1957) is a Chadian businessman and politician who was Prime Minister of Chad from November 2013 to February 2016. Early life and career Deubet was the head of the state-owned cotton parastatal. Politics ...
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Albert Pahimi Padacké Albert Pahimi Padacké ( ar, ألبر بهيمي بدكي, born 15 November 1966) is a Chadian politician who was Prime Minister of Chad from 26 April 2021 to 12 October 2022. He was also Prime Minister from 2016 to 2018, when he resigned and was ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Amadou Toumani Touré Amadou Toumani Touré (4 November 19489 November 2020) was a Malian politician. He supervised Mali's first multiparty elections as chairman of the transitional government (1991–1992), and later became the second democratically-elected Presid ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Amadou Sanogo , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Dioncounda Traoré Dioncounda Traoré (born 23 February 1942) is a Malian politician who was President of Mali in an interim capacity from April 2012 to September 2013. Previously he was President of the National Assembly of Mali from 2007 to 2012, and he served ...
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Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (; 29 January 1945 – 16 January 2022), often known by his initials IBK, was a Malian politician who served as the president of Mali from September 2013 to August 2020, when he was forced to resign in the 2020 Malian cou ...
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Bah Ndaw Bah Ndaw (also spelled N'Daw, N'Dah, and N'Daou; born 23 August 1950) is a Malian military officer and politician who served as the president of Mali between 25 September 2020 and 24 May 2021 when he was overthrown during the 2021 Malian coup d ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Ousmane Issoufi Maïga , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Modibo Sidibé , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé (4 January 1948 – 6 November 2021) was a Malian politician and the Prime Minister of Mali at the time of the 2012 Malian coup d'état. She was the first female prime minister in the country's history. She was ann ...
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Cheick Modibo Diarra Cheick Modibo Diarra (born 1952) is a Malian astrophysicist, businessman, and politician who was acting Prime Minister of Mali from April 2012 to December 2012. On 11 December 2012, Diarra presented his resignation on state television in a br ...
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Django Sissoko Django Sissoko (1948 – 4 April 2022) was a Malian civil servant who was Prime Minister of Mali from December 2012 to September 2013. He was Minister of Justice from 1984 to 1988 and subsequently served twice as Secretary-General of the Presid ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Oumar Tatam Ly , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Moussa Mara , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Modibo Keita Modibo or more correctlyMoodibbo in Fula or Fulfulde Orthography is a given name in some Fulɓe or Fulani regions, while in some regions it's used as a form of respect which means a learned scholar. Others are named moodibbo after one's parents or g ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Boubou Cissé Boubou Cissé (born 1974) is a Malian politician who was the Prime Minister of Mali from April 2019 to his resignation following the 2020 Malian coup d'état in August 2020. He was also the Minister of Economy and Finance and Minister of Mines ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Moctar Ouane , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Choguel Kokalla Maïga , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Mamadou Tandja , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Salou Djibo , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px
Mahamadou Issoufou Mahamadou Issoufou (born 1 January 1952) is a Nigerien politician who served as the President of Niger from 7 April 2011 to 2 April 2021. Issoufou was the prime minister of Niger from 1993 to 1994, president of the National Assembly from 1995 t ...
, {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px
Hama Amadou Hama Amadou (born 1949) is a Nigerien politician who was Prime Minister of Niger from 1995 to 1996 and again from 2000 to 2007. He was also Secretary-General of the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD-Nassara) from 1991 to 20 ...
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Seyni Oumarou Seyni Oumarou (born 9 August 1951
, {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px
Albadé Abouba Albadé Abouba is a Nigerien politician who has been the Secretary-General of the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD-Nassara) since 2009. He served in the government of Niger as Minister of the Interior from 2002 to 2004 and a ...
, {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Ali Badjo Gamatié , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px
Mahamadou Danda Mahamadou Danda (born 25 July 1951Maman Chaïbou, ''Répertoire biographique des personnalités de la classe politique'', volume 2 (2000), page 463 .) is a Nigerien political figure who was appointed as Prime Minister of Niger by the Supreme Coun ...
, {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Brigi Rafini , {{flagdeco, Nigeria, size=23px
Olusegun Obasanjo Chief Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo, , ( ; yo, Olúṣẹ́gun Ọbásanjọ́ ; born 5 March 1937) is a Nigerian political and military leader who served as Nigeria's head of state from 1976 to 1979 and later as its presid ...
, {{flagdeco, Nigeria, size=23px
Umaru Musa Yar'Adua Umaru Musa Yar'Adua (16 August 19515 May 2010) was a Nigerian politician who, was the President of Nigeria from 2007 to 2010. He was declared the winner of the Nigerian presidential election held on 21 April 2007, and was sworn in on 29 May 2 ...
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Goodluck Jonathan Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan (born 20 November 1957)Lawson Heyford, ''The Source'' (Lagos), 11 December 2006. is a Nigerian politician who served as the President of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015. He lost the 2015 presidential election to fo ...
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Abdoulaye Wade Abdoulaye Wade (born 29 May 1926)
Encyclopedia of the Nations. Retrieved February 28, ...
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Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré (born 1951
.
) was
Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye (born 6 August 1958) is a Senegalese politician who was Prime Minister of Senegal from 2009 to 2012. He was Minister of the Civil Service and Labour in 2005, Director of the Cabinet of the President of the Republic from 2 ...
, {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Abdoul Mbaye , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px
Aminata Touré Aminata Touré may refer to: * Aminata Touré (Senegalese politician) Aminata Touré (born 12 October 1962) is a Senegalese politician who served as the Prime Minister of Senegal from 1 September 2013 to 4 July 2014. She was the second female ...
, {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Mahammed Dionne , {{flagdeco, Cameroon, size=23px Ephraïm Inoni , {{flagdeco, Cameroon, size=23px
Philémon Yang Philémon Yunji Yang (born June 14, 1947Profile at Cameroonian ...
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Yawovi Agboyibo Yawovi Madji Agboyibo (31 December 1943, Republicoftogo.com, 11 January 2007 .30 May 2020) was a Togolese attorney and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Togo from September 2006 to December 2007 and was National President of the Action ...
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Komlan Mally Komlan Mally (born December 12, 1960"Komlan Mally become ...
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Gilbert Houngbo Gilbert Fossoun Houngbo (born 4 February 1961) is a Togolese politician and diplomat who was Prime Minister of Togo from September 2008 to July 2012.
, {{flagdeco, Togo, size=23px
Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu is a Togolese politician who was Prime Minister of Togo from July 2012 to June 2015. He was previously Minister of Trade from March 2011 to July 2012. Biography Ahoomey-Zunu attended Tokoin High School, a district in Lomé. ...
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Komi Sélom Klassou Komi Sélom Klassou (born February 10, 1960
etiame.com .
John Kufuor John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor (born 8 December 1938) is a Ghanaian politician who served as the President of Ghana from 7 January 2001 to 7 January 2009. He was also Chairperson of the African Union from 2007 to 2008. Kufuor's career has been spe ...
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John Atta Mills John Evans Fiifi Atta Mills (21 July 1944 – 24 July 2012) was a Ghanaian politician and legal scholar who served as President of Ghana from 2009 until his death in 2012. He was inaugurated on 7 January 2009, having defeated the governing party ...
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John Mahama John Dramani Mahama (; born 29 November 1958) is a Ghanaian politician who served as President of Ghana from 24 July 2012 to 7 January 2017. He previously served as Vice President of Ghana from January 2009 to July 2012, and took office as pres ...
, {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px
Laurent Gbagbo Koudou Laurent Gbagbo
, FPI website .
( Charles Konan Banny , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Guillaume Soro , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px
Gilbert Aké Gilbert Marie N'gbo Aké (born 1956) is an Ivorian academic and politician. He was named Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire by President Laurent Gbagbo after the latter claimed victory in the disputed 2010 presidential election. Life and career ...
, {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px
Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio (born 6 March 1951Official CV at government website ...
, {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px
Daniel Kablan Duncan Daniel Kablan Duncan (born 30 June 1943) is an Ivorian politician. He previously served as Prime Minister of Ivory Coast from 11 December 1993 to 24 December 1999 and again from November 2012 to January 2017. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs ...
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Amadou Gon Coulibaly Amadou Gon Coulibaly (10 February 19598 July 2020) was an Ivorian politician who served as Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from January 2017 until his death in July 2020. He was the ruling party's candidate in the 2020 Ivorian presidential ...
, {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Hamed Bakayoko , {{flagdeco, Benin, size=23px
Mathieu Kérékou Mathieu Kérékou (; 2 September 1933 – 14 October 2015) was a Beninese politician who served as President of Benin from 1972 to 1991 and again from 1996 to 2006. After seizing power in a military coup, he ruled the country for 19 years, for ...
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Thomas Boni Yayi Thomas Boni Yayi (born 1 July 1951) is a Beninese banker and politician who was President of Benin from 2006 to 2016. He took office after winning the March 2006 presidential election and was re-elected to a second term in March 2011. He also s ...
, {{flagdeco, Benin, size=23px Pascal Koupaki , {{flagdeco, Benin, size=23px Lionel Zinsou , {{flagdeco, Cape Verde, size=23px
Pedro Pires Pedro de Verona Rodrigues Pires (; born 29 April 1934) is a Cape Verdean politician who served as Prime Minister of Cape Verde from 1975 to 1991, and later as President from 2001 to 2011. Life and career Pires was born in São Filipe, Fogo, Cape ...
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Jorge Carlos Fonseca Jorge Carlos de Almeida Fonseca (; born 20 October 1950)
is a
, {{flagdeco, Cape Verde, size=23px José Maria Neves , {{flagdeco, The Gambia, size=23px
Yahya Jammeh Yahya Abdul-Aziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh (born 25 May 1965) is a Gambian politician and former military officer who was the leader of The Gambia from 1994 to 2017, firstly as chairman of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) from 19 ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Lansana Conté Lansana Conté (30 November 1934 – 22 December 2008
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Moussa Dadis Camara Captain Moussa Dadis Camara (; born 1 January 1964), now called Moïse Dadis Camara (),''Le Populaire'', , N°3232, 31 August 2010, p. 2 is an ex-officer of the Guinean army who served as the President of Guinea from 23 December 2008 to 15 Ja ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Sékouba Konaté , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Alpha Condé Alpha Condé (N'Ko: ; born 4 March 1938) is a Guinean politician who served as the fourth president of Guinea from 2010 to 2021. Condé spent decades in opposition to a succession of regimes in Guinea, unsuccessfully running against President L ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Eugène Camara Eugène Camara (21 January 1942
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Lansana Kouyaté Lansana Kouyaté (born 15 July 1950) is a Guinean politician and diplomat who served as Prime Minister of Guinea from 2007 to 2008. Previously he was Executive Secretary of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) from 1997 to 2002. ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Ahmed Tidiane Souaré Ahmed Tidiane Souaré (born 1951
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Kabiné Komara , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Jean-Marie Doré Jean-Marie Doré (12 June 1938 – 29 January 2016) was a Guinean politician who was the Prime Minister of Guinea from January 2010 until December 2010. Doré, who was the President of the Union for the Progress of Guinea (UPG), was an oppositio ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Mohamed Said Fofana Mohamed Said Fofana (born 1952) was the Prime Minister of Guinea from 2010 to 2015. He was appointed by President Alpha Condé on December 24, 2010. His previous role was director of economic research at the commerce ministry. Fofana and his gove ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Mamady Youla Mamady Youla (born 1961) is a Guinean businessman and politician who was the Prime Minister of Guinea from 2015 to 2018. Youla was managing director of Guinea Alumina Corporation, a mining company and subsidiary of a company based in the United A ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Ibrahima Kassory Fofana Ibrahima Kassory Fofana (born 15 April 1954) is a Guinean politician who served as Prime Minister of Guinea between 21 May 2018 and 5 September 2021. A macro-economist and specialist in economic policy, he previously held several strategic posit ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Mohamed Béavogui Mohamed Béavogui (born 15 August 1953 in Porédaka) is a Guinean diplomat and politician, and the former interim prime minister of Guinea from 6 October 2021 to 17 July 2022. Biography Béavogui was born in August 1953 in Porédaka, the son o ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px João Bernardo Vieira , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Raimundo Pereira Raimundo Rodrigues Pereira (born 1956) is a Bissau-Guinean lawyer and politician who was interim President of Guinea-Bissau from 3 March 2009 to 8 September 2009 and again in 2012, following the departure of President Malam Bacai Sanhá for medi ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Malam Bacai Sanhá , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Mamadu Ture Kuruma Major General Mamadu Ture Kuruma (or N'Krumah; born 26 April 1947) is a Bissau-Guinean military vice-chief of staff and the leader of the Military Command that took power following a coup against acting president Raimundo Pereira and former pr ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px José Mário Vaz , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Aristides Gomes Aristides Gomes (born 8 November 1954
.
) is a Bissau-Guinean politician who was the
Martinho Ndafa Kabi ''This name uses Portuguese naming customs. the first or maternal family name is Ndafa and the second or paternal family name is Kabi.'' Martinho Ndafa Kabi (born September 17, 1957
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Carlos Correia Carlos Correia (6 November 1933 – 14 August 2021) was a Bissau-Guinean politician who was Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 17 September 2015 to 12 May 2016. Previously he was Prime Minister from 27 December 1991 to 26 October 1994, from 6 ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Carlos Gomes Júnior Carlos Domingos Gomes Júnior (born December 19, 1949)
(in Portuguese).
is a Adiato Djaló Nandigna , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Rui Duarte de Barros , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Domingos Simões Pereira Domingos Simões Pereira (born 20 October 1963) is a Bissau-Guinean politician who was Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 2014 to August 2015. He previously served as Executive Secretary of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, also k ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Baciro Djá Baciro Djá is a Bissau-Guinean politician who was the Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 27 May 2016 to 18 November 2016. He was previously Prime Minister from 20 August 2015 to 17 September 2015. Early life Baciro Djá was born on 31 January ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Artur Silva , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Faustino Imbali Faustino Fudut Imbali (born 1 May 1956)Peter Karibe Mendy (2013) ''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau'', Scarecrow Press, p229 is a Bissau-Guinean politician who was Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 21 March 2001 to 9 Dec ...
, {{flagdeco, Liberia, size=23px Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , {{flagdeco, Sierra Leone, size=23px
Ahmad Tejan Kabbah Alhaji Ahmad Tejan Kabbah (February 16, 1932 – March 13, 2014) was a Sierra Leonean politician who served twice as the 3rd President of Sierra Leone, from 1996 to 1997 and again from 1998 to 2007. An economist and attorney by profession, K ...
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Ernest Bai Koroma Ernest Bai Koroma (born 2 October 1953) is a Sierra Leonean politician who served as the fourth President of Sierra Leone from 17 September 2007 to 4 April 2018. Born and raised in Makeni in northern Sierra Leone, Koroma spent more than 24 ...
, {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px George W. Bush , {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px
Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, Obama was the first Af ...
, {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px
Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of P ...
, {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states durin ...
, {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px
Tony Blair Sir Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British former politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. He previously served as Leader of t ...
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Gordon Brown James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is a British former politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 to 2010. He previously served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Tony ...
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David Johnston David Lloyd Johnston (born June 28, 1941) is a Canadian academic, author, and statesman who served from 2010 to 2017 as Governor General of Canada, the 28th since Canadian Confederation. He is the commissioner of the Leaders' Debates Commis ...
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Julie Payette Julie Payette (; born October 20, 1963) is a Canadian engineer, scientist and former astronaut who served from 2017 to 2021 as Governor General of Canada, the 29th since Canadian Confederation. Payette holds engineering degrees from McGill ...
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Jacques Chirac Jacques René Chirac (, , ; 29 November 193226 September 2019) was a Politics of France, French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. Chirac was previously Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and from 1986 to ...
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Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (; ; born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2007 to 2012. Born in Paris, he is of Hungarian, Greek Jewish, and French origin. Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Se ...
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François Hollande François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (; born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2012 to 2017. He previously was First Secretary of the Socialist Party (France), First Secretary of the Socialist P ...
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Jean-Marc Ayrault Jean-Marc Ayrault (; born 25 January 1950) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 15 May 2012 to 31 March 2014. He later was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2016 to 2017. He previously was Mayor of Nantes from 1989 t ...
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Beatrix Beatrix is a Latin feminine given name, most likely derived from ''Viatrix'', a feminine form of the Late Latin name ''Viator'' which meant "voyager, traveller" and later influenced in spelling by association with the Latin word ''beatus'' or "bles ...
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, {{flagdeco, Czech Republic, size=23px Jan Fischer , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic, size=23px
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, commander2= Abdelmalek Droukdel{{KIA
Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi
Mokhtar Belmokhtar{{cite web , title=Hosted news , url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iS1VcU-F-7fVHSvJI3XMzT52JTkg?docId=b2b53ce702554825b8684af2b5bb7652 , access-date = 11 November 2016 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111111005545/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iS1VcU-F-7fVHSvJI3XMzT52JTkg?docId=b2b53ce702554825b8684af2b5bb7652 , archive-date = 11 November 2011 , url-status = live , df=dmy-all.
Tiyib Ould Sidi Ali{{KIA
Athmane Touati{{Surrender
Winan Bin Yousef{{POW{{cite web , title = Niger Militant with ties to killers of French engineer arrested , url = http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Niger-Militant-with-ties-to-killers-of-French-engineer-arrested_312622977872.html , publisher = ADN Kronos , access-date = 8 November 2011 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111113074319/http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Niger-Militant-with-ties-to-killers-of-French-engineer-arrested_312622977872.html , archive-date = 13 November 2011 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all , strength1=1,325+ American advisors & trainers;
900 Moroccans;{{cite web , url= http://www.worldnewstribune.com/2012/02/10/u-s-morocco-plans-fifth-african-lion-exercise/ , title= U.S., Morocco Plans Fifth "African Lion" Exercise , publisher= World Tribune , date= 12 February 2012 , access-date= 25 February 2012 , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120214011230/http://www.worldnewstribune.com/2012/02/10/u-s-morocco-plans-fifth-african-lion-exercise/ , archive-date= 14 February 2012 , url-status= dead , df= dmy-all
400 Malians;
250 Algerians;
200 Chadians;
<1,000 Mauritanians;{{cite news , url=https://af.reuters.com/article/mauritaniaNews/idAFL6E7J51DI20110805 , title=Al Qaeda retreats from West Mali Camps-Military Sources , publisher=Reuters Africa , date=5 August 2011 , access-date=1 July 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518124331/http://af.reuters.com/article/mauritaniaNews/idAFL6E7J51DI20110805 , archive-date=18 May 2017 , url-status=dead , df=dmy-all
25 Senegalese medical doctors , strength2=AQIM: 400-4,000
Tuaregs: ~1,000
Boko Haram: 300–2,000+ , casualties1= Unknown , casualties2= Unknown , notes= Causes:
September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. That morning, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commer ...
and
2003 Casablanca bombings The 2003 Casablanca bombings were a series of suicide bombings on May 16, 2003, in Casablanca, Morocco. The attacks were the deadliest terrorist attacks in the country's history. Forty-five people were killed in the attacks (33 victims and 12 su ...
{{Campaignbox OEF{{Campaignbox Algeria 2002-present Operation Juniper Shield, formerly known as Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), is the military operation conducted by the United States and partner nations in the Saharan and
Sahel The Sahel (; ar, ساحل ' , "coast, shore") is a region in North Africa. It is defined as the ecoclimatic and biogeographic realm of transition between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian savanna to the south. Having a hot semi-arid cli ...
regions of Africa, consisting of
counterterrorism Counterterrorism (also spelled counter-terrorism), also known as anti-terrorism, incorporates the practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, law enforcement, business, and intelligence agencies use to combat or ...
efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa. It is part of the Global
War on Terrorism The war on terror, officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), is an ongoing international counterterrorism military campaign initiated by the United States following the September 11 attacks. The main targets of the campaign are militant ...
(GWOT). The other OEF mission in Africa is Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA).
Congress A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of ...
approved $500 million for the
Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative The Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Partnership (TSCTP) is an interagency plan by the United States government, combining efforts by both civil and military agencies, "to combat terrorism in Trans-Saharan Africa. The military component of TSCTI comp ...
(TSCTI) over six years to support countries involved in
counterterrorism Counterterrorism (also spelled counter-terrorism), also known as anti-terrorism, incorporates the practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, law enforcement, business, and intelligence agencies use to combat or ...
against alleged threats of
al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda (; , ) is an Islamic extremist organization composed of Salafist jihadists. Its members are mostly composed of Arabs, but also include other peoples. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military targets in various countr ...
operating in African countries, primarily
Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...
,
Chad Chad (; ar, تشاد , ; french: Tchad, ), officially the Republic of Chad, '; ) is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic ...
,
Mali Mali (; ), officially the Republic of Mali,, , ff, 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, Renndaandi Maali, italics=no, ar, جمهورية مالي, Jumhūriyyāt Mālī is a landlocked country in West Africa. Ma ...
,
Mauritania Mauritania (; ar, موريتانيا, ', french: Mauritanie; Berber: ''Agawej'' or ''Cengit''; Pulaar: ''Moritani''; Wolof: ''Gànnaar''; Soninke:), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania ( ar, الجمهورية الإسلامية ...
,
Niger ) , official_languages = , languages_type = National languagesSenegal Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 ...
,
Nigeria Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
, and
Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to A ...
.{{cite news , url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6336063.stm , title= US to get Africa command centre , work= BBC News , date= 6 February 2007 , access-date= 19 May 2011 , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120210064441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6336063.stm , archive-date= 10 February 2012 , url-status= live , df= dmy-all This program builds upon the former Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI), which concluded in December 2004{{cite web , title=EUCOM: Operations and Initiatives , url=http://www.eucom.mil/english/Operations/main.asp , publisher= EUCOM , access-date=6 February 2007 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070109185740/http://www.eucom.mil/english/Operations/main.asp , archive-date=9 January 2007 and focused on
weapon A weapon, arm or armament is any implement or device that can be used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of activities such as hunting, crime, law enforcement, s ...
and drug trafficking, as well as counterterrorism. {{cite web , title=Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI) , url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/pan-sahel.htm , publisher=Global Security , access-date=6 February 2007 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210054626/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/pan-sahel.htm , archive-date=10 February 2007 , url-status=live , df=dmy-all TSCTI has both military and non-military components to it. OEF-TS is the military component of the program. Civil affairs elements include
USAID The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government that is primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid and development assistance. With a budget of over $27 bi ...
educational efforts,
airport security Airport security includes the techniques and methods used in an attempt to protect passengers, staff, aircraft, and airport property from malicious harm, crime, terrorism, and other threats. Aviation security is a combination of measures and hum ...
, Department of the Treasury, and
State Department The United States Department of State (DOS), or State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs of other na ...
efforts.{{cite web , title=Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS) , url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oef-ts.htm , publisher=Global Security , access-date=6 February 2007 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215041735/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oef-ts.htm , archive-date=15 February 2007 , url-status=live , df=dmy-all
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by to ...
deployed teams of less than 15 CSOR members to Mali throughout 2011 to help combat militants in the Sahara. Although the special forces will not engage in combat, they will train the Malian military in basic soldiering. Areas include communications, planning, first aid, and providing aid to the general populace.


Mission

Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara is primarily a training mission meant to equip 10 nations to combat insurgents in the region. Africa Command states: {{quote, OEF-TS is the USG's 3rd priority counter terror effort conducting activities that support TSCTP but are not exclusive to TSCTP. OEF-TS supports TSCTP by forming relationships of peace, security, and cooperation among all Trans Sahara Nations. OEF-TS fosters collaboration and communication among participating countries. Furthermore, OEF-TS strengthens counterterrorism and border security, promotes democratic governance, reinforces bilateral military ties, and enhances development and institution building. U.S. Africa Command, through OEF-TS, provides training, equipment, assistance and advice to partner nation armed forces. This increases their capacity and capability to deny safe haven to terrorists and ultimately defeat extremist and terrorist activities in the region.{{cite web , url = http://www.africom.mil/oef-ts.asp , title = Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara , publisher = AFRICOM , access-date = 15 March 2012 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313194707/http://www.africom.mil/oef-ts.asp , archive-date = 13 March 2012 , url-status = dead , df = dmy-all At some point in 2013, OEF-TS was redesignated as Operation Juniper Shield. Operation Juniper Shield encompasses American operations across Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tunisia.


Training programs


Flintlock

Twice a year, the Joint Combined Exchange Training (JCET) program holds a multinational training exercise.{{cite web , url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/flintlock.htm , title=Flintlock , publisher=Global Security , access-date=24 February 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018181218/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/flintlock.htm , archive-date=18 October 2012 , url-status=live , df=dmy-all Called Flintlocks, these exercises are meant to strengthen special forces from the United States as well as multiple other nations. Participants include troops from the Sahel and those from NATO members. Flintlock started in 1988 and continued through Operation Enduring Freedom, and is now held in Africa. The exercises teach medical operations, infantry and peacekeeping training, airborne operations, humanitarian relief, and leadership skills. The amount each category is stressed depends on the host nation's needs. In addition, participants are put through different scenarios involving skills instructed during the exercise. Mali was supposed to host the 2012 exercise, but the United States decided to postpone the exercise.{{cite news , url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/us-postpones-counter-terrorism-training-exercises-in-mali-as-army-there-battles-tuareg-rebels/2012/02/10/gIQA3lS13Q_story.html , title= US Postpones Counter-Terrorism Training Exercises in Mali as Army there Battles Tuareg Rebels , newspaper= The Washington Post , date= 10 February 2012 , access-date= 7 September 2017 , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120211212852/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/us-postpones-counter-terrorism-training-exercises-in-mali-as-army-there-battles-tuareg-rebels/2012/02/10/gIQA3lS13Q_story.html , archive-date= 11 February 2012 , url-status= dead , df=dmy-all Officials say Flintlock was postponed because Mali is facing a renewed Tuareg insurgency.


The Atlas Accord

Although the Flintlock Exercise was postponed, another training program in Mali was not. The Atlas Accord was created in 2012 to train African military personnel in a number of skills while focusing on logistics.{{cite web , url = http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23446:us-mali-armies-kick-off-exercise-atlas-accord-postpone-exercise-flintlock&catid=50:Land&Itemid=105 , title = US, Mali Armies Kick off Exercise Atlas Accord; Postpone Exercise Flintlock , publisher = Defense Web , date = 13 February 2012 , access-date = 24 February 2012 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130518193416/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23446:us-mali-armies-kick-off-exercise-atlas-accord-postpone-exercise-flintlock&catid=50:Land&Itemid=105 , archive-date = 18 May 2013 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all The exercise includes classroom instruction and field instruction. Atlas Accord 12 focused solely on logistics and aerial resupply, while the next exercise in 2013 will continue training in aerial logistics but will also include command, control, communications, and computer (C4) techniques.


African Lion exercise

The largest training exercise, African Lion, is an annual security cooperation exercise held by the US and Morocco.{{cite web , title = African Lion 12 ready to roar: marine forces in Africa conducts final planning conference , url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/83446/african-lion-12-ready-roar-marine-forces-africa-conducts-final-planning-conference , publisher = DVIDs hub , access-date=25 February 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305053546/http://www.dvidshub.net/news/83446/african-lion-12-ready-roar-marine-forces-africa-conducts-final-planning-conference , archive-date = 5 March 2014 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all Created in 2008, this program is designed to instruct a variety of skills, including aerial logistics,
non-lethal weapon Non-lethal weapons, also called nonlethal weapons, less-lethal weapons, less-than-lethal weapons, non-deadly weapons, compliance weapons, or pain-inducing weapons are weapons intended to be less likely to kill a living target than conventiona ...
s training, combined arms and maneuver exercises. More than 900 Moroccans and 1,200 Americans take part in the two-week exercise.


History

On 12 September 2007, a USAF
C-130 The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is an American four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built by Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin). Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings, the C-130 was originally desi ...
was damaged from rifle fire by Tuareg forces while the aircraft was engaged in a supply drop to besieged Malian soldiers, no Americans were wounded in the incident. The Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) established the Joint Special Operations Task Force–Trans Sahara (JSOTF-TS) to help combat terrorism in the region. In 2012, the name of Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara transitioned to Operation Juniper Shield, although the operation was still referred to in US Government sources as OEF-TS as late as 2014.
ABC News ABC News is the news division of the American broadcast network ABC. Its flagship program is the daily evening newscast '' ABC World News Tonight with David Muir''; other programs include morning news-talk show '' Good Morning America'', '' ...
reported that US forces arrived in Niger in early 2013 to support the French military intervention in Mali; 150 US personnel set up a surveillance drone operation over Mali that was conducted out of
Niamey Niamey () is the capital and largest city of Niger. Niamey lies on the Niger River, primarily situated on the east bank. Niamey's population was counted as 1,026,848 as of the 2012 census. As of 2017, population projections show the capital dis ...
. As of 2017, there were about 800 US troops in Niger, the majority of whom are construction crews working to build up a second drone base in northern Niger. The remainder conduct a surveillance drone mission out of Niamey that helps out the French in Mali and other regional countries in the fight against the terrorists, and less than a hundred US Army Special Forces soldiers are also advising and assisting Niger's military to build up their fighting capability to counter the terrorists.{{cite web, url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-troops-niger/story?id=50559788, title=Why US troops are in Niger, publisher=ABC News, date=19 October 2017, access-date=25 October 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025105817/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-troops-niger/story?id=50559788, archive-date=25 October 2017, url-status=live, df=dmy-all CNN reported that following the
Tongo Tongo ambush The Tongo Tongo ambush or the Niger ambush occurred on 4 October 2017, when armed militants from the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS) attacked Nigerien and US soldiers outside the village of Tongo Tongo, Niger, while they were returni ...
in October 2017, which left 4 US soldiers killed, the
government of Niger The government of Niger is the apparatus through which authority functions and is exercised: the governing apparatus of Nigerien state. The current system of governance, since the Constitution of 25 November 2010, is termed the Seventh Republic ...
granted the US military the authority to arm its drones in Niger; the US military had been seeking the authority to arm its drones in Niger for months prior to the ambush. ABC News also reported that there are 300 U.S. military personnel in
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (, ; , ff, 𞤄𞤵𞤪𞤳𞤭𞤲𞤢 𞤊𞤢𞤧𞤮, italic=no) is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of , bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana t ...
and
Cameroon Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the ...
carrying out the same task as US forces in Niger, ''
The Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers '' The Observer'' and '' The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the ...
'' reported that the US military deployed 300 personnel to Cameroon in early October 2015, with the approval of the Cameroonian government, their primary mission was to provide intelligence support to local forces as well as conducting reconnaissance flights, The personnel are also overseeing a program to transfer American military vehicles to the Cameroonian Army to aid in their fight against Islamist militants, ''
Army Times ''Army Times'' (ISSN 0004–2595) is a newspaper published 26 times a year serving active, reserve, national guard and retired United States Army personnel and their families, providing news, information and analysis as well as community and ...
'' later reported that US soldiers in Cameroon are also providing IED awareness training to the country's infantry forces. CNN reported that in May 2016 that US personnel conduct the drone operations from
Garoua Garoua or Garua (Fula: Garwa 𞤺𞤢𞤪𞤱𞤢) is a port city and the capital of the North Region of Cameroon, lying on the Benue River. A thriving centre of the textiles and cotton industries, the city has approximately 1,285,000 inhabita ...
to help provide intelligence in the region to assist local forces.{{cite web, url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/11/politics/special-ops-small-wars-isis-al-qaeda/, title=U.S. special forces wage secretive 'small wars' against terrorists, publisher=CNN, date=12 May 2016, access-date=25 October 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024002705/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/11/politics/special-ops-small-wars-isis-al-qaeda/, archive-date=24 October 2017, url-status=live, df=dmy-all


See also

*
Tuareg Rebellion (2007–2009) The Tuareg Rebellion of 2007–2009 was an insurgency that began in February 2007 amongst elements of the Tuareg people living in the Sahara desert regions of northern Mali and Niger. It is one of a series of insurgencies by formerly nomadic ...
*
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) The insurgency in the Maghreb refers to the Islamist insurgency in the Maghreb region of North Africa that followed on from the end of the Algerian Civil War in 2002 to the present day. The Algerian militant group Salafist Group for Preaching ...
*
2012 Northern Mali conflict {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Mali War , partof = the Islamist insurgency in the Sahel and the War on terror , image = MaliWar.svg , image_size = 380 , caption = Military situation ...
* List of wars 2003-current


References

{{reflist


Sources

* {{cite book, last=Comolli , first=Virginia , title=Boko Haram: Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency , date=2015 , publisher=
Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print book ...
, location=
London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...


External links


Official United States Africa Command site




Details of the operation by Global Security. {{War on Terrorism, state=collapsed {{coord missing, Africa {{DEFAULTSORT:Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara War on terror Counterterrorism in the United States Juniper Shield Juniper Shield Conflicts in 2022