4-6-0
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

A 4-6-0 steam locomotive, under the Whyte notation for the classification of
steam locomotive A steam locomotive is a locomotive that provides the force to move itself and other vehicles by means of the expansion of steam. It is fuelled by burning combustible material (usually coal, Fuel oil, oil or, rarely, Wood fuel, wood) to heat ...
s by
wheel arrangement In rail transport, a wheel arrangement or wheel configuration is a system of classifying the way in which wheels are distributed under a locomotive. Several notations exist to describe the wheel assemblies of a locomotive by type, position, and c ...
, has four leading wheels on two axles in a leading
bogie A bogie ( ) (or truck in North American English) comprises two or more Wheelset (rail transport), wheelsets (two Railroad wheel, wheels on an axle), in a frame, attached under a vehicle by a pivot. Bogies take various forms in various modes ...
and six powered and coupled
driving wheel On a steam locomotive, a driving wheel is a powered wheel which is driven by the locomotive's pistons (or turbine, in the case of a steam turbine locomotive). On a conventional, non-articulated locomotive, the driving wheels are all coupled t ...
s on three axles with the absence of trailing wheels. In the mid-19th century, this wheel arrangement became the second-most-popular configuration for new steam locomotives in the United States, where this type is commonly referred to as a ten-wheeler.White, John H., Jr. (1968). ''A history of the American locomotive; its development: 1830-1880''. New York, NY: Dover Publications. p. 57. As locomotives pulling trains of lightweight all-wood passenger cars from the 1890 to the 1920s, they were exceptionally stable at near speeds on the New York Central's New York-to-Chicago Water Level Route and on the
Reading Railroad The Reading Company ( ) was a Philadelphia-headquartered railroad that provided passenger and freight transport in eastern Pennsylvania and neighboring states from 1924 until its acquisition by Conrail in 1976. Commonly called the Reading Railr ...
's line from Camden to Atlantic City, New Jersey.


Overview


Tender locomotives

During the second half of the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries, the was constructed in large numbers for passenger and mixed traffic service. A natural extension of the 4-4-0 American wheel arrangement, the four-wheel leading bogie gave good stability at speed and allowed a longer boiler to be supported, while the lack of trailing wheels gave a high adhesive weight.Kinert, Reed. (1962). ''Early American steam locomotives; 1st seven decades: 1830-1900''. Seattle, WA: Superior Publishing Company. The primary limitation of the type was the small size of the firebox, which limited power output. In passenger service, it was eventually superseded by the 4-6-2 Pacific type whose trailing truck allowed it to carry a greatly enlarged firebox. Prussia and Saxony however went directly to the 2-8-2 Mikado type (pr. P10(39) / sax. XX HV(19) class); Karl Gölsdorf reversed the 2′C1 Pacific type to the 2-6-4 Adriatic type to accommodate an even larger firebox and better curve performance (type 310). For freight service, the addition of a fourth driving axle created the 4-8-0 Mastodon type, which was rare in North America, but became very popular on Cape gauge in Southern Africa.


Tank locomotives

The locomotive version was a far less common type. It was used for passenger duties during the first decade of the twentieth century, but was soon superseded by the 4-6-2T Pacific, 4-6-4T Hudson and 2-6-4T Adriatic types, on which larger fuel bunkers were possible. During the
First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, the type was also used on narrow-gauge military railways.


Usage


Angola


Cape gauge

In 1907, five 6th Class locomotives of the Cape Government Railways were sold to the
Benguela Railway The Benguela Railway () is a 3 ft 6 in gauge railways, Cape gauge railway line that runs through Angola from west to east, being the largest and most important railway line in the country. It also connects to Tenke, Democratic Republic of the C ...
(CFB). These included one of the Dübs-built locomotives of 1897 and two each of the Neilson and Company and Neilson, Reid and Company-built locomotives of 1897 and 1898. (Also see South Africa - Cape gauge) In the mid-1930s, in order to ease maintenance, modifications were made to the running boards and brake gear of the CFB locomotives. The former involved mounting the running boards higher, thereby getting rid of the driving wheel fairings. This gave the locomotives a much more American rather than British appearance. Class 6B - Information supplied by Peter Bagshawe


Narrow gauge

In April 1951, three Class NG9 locomotives were purchased from the South African Railways for the ''Caminhos de Ferro de Moçâmedes'' (CFM). They were placed in service on the ''Ramal da Chibía'', a gauge branch line across from Sá da Bandeira to Chiange. The locomotives were observed dumped at the Sá da Bandeira shops by 1969 and the branch line itself was closed in 1970. Class NG9 - Information supplied by Peter Bagshawe (Also see South Africa - Narrow gauge)


Bechuanaland

In 1897, three Class 6 locomotives were ordered by the Cape Government Railways (CGR) from Neilson and Company for use on the new
Vryburg Vryburg () is a large agricultural town with a population of approximately 89,120 situated in the Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality of the North West Province (South Africa), North West Province of South Africa. It is the seat and ...
to
Bulawayo Bulawayo (, ; ) is the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and the largest city in the country's Matabeleland region. The city's population is disputed; the 2022 census listed it at 665,940, while the Bulawayo City Council claimed it to be about ...
line of the fledgling Bechuanaland Railway Company (BR). The line through
Bechuanaland Protectorate The Bechuanaland Protectorate () was a British protectorate, protectorate established on 31 March 1885 in Southern Africa by the United Kingdom. It became the Botswana, Republic of Botswana on 30 September 1966. History Scottish missionary ...
was still under construction and was operated by the CGR on behalf of the BR at the time. The locomotives were eventually returned to the CGR.


Canada

Around 1912, the Algoma Eastern Railway in
Ontario Ontario is the southernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Located in Central Canada, Ontario is the Population of Canada by province and territory, country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it ...
, Canada, acquired
Baldwin Locomotive Works The Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) was an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to 1951. Originally located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it moved to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania, Eddystone in the early 20th century. The com ...
#20272, a 4-6-0, which had been built in 1902. The locomotive was scrapped in 1927. Besides several of the country's smaller railroads, Canada's two largest railroads, the
Canadian National Railway The Canadian National Railway Company () is a Canadian Class I freight railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, which serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States. CN is Canada's largest railway, in terms of both revenue a ...
and
Canadian Pacific Railway The Canadian Pacific Railway () , also known simply as CPR or Canadian Pacific and formerly as CP Rail (1968–1996), is a Canadian Class I railway incorporated in 1881. The railway is owned by Canadian Pacific Kansas City, Canadian Pacific Ka ...
also rostered examples of 4-6-0s, some of which have been preserved. Among the more modern examples for both railroads were the Canadian National H-6 and the Canadian Pacific D10.


Denmark

In 1912, DSB or Danish state railways (Danske statsbaner) would receive the first 2 of 30 R class steam locomotives. 2 versions of the class would be built. * R (I): 20 of this type would be built. They had a 2-cylinder layout. * R (II): 10 of this type would be built. They had a 3-cylinder layout. After WWII, DSB would end up with 3 Prussian P8 class 4-6-0 steam locomotives. They would eventually take ownership of them, classifying them as the T class.


Finland

The Finnish State Railways (''Suomen Valtion Rautatiet'' or SVR, later the ''Valtionrautatiet'' or VR) operated the Classes Hk1, Hk2, Hk3, Hk5, Hv1, Hv2, Hv3, Hv4, Hr2 and Hr3 locomotives with a wheel arrangement. The Class Hk1, numbers 232 to 241, was built by
Baldwin Locomotive Works The Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) was an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to 1951. Originally located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it moved to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania, Eddystone in the early 20th century. The com ...
in 1898. The ten Baldwin locomotives were originally designated H1 class. Numbers 291 to 300 and 322 to 333 were built by the Richmond Locomotive Works in 1900 and 1901. The 22 Richmond locomotives were originally designated H2 class and were nicknamed ''Big-Wheel Kaanari''. One of them, No. 293, the locomotive that brought
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( 187021 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 until Death and state funeral of ...
from exile in August–September 1917 prior to the Russian Revolution, was presented by
Finland Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, ...
to the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
on 13 June 1957 and is preserved at the Finland Station in St. Petersburg, Russia. Another 100 of these locomotives were manufactured in Finland from 1903 to 1916, numbered in the range from 437 to 574 and initially designated H3 to H8 classes. The Class Hk5 was numbered from 439 to 515. One, No. 497, is preserved at Haapamäki. The Class Hv1 was built from 1915 by
Tampella Oy Tampella Ab was a Finland, Finnish heavy industry manufacturer, a maker of paper machines, locomotives, military weaponry, as well as wood-based products such as packaging. The company was based mainly in the Naistenlahti, Naistenlahti di ...
and Lokomo. They were nicknamed ''Heikki'' and were numbered 545 to 578 and 648 to 655. The class remained in service until 1967. One, No. 555 named ''Princess'', is preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum. The Class Hv2 was built by Berliner Maschinenbau and Lokomo in the years between 1919 and 1926. They were numbered 579 to 593, 671 to 684 and 777 to 780. One, No. 680, is preserved at Haapamäki. The Class Hv3 was built by Berliner, Tampella and Lokomo in the years from 1921 to 1941. They were numbered 638 to 647, 781 to 785 and 991 to 999. Three Class Hv3 locomotives were preserved, No. 781 at Kerava, No. 995 at Suolahti and No. 998 at Haapamäki. The Class Hv4 was built by Tampella and Lokomo in the years from 1912 to 1933 and were numbered 516 to 529, 742 to 751 and 757 to 760. Two, numbers 742 and 751, are preserved at Haapamäki. The Swedish State Railways (''Statens Järnvägar'' or SJ) sold its Class Ta and Tb locomotives to Finland in 1942. At the time, they were not in traffic in Sweden and, since they were purchased by Finland, they were not considered as war assistance. The Class Ta was designated Class Hr2 in Finland while the Class Tb was designated Class Hr3. * The Class Hr2 was numbered from 1900 to 1906 and had been built by Swedish builders NOHAB (''Nydqvist & Holm AB'') and Motala Verkstad in the years from 1901 to 1905. They were withdrawn from service in Finland between 1950 and 1953. * The Class Hr3 was numbered from 1907 to 1919 and had been built in Sweden by NOHAB, Motala, the ''Vagn & Maskinfabriks AB'' in
Falun Falun () is a city and the seat of Falun Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 37,291 inhabitants in 2010. It is also the capital of Dalarna County. Falun forms, together with Borlänge, a metropolitan area with just over 100,000 inhabit ...
and ''Nya AB Atlas'' in
Stockholm Stockholm (; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, most populous city of Sweden, as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in the Nordic countries. Approximately ...
in the years from 1906 to 1908. The Class Hr3 was withdrawn from service in Finland between 1952 and 1953.


France

Two 4-6-0 tank locomotive types saw service in France. The Réseau Breton tank locomotives were a class of locomotives of which five were built in 1904 for the
Réseau Breton The term réseau derives from a French word meaning "network". It may mean: *a network of fine lines on a glass plate, used in photographic telescopes to make a corresponding network on photographs of the stars: see Réseau plate *a system of weat ...
railway by
Société Franco-Belge The Société Franco-Belge was a Franco-Belgian engineering firm that specialised in the construction of railway vehicles and their components and accessories. The company originated in 1859 as the Belgian firm Compagnie Belge pour la Constructio ...
at its Raismes factory. A further seven locomotives were built by Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques (SACM) at its
Belfort Belfort (; archaic , ) is a city in northeastern France, situated approximately from the Swiss border. It is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Territoire de Belfort. Belfort is from Paris and from Basel. The residents of the city ...
plant in France in 1909. The Baldwin Class 10-12-D gauge pannier tank locomotives were built in the United States by
Baldwin Locomotive Works The Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) was an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to 1951. Originally located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it moved to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania, Eddystone in the early 20th century. The com ...
for the British War Department Light Railways, for service in France in 1916 and 1917 during the
First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
. A further batch was built by the
American Locomotive Company The American Locomotive Company (often shortened to ALCO, ALCo or Alco) was an American manufacturer that operated from 1901 to 1969, initially specializing in the production of locomotives but later diversifying and fabricating at various time ...
. After the war, many of these locomotives were sold to work in France, Britain and India.


Germany

The wheel arrangement was very popular on the railroads of German states from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when they gradually replaced American type locomotives, initially especially on hilly terrain. In 1925, after the creation of the
Deutsche Reichsbahn The ''Deutsche Reichsbahn'' (), also known as the German National Railway, the German State Railway, German Reich Railway, and the German Imperial Railway, was the Weimar Republic, German national Rail transport, railway system created after th ...
(DRG), express passenger locomotives were classified under group 17, while regular passenger locomotives were classified under group 38.


Baden

In 1894,
Baden Baden (; ) is a historical territory in southern Germany. In earlier times it was considered to be on both sides of the Upper Rhine, but since the Napoleonic Wars, it has been considered only East of the Rhine. History The margraves of Ba ...
adopted its IVe class passenger locomotives of Alfred de Glehn design, the first four-cylinder compound locomotive ever. Altogether 83 were built and later became the DRG class 3870.


Bavaria

Bavaria Bavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a States of Germany, state in the southeast of Germany. With an area of , it is the list of German states by area, largest German state by land area, comprising approximately 1/5 of the total l ...
acquired three express passenger locomotive classes. All were Maffei-built four-cylinder compound locomotives. * The C V class, of which 43 were built from 1899, later the DRG class 173. * The S 3/5N class, of which 39 were built from 1903, later the DRG class 174. * The superheated steam S 3/5H class, of which thirty were built from 1906, later the DGR class 175. Bavaria only began using passenger locomotives in 1905. * The first was the P 3/5 N class, of which 36 were built, later the DRG class 380. * After a long break, Bavaria ordered a superheated steam P 3/5 H class in 1921. Eighty of these were built and later became the DRG class 384.Horst Obermayer, Manfred Weisbrod, ''Dampflok-Report: Lokomotiv-Archiv. Band No. 2. Baureihen 22-39'', Merker Verlag 1995, , pp. 44-49


Prussia

In 1899,
Prussia Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, ...
ordered a short series of 18 De Glehn passenger locomotives that were designated S 7 class. The most numerous series in the world was the Prussian P 8 passenger locomotive, later the DRG class 3810-40, of which 3,556 were built for the
Prussian state railways The term Prussian state railways (German: ''Preußische Staatseisenbahnen'') encompasses those railway organisations that were owned or managed by the state of Prussia. The words "state railways" are not capitalized because Prussia did not have a ...
and German railways between 1906 and 1923. Of these, 627 locomotives were given to other countries after the First World War. When exports and licensed production in Romania are included, their number reached almost 4000. (Also see ) Prussia only started to operate express locomotives of its S 10 family from 1910. While they were externally similar, they differed in engine arrangement.Horst Obermayer, Manfred Weisbrod: ''Dampflok-Report: Lokomotiv-Archiv. Band No. 1. Baureihen 01-19'', Merker Verlag 1993, , pp.58-67 * The S 10 quadruple (4-cylinder, single expansion) of which 202 were built from 1910, later the DRG class 170-1. * The S 101 4-cylinder compound, of which 237 were built in two batches from 1911 and 1914 (with pre-heater), later the DRG class 1710-12. * The S 102 3-cylinder, of which 124 were built from 1914, later the DRG class 172.


Saxony

From 1906,
Saxony Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, and Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic. Its capital is Dresden, and ...
used express service locomotive classes XII H, XII HV and XII H1, of which 6, 42 and 7 were built respectively. They later became the DRG classes 176, 177 and 178 respectively. All were superheated steam locomotives, differing mostly in engine arrangements. More numerous were the Saxon XII H2 class passenger locomotives, of which 169 were built from 1910. They later became the DRG class 382-3.


Württemberg

From 1898, the Royal Württemberg State Railways used D class passenger locomotives. It was also a four-cylinder compound locomotive, of which fourteen were built.


Indonesia

'' Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij'' (NIS) received 10 units of the first superheated 4-6-0 long-range runner for 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) from Beyer, Peacock and Company, Manchester. These locos were come in 1913, and classified as NIS Class 370 (371-380). After arriving in
Java Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...
, these locomotives worked as an effort to pursue the target of taking the Gundih–Surabaya with a travel time of approximately 7 hours. 4 units worked on Batavia (
Jakarta Jakarta (; , Betawi language, Betawi: ''Jakartè''), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (; ''DKI Jakarta'') and formerly known as Batavia, Dutch East Indies, Batavia until 1949, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia and ...
)–Buitenzorg (
Bogor Bogor City (), or Bogor (, ), is a landlocked city in the West Java, Indonesia. Located around south of the national capital of Jakarta, Bogor is the 6th largest city in the Jakarta metropolitan area and the 14th overall nationwide.
) for express trains. While the rest of the 6 were used on Soerabaia NIS ( Surabaya Pasar Turi)–Gundih line and allocated in Cepu depot,
Central Java Central Java (, ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogya ...
. The NIS 370 class locomotives also underwent technical and design improvements so that it was able to reach a maximum speed of 75 kilometres per hour (47 miles per hour) which was much faster than the original speed of only around 60 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour). Apart from being used to pull express trains, the NIS 370s were also used to haul freight trains. This freight train contains petroleum from ''Koloniale Petroleum Verkoop Mij.'' (KPVM). KPVM was a part of the NKPM company (''Nederlandsche Koloniale Petroleum Maatschappij''). Not quite a long, NIS also imported 20 more 4-6-0 locomotives with similar characteristics to the NIS Class 370 but with some improvements from 3 different builders. At first batch, they received 5 units from Werkspoor, N.V. (
Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...
) in 1918-1919. Then, the second batch consisting 5 units from
Henschel & Son Henschel & Son () was a German company, located in Kassel, best known during the 20th century as a maker of transportation equipment, including locomotives, trucks, buses and trolleybuses, and armoured fighting vehicles and weapons. Georg Ch ...
(
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
) in 1921. At last, 10 units from Werkspoor and Beyer, Peacock and Company finally came in 1922 to serve the increase of passenger traffics. Soon, the new upgraded 4-6-0
superheater A superheater is a device used to convert saturated steam or wet steam into superheated steam or dry steam. Superheated steam is used in steam turbines for electricity generation, in some steam engines, and in processes such as steam reforming. ...
locomotives were classified as NIS Class 381 (381-400) and worked on Semarang Tawang–Cepu– Soerabaia NIS and Semarang Tawang–''Vorstenlanden'' (
Surakarta Surakarta (Javanese script, Javanese: , Pegon script, Pegon: ), known colloquially as Solo (Javanese script, Javanese: ; ), is a major List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, city in Central Java, Indonesia. The city adjoins Karanganyar Reg ...
and Jogja Lempuyangan) lines. In 1935, NIS received the concession to upgrade their mainline from Soerabaia to Semarang which was tram line becoming 2nd class railway line. NIS 381–400 once reached a speed of up to 105 kilometres per hour (65 miles per hour) during some series of tests, making it the fastest locomotive fleet owned by NIS at that time. During
Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies The Empire of Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of the war in September 1945. In May 1940, Germany German invasion of the Netherlands, occupied the Netherlands, and ma ...
in 1942, all of Dutch East Indies private / state-owned railway locomotives were renumbered based on Japanese numberings. The NIS 370s were renumbered to C51, while the NIS 380s became C52. It could be said that C52s were the missing class of locomotives because almost all of them were sent by Japanese and Dutch to various countries in the
Indochina Mainland Southeast Asia (historically known as Indochina and the Indochinese Peninsula) is the continental portion of Southeast Asia. It lies east of the Indian subcontinent and south of Mainland China and is bordered by the Indian Ocean to th ...
and
Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula is located in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area contains Peninsular Malaysia, Southern Tha ...
regions during war period and were never operated again after Indonesian independence and they also lack of documentations. Many were sent to Malaya, Cambodia, Thailand and had been scrapped in 1949-1950s because they had been re-gauged to 1,000 mm. From 20 of them, only C52 17 (ex-NIS 397) is preserved in Army Engineering Museum, Ratchaburi,
Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...
. While the C51s were so lucky because they remained in service in Java during the war. From 10 of them, only C51 01 is preserved in Ambarawa Railway Museum,
Central Java Central Java (, ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogya ...
. On the other hand, ''Samarang–Cheribon Stoomtram Mij.'' (SCS) or Samarang–Cheribon Steam Tramway imported 19 units of superheated 4-6-0s, consisting 13 from Hartmann, Chemnitz and 6 from Beyer, Peacock and Company, Manchester in 1922, classified as SCS Class 200 (201–219) and worked both for freight and express trains on north coastline of
Semarang Semarang (Javanese script, Javanese: , ''Kutha Semarang'') is the capital and largest city of Central Java province in Indonesia. It was a major port during the Netherlands, Dutch Dutch East Indies, colonial era, and is still an important regio ...
Cheribon which was connected to '' Staatsspoorwegen's'' (SS) line to Batavia. This line was completed on November 1, 1914 to support the transportation of passengers and freights, especially on the north coast of Java. Some cities like
Semarang Semarang (Javanese script, Javanese: , ''Kutha Semarang'') is the capital and largest city of Central Java province in Indonesia. It was a major port during the Netherlands, Dutch Dutch East Indies, colonial era, and is still an important regio ...
,
Pekalongan Pekalongan () is a city of Central Java, Indonesia. It was formerly the seat of Pekalongan Regency on the northern coast of the province, but is now an independent municipality within the province. It covers a land area of 45.25 km2 and had a p ...
, Tegal and Cheribon, there were 54 sugar mills operating at that time. The completion of this line construction was also made an increase in the volume of freights and number of passengers transported. By 1912-1921, just before receiving 4-6-0 engines, SCS had improved the quality of their line, especially on the Cirebon–Semarang which is 226 kilometres (140 miles) away with the aim to increase the speed limits of their trains. Speed limit for trains on the Cirebon–Semarang route had been changed from 59 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour) to 75 kilometres per hour (47 miles per hour). With the improvement in the quality of this rail line, the SCS 200s with express trains could serve passengers traveling from Batavia to Semarang in just 7 hours. Passengers first have a transit at Cheribon which owned by SS, then they continue using SCS trains to Semarang. During Japanese occupation, all SCS Class 200 were renumbered to C54 class and around 4 units of them were moved to
Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...
to serve the Muaro (
West Sumatra West Sumatra () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. West Sumatra borders the Indian Ocean to the west, as well as the provinces of ...
)–
Pekanbaru Pekanbaru is the capital city of the Indonesian province of Riau, and a major economic center on the eastern side of Sumatra, Sumatra Island with its name derived from the Malay language, Malay (Indonesian language, Indonesian) word for 'new mar ...
(Riau) train transport line. This locomotive was tested to haul the transport coal train from coal mines in West Sumatra. Of the 19 units of C54, there are currently 2 remaining, a C54 with unknown individual number and C5417, C5417 (from Beyer Peacock) is preserved at the Ambarawa Railway Museum,
Central Java Central Java (, ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogya ...
. Meanwhile, the unidentified C54 locomotive is abandoned in the forest in Tutup Kain Selatan,
Kampar Regency Kampar is a Regency (Indonesia), regency (''kabupaten'') of Riau Province of Indonesia. The regency formerly included a much larger part of Riau Province, but on 4 October 1999 the western districts were split off to form a separate Rokan Hulu Re ...
,
Riau Riau (Jawi script, Jawi: ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is located on the central eastern coast of the island of Sumatra, and extends from the eastern slopes of the Barisan Mountains to the Malacca Strait, including s ...
with its incomplete physical condition.


Ireland

The only Irish railways to use the 4-6-0 type were the Great Southern & Western Railway (GS&WR) and its larger successor, Great Southern Railways (GSR). The GS&WR had 4-6-0s for both fast freight and express passenger service. The culmination of Irish 4-6-0 design was the GSR Class 800 or B1a class, introduced in 1939. Three of these locomotives were built for top express passenger work on the Dublin-Cork mainline, coincidentally resembling the United Kingdom's ''Royal Scot'' Class as rebuilt. They were the last new steam locomotives to be built for the GSR.


New Zealand

The New Zealand Railways Department built its first home-built tender locomotives in 1894, using the 4-6-0 wheel arrangement. Designated as the "U" class their production run lasted for a decade and produced only nine locomotives. Lack of colonial capacity resulted in an order for units built in the United Kingdom - but production delays led to a batch of ten Baldwin-built locomotives being ordered - which were promptly delivered. When the half-dozen Sharp Stewart examples entered service the designation in the annual locomotive returns became the "Colonial U", "American U", and "English U" even though the Sharp Stewarts were built in Scotland. Another Baldwin batch and Sharp Stewart batch arrived into service in 1901, along with a sample from Richmond and another sample from Brooks - although the ALCO merger occurred before delivery. With the proliferation of batches the classification became "U" for the colonial-built examples, "Ua" for the early Sharp Stewarts, "Ub" for all American-built locomotives, and "Uc" for the second batch of Sharp Stewarts. The Baldwins were considered free steamers and were for a time the best locomotives in the colony. The Brooks was highly regarded. The Richmond was not successful. The Sharp Stewarts and colonial locomotives were more finely built than the Baldwins - but poorer steamers. The colonial locomotives were never successful in mainline work - they subsequently became a useful branchline locomotive. By 1901 the introduction of "Pacific" types began to push the Ten-Wheelers into second-tier service. The combination of standardisation and the Great Depression saw the Ua, early Ub, and the sample locomotives scrapped. The later Ub and Uc classes lasted until 1957 - but were scrapped whenever uneconomic repairs were needed, and also because dieselisation had begun to displace more modern steam locomotives into what had been their territory. Even in their last years, the Sharp Stewarts did primarily passenger duty because they didn't have the hauling ability for freight work when compared to the Baldwins.  The privately owned Wellington and Manawatu Railway purchased two Ten-Wheelers from Baldwin in 1904. In 1908 they were acquired by the Government and became the Ud Class. They were also a victim of standardisation and were scrapped when repairs were required - the last being written off in 1931.  In all, NZGR had forty-nine of 4-6-0 locomotives, from five manufacturers, built over eleven years to nine different standards.


Norway

In 1879, the Norwegian State Railways, the ''Smaalensbanen'' and ''Merakerbanen'', received four ten-wheelers with three-axled tenders from Baldwin Locomotive Works which were the first 4-6-0s in Europe.


Poland

The Polish State Railways (PKP) used several classes of Prussian and other German locomotives. The most significant of these was the Prussian P 8, classified in Poland as the PKP class Ok1. After the First World War, Poland received as reparations and also bought altogether 257 of these locomotives. After the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, their number rose to 429 locomotives, which made it the most numerous passenger locomotive in Poland. A few were preserved and kept in working condition, including Class Ok1 No. 359.Paweł Terczyński (2003): ''Atlas parowozów'' (Steam locomotives' atlas), Poznań, , p. 56-57 (Also see Germany - Prussia) A significant number of the
Prussian S 10 The Prussian Class S 10 included all express train locomotives in the Prussian state railways that had a 4-6-0 wheel arrangement. There were four sub-classes: the S 10, S 10.1 (with 1911 and 1914 variants) and S 10.2. Prussian S 10 As a result ...
family of express passenger locomotives were also used in Poland. There were 52 in total, classified as Pk1, Pk2 and Pk3. During the inter-war period, a PKP class Ok22 locomotive was designed in cooperation with German builders Hanomag. It was basically an improved class Ok1 with a more efficient boiler. Altogether 190 of them were produced for the PKP, of which all but five were manufactured in Poland.


Romania

After WWI,
Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...
received as war reparations 18 Prussian P 8 locomotives (classified as the ''CFR 230.000 Class''), and then imported other 127 units for
Căile Ferate Române Căile Ferate Române (; abbreviated as the CFR) was the state railway carrier of Romania. The company was dissolved on 1 October 1998 by splitting into several successor companies. CFR as an entity existed from 1880, even though the first ra ...
(CFR), in 1921–1930. Further 226 locomotives were licence-manufactured in Romania by Reșița works (between 1932 and 1936), and Malaxa (1932-1939).


Russia

passenger locomotives became quite popular in Russia at the turn of the 20th century. While the locomotives originally had separate class designations on each Russian railroad, common Russian class designations were introduced in 1912. The Russian were the A, V, Zh, Z, G, U, K, B and classes. * The first and most numerous class was the Vladicaucasian Railway's A class, in the and, the most numerous, series. It was a Kolomna factory design, of which 533 were built for several railroads in several Russian and German factories from 1892 until 1907. All were two-cylinder compound locomotives with diameter coupled wheels.Rakov, V.A. (1995), ''Lokomotivy otechestvennyh zheleznyh dorog 1845-1955'' (Locomotives of domestic railways 1845-1955), Moscow, , p.217-238 (in Russian) * In 1896, 88 Baldwin-built four-cylinder Vauclain compound locomotives were introduced, designated V class (V for Vauclain, В in Russian). * Also from 1896, Henschel-designed locomotives were introduced. Altogether 210 were built from 1896 to 1909, fourteen by Henschel and the rest in Russia. They were two-cylinder compound locomotives with diameter coupled wheels and were regarded as a more successful design than the A class. These locomotives were later designated as the Zh class (Ж in Russian). A development of the Zh class was the superheated Z class (З in Russian), of which 24 were built from 1902. * From 1901 to 1903, stronger passenger locomotives were built, the G class (Г in Russian). These locomotives were of Vladicaucasian Railway and
Bryansk Bryansk (, ) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast, Russia, situated on the Desna (river), Desna River, southwest of Moscow. It has a population of 379,152 at the 2021 census. Bryans ...
factory design. Of these, 39 were built for the Vladicaucasian Railway and another 85 for Eastern Chinese railroads. They were two-cylinder compound locomotives with diameter coupled wheels. Some of these locomotives were later retrofitted with superheaters. * The class U (У in Russian) was a four-cylinder oil-burning De Glehn compound locomotive which first appeared in 1906, initially on the Ryazan-Ural railroad. Of these, 62 were built at the Kirov Plant between 1906 and 1916. By the beginning of 1940, the inventory still listed 47 U class locomotives and the last of them were withdrawn in 1952. Lenin's locomotive, U class No. U-127 that was used during his funeral, is preserved at
the Museum of the Moscow Railway The Museum of the Moscow Railway () is situated next to Paveletsky Rail Terminal in Moscow. The museum reopened to private visitors in 2011 and it reopened to the general public in January 2012. It's the object of cultural heritage of Russia. ...
. * Altogether 145 heavier superheated K-class (К in Russian) passenger locomotives were built between 1907 and 1912. They were of Kolomna factory design and were two-cylinder simple expansion (simplex) locomotives with diameter coupled wheels. * At the same time, the Briansk factory designed an improved superheated development of the G class that was produced between 1907 and 1914 as the B class (Б in Russian). Altogether 252 were built in Briansk and Lugansk. They were two-cylinder simplex locomotives with diameter coupled wheels that were quite successful in express work. * Between 1911 and 1914, Kolomna built 39 stronger class locomotives ( in Russian) with diameter coupled wheels for faster trains.


South Africa

Eighteen classes of locomotives saw service in South Africa, sixteen on and two on narrow gauge. Of these, only two were conventional tank locomotives, while two others were delivered as tank-and-tender locomotives with optional tenders.


Cape gauge

Between 1879 and 1885, the Natal Government Railways (NGR) placed 37 tank locomotives in service. Of these, 18 were built by
Kitson and Company Kitson and Company was a locomotive manufacturer based in Hunslet, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Early history The company was started in 1835 by James Kitson (businessman), James Kitson at the Airedale Foundry, off Pearson Street, Hunslet, ...
and 19 by Stephenson. On the NGR they were designated Class G. When the SAR was established in 1912, the 15 unmodified survivors were designated Class C. The last one was withdrawn from service in the mid-1980s, after more than 105 years in service. In 1880 and 1881, the Cape Government Railways (CGR) placed 18 4th Class tank-and-tender locomotives in mainline service on its Midland System working out of Port Elizabeth and Eastern System working out of East London. Four of these locomotives were still in service when the South African Railways was established in 1912.''C.G.R. Numbering Revised'', Article by Dave Littley, SA Rail May–June 1993, pp. 94-95. In 1882 and 1883, the CGR placed 68 tank-and-tender locomotives in mainline service on all three systems. It was an improved version of the 4th Class locomotives of 1880 with larger coupled wheels, built by two manufacturers. Robert Stephenson and Company built 33 with Stephenson valve gear, while Neilson and Company built 35 with Joy valve gear. Of these locomotives, 26 were still in service when the South African Railways was established in 1912. Four tank-and-tender locomotives of the CGR's Experimental 4th Class were supplied by Neilson in 1884, built to the design of J.D. Tilney, Locomotive Superintendent of the Cape Eastern System at the time, to be able to use low-grade local coal. They had Joy valve gear and unusual six-wheeled tenders, with the leading axle mounted in a rigid frame and the other two axles mounted in a bogie. One of the locomotives survived until 1912 and was designated SAR Class 04 as an obsolete locomotive. The first twenty of the CGR 5th Class tender locomotives were delivered from Dübs and Company in 1890. In 1891, the CGR placed a second batch of thirty tender locomotives in mainline service on all three Cape Systems. They were similar to the previous batch of 1890, but differed in respect of the diameter of their coupled wheels, the length of their smokeboxes and their tractive effort. In 1912, when the South African Railways (SAR) was established, the survivors were considered obsolete and designated Class 05. Nevertheless, some of the Class 05 locomotives survived as shunting engines in SAR service for another four decades. They were the last obsolete locomotives to be still in service when they were eventually withdrawn in 1953.''Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists'', issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 27-28. (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000) The Cape 6th Class passenger locomotive was designed at the Salt River works of the CGR according to the specifications of Michael Stephens, then Chief Locomotive Superintendent of the CGR, and under the supervision of H.M. Beatty, then Locomotive Superintendent of the Cape's Western System. It was to become one of the most useful classes to see service in South Africa. In 1912, when they came into SAR stock, the 6th Class family was reclassified into twelve separate classes.South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book, 2'0" & 3'6" Gauge Steam Locomotives, 15 August 1941, as amended * In 1893 and 1894, the CGR placed forty 6th Class locomotives in service, built by Dübs. Ten of them, sold to the ''Oranje-Vrijstaat Gouwerment-Spoorwegen'' (OVGS) in 1897, eventually became the Class 6-L1 on the CSAR. In 1912, all forty were assimilated into the SAR and retained their Class 6 designation. (Also see
Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...
) * In 1896 and 1897, the CGR acquired a second batch of fifty, built by Dübs and Sharp, Stewart and Company. These locomotives differed from the previous order in having slightly larger boilers with an increased heating surface and higher coal capacity tenders. In 1907, one was sold to the Benguela Railway in Angola. The remaining 49 locomotives were designated Class 6A on the SAR in 1912. (Also see Angola - Cape gauge and
Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...
) * Between 1896 and 1898, the OVGS placed 24 new Cape Class 6 locomotives in service, built by Dübs, Neilson and Sharp, Stewart. During the
Second Boer War The Second Boer War (, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, Transvaal War, Anglo–Boer War, or South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer republics (the South African Republic and ...
, these locomotives were taken over by the Imperial Military Railways (IMR) and after the war they became the CSAR Class 6-L2. All but one were assimilated into the SAR in 1912 and were designated Class 6C. (Also see
Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...
) * In 1897 and 1898, the CGR placed a third batch of 55 in service, built by Dübs, Neilson and Company and Neilson, Reid and Company. They were virtually identical to the previous fifty, except that they had bogie-wheeled tenders. In 1907, four were sold to the Benguela Railway in Angola. The remaining 51 locomotives were designated Class 6B in 1912. (Also see Angola – Cape gauge and
Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...
) * In 1898, a fourth batch of 33 were placed in service by the CGR, built by Neilson, Reid. These represented a further advance on earlier 6th Class locomotives, with a greater heating surface and a larger grate area. In 1912, they were designated Class 6D on the SAR. (Also see
Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...
) * Also in 1898, the OVGS ordered its final six new Cape 6th Class locomotives from Sharp, Stewart. These were delivered with larger cabs than their predecessors and with bogie-wheeled tenders. They were also taken over by the IMR and, after the war, came into the CSAR as Class 6-L3. In 1912, they became Class 6E on the SAR. * In 1900, two redesigned 6th Class locomotives entered service on the CGR, built by Sharp, Stewart. They had bar frames, larger cabs and bogie-wheeled tenders, and their larger heating surfaces and grate areas allowed a higher boiler pressure rating of . In visual appearance, they differed from all previous 6th Class locomotives by having higher running boards without driving wheel fairings. In 1912, they were classified as Class 6F on the SAR. * In 1901, eight 6th Class locomotives entered service, redesigned and built by the Schenectady Locomotive Works to the specifications of the CGR. Also built on bar frames like the previous two and similar in appearance, they were larger, with larger boilers and diameter cylinders compared to the of all earlier 6th Class locomotives. In 1912, they became Class 6G on the SAR. * Also in 1901, a batch of 21 entered service on the CGR, built by Neilson, Reid to the older plate frame design, but with a larger cab. These also reverted to the diameter cylinders of the previous British-built locomotives, with the lower running boards with driving wheel fairings. One of them was experimental, being equipped with Drummond cross-water tubes in the firebox. However, since the tubes were inclined to leak and were difficult to maintain, they were soon removed. In 1912, these locomotives became the Class 6H on the SAR. * Ten bar-framed locomotives were placed in service, also in 1901, designed and built by the
Baldwin Locomotive Works The Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) was an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to 1951. Originally located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it moved to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania, Eddystone in the early 20th century. The com ...
to the specifications of the CGR. They were larger than any of the previous 6th Class locomotives, with larger boilers, large cabs, cylinders of bore, bar frames, stovepipe chimneys, large domes and high running boards without driving wheel fairings. In 1912, they became Class 6K on the SAR. * In 1902, fourteen bar-framed 6th Class locomotives entered service on the CGR, built by Neilson, Reid. They were practically identical to the two bar-framed locomotives built by Sharp, Stewart in 1900, with high running boards without driving wheel fairings. In 1912, they were designated Class 6J on the SAR. * In 1904, the CGR placed its last two 6th Class bar-framed locomotives in service, built by the
North British Locomotive Company The North British Locomotive Company (NBL, NB Loco or North British) was created in 1903 through the merger of three Glasgow locomotive manufacturing companies; Sharp, Stewart and Company (Atlas Works), Neilson, Reid and Company (Hyde Park W ...
(NBL). They were experimental and were the first South African locomotives to have piston valves and
superheater A superheater is a device used to convert saturated steam or wet steam into superheated steam or dry steam. Superheated steam is used in steam turbines for electricity generation, in some steam engines, and in processes such as steam reforming. ...
s. The pistons, with a diameter of , were the largest yet used on the 6th Class. The Schmidt superheater was of the smokebox type, but the arrangement was extremely complicated and not very successful. In 1912, they became the Class 6L on the SAR and in 1915, when they were reboilered, the superheaters were removed to convert them to saturated steam locomotives. At the same time the piston-valve cylinders were replaced with smaller slide-valve cylinders of bore. In 1897, the Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (Transvaal Republic) purchased a tank locomotive with a wheel arrangement from the Lourenco Marques, Delagoa Bay and East Africa Railway in
Mozambique Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Afr ...
. The locomotive was not classified, but named ''Portuguese'' and referred to by name.


Narrow gauge

In 1903, the CGR placed six Type B locomotives with eight-wheeled bogie tenders in service on the Avontuur narrow gauge line in the Langkloof. They were built by
W. G. Bagnall W. G. Bagnall was a locomotive manufacturer from Stafford, England which was founded in 1875 and operated until it was taken over in 1962 by English Electric. History The company was founded in 1875 by William Gordon Bagnall. The majority of ...
and had bar frames, copper fireboxes and Stephenson valve gear. In 1912, they came into SAR stock and, in 1914, a further three locomotives with slightly longer boilers were acquired by the SAR. One of these was also built by Bagnall while the other two were built by Kerr, Stuart and Company. These three were commonly referred to as the Improved B. When a system of grouping narrow gauge locomotives into classes was eventually introduced somewhere between 1928 and 1930, they were to be classified as Class NG8 but had already been withdrawn from service. During 1915 and 1916, the SAR placed six locomotives in service in the Langkloof, built by
Baldwin Locomotive Works The Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) was an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to 1951. Originally located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it moved to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania, Eddystone in the early 20th century. The com ...
. They were very similar to the Bagnall built Type B, except that they were equipped with Walschaerts valve gear. They were later designated Class NG9. Three of them survived in SAR service until April 1951, when they were sold to the ''Caminhos de Ferro de Moçâmedes'' (CFM) of
Angola Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-Central Africa, central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-speaking world, Portuguese-speaking (Lusophone) country in both total area and List of c ...
. (Also see Angola - Narrow gauge)


Sudan

During the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, sixteen of the South African Railways (SAR) Classes 6 to 6D were transferred to the
Middle East The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...
to assist with the war effort during the
North African Campaign The North African campaign of World War II took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943, fought between the Allies and the Axis Powers. It included campaigns in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts (Western Desert campaign, Desert Wa ...
. The group consisted of seven Class 6, four Class 6A, two Class 6B, one Class 6C and two Class 6D locomotives. They were sold to the Sudan Railways Corporation in 1942.Class 6 to 6D sold to Sudan Railways during the WWII North African Campaign, list compiled by Austrian locomotive historian Reimar Holzinger (Also see South Africa - Cape gauge)


Sweden

The Swedish class of B locomotives were of this arrangement they were used for both goods trains and high speed passenger services being built 1909-19 the locomotive was so successful three more locomotives were built in 1943-44 all locomotives were built by NOHAB. A relatively large number of the locomotives are preserved as it was one of the last steam locomotives in the strategic reserve and was kept in mothball storage until the 1990s.


Switzerland

The Swiss Class A 3/5 locomotives built by the Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works between 1902 and 1922 for the Jura–Simplon Railway, and the Gotthard Railway was of type 4-6-0.


Thailand

The Royal State Railway of Siam/Thailand (RSR(S)), later the
State Railway of Thailand The State Railway of Thailand (SRT) (, abbrev. รฟท., ) is the state-owned rail operator under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Transport (Thailand), Ministry of Transport in Thailand. History The SRT was founded as the Royal State Rail ...
(SRT) had three classes of 4-6-0 type locomotives in their fleet: * The first class of Thai 4-6-0 locomotives was designated as their class E, built by the
North British Locomotive Company The North British Locomotive Company (NBL, NB Loco or North British) was created in 1903 through the merger of three Glasgow locomotive manufacturing companies; Sharp, Stewart and Company (Atlas Works), Neilson, Reid and Company (Hyde Park W ...
(NBL) in three batches of 12, 5 and 24 in 1913, 1915 and 1919 respectively. The E class were based on a standardised design outlined by the Engineering Standards Committee (later the British Engineering Standards Association (BESA)) of a mixed-traffic metre-gauge locomotive for service on British Indian railways, as delivered to the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway (MSMR). * The second class of Thai 4-6-0 locomotives were 7 4-6-0s of the Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg (NIS) 381-400 number series, later the C52 class locomotives. These were captured by the Japanese occupation forces in the Dutch East Indies during WWII and hauled trains on the Burma Railway. Other locomotives from the same class were sent to Indochina. * The third class of Thai 4-6-0 locomotives was a single Burma Railways (BR) Ks class locomotive, no. 396, also derived from the aforementioned BESC design (with superheating applied), and also captured by Japanese occupation forces in Burma and taken to Thailand. Six out of the twelve locomotives from the first batch of Es were given Caprotti valve gear in 1930. Five E class locomotives were donated to
Cambodia Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline ...
in the 1970s, then considered surplus by the SRT. The remaining members of the E class were in service with the Thai railways until 1974. Several E class locomotives are preserved at various locations in Thailand. One of the Thai C52s was lost either to an accident or to cannibalisation. The remaining members of the class were later purchased from the NIS and taken into SRT stock. No. 751 of the ex-NIS 4-6-0s is preserved at the Army Engineering Museum, Ratchaburi. The single ex-Burmese Ks was withdrawn and scrapped in 1954 after the Thai railways recovered from the war.


United Kingdom

The first locomotive to be introduced in the United Kingdom was the Highland Railway's ''Jones Goods'' class of 1894, the first of which (No. 103) survives. Within five years, however, the wheel arrangement was being used primarily on passenger service, since British heavy freight trains were generally too slow to require a locomotive with a four-wheel leading bogie. Between 1906 and 1925, the became the most common express passenger locomotive type in everyday use in the United Kingdom, as a logical development from the 4-4-0 type that was previously used. The type continued to be used as mixed traffic locomotive until the end of steam in the United Kingdom in 1968.


Pre-grouping era

During the pre-grouping era, from 1899 to 1923, Wilson Worsdell of the North Eastern Railway (NER) used the type for his express passenger locomotives, the S and S1 classes of 1899 and 1900 that became the B13 and B14 classes of the
London and North Eastern Railway The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) was the second largest (after London, Midland and Scottish Railway, LMS) of the "Big Four (British railway companies), Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain. It ope ...
(LNER) in 1923. Soon afterwards, these were followed by the appearance of other designs. * John G. Robinson of the
Great Central Railway The Great Central Railway in England was formed when the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway changed its name in 1897, anticipating the opening in 1899 of its Great Central Main Line, London Extension. On 1 January 1923, the company ...
(GCR) designed the Class 8 ''Fish Engines'' of 1902. * In 1902 and 1903, George Jackson Churchward produced the 2900 ''Saint'' Class, which was the first in a long line of classes operated by the
Great Western Railway The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a History of rail transport in Great Britain, British railway company that linked London with the southwest, west and West Midlands (region), West Midlands of England and most of Wales. It was founded in 1833, ...
(GWR). * In 1903, Francis Webb of the
London and North Western Railway The London and North Western Railway (LNWR, L&NWR) was a British railway company between 1846 and 1922. In the late 19th century, the LNWR was the largest joint stock company in the world. Dubbed the "Premier Line", the LNWR's main line connec ...
(LNWR) followed with his unsuccessful four-cylinder compound locomotives of the 1400 ''Bill Bailey'' class. * Between 1905 and 1910, altogether 105 locomotives of George Whale's ''Experiment'' Class were built for the LNWR. Two notable express passenger designs appeared in 1906. One was the Caledonian Railway's ''Cardean'' Class which was, at the time, the most powerful locomotive in Britain. The other was Churchward's four-cylinder GWR ''Star'' Class, which was developed and enlarged by Charles Collett as the GWR 4073 ''Castle'' class in 1923 and later also as the GWR 6000 ''King'' class in 1927. Other significant early express designs included: * The LNWR's ''Prince of Wales'' Class, with 246 locomotives built between 1911 and 1921. * The LNWR's ''Claughton'' Class, with 130 locomotives built between 1913 and 1924. * The Class S69 of the Great Eastern Railway (GER), with 81 locomotives produced between 1912 and 1928. Robert Urie of the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) introduced three successful classes, the H15 class mixed traffic locomotives, introduced in 1914 and built until 1924, the N15 ''King Arthur'' class, with 74 locomotives built between 1919 and 1926, and the S15 class, with 45 locomotives built between 1920 and 1936. In 1907, Wilson Worsdell of the NER built ten W class T tank locomotives. These were all rebuilt to NER Class W1 4-6-2T Pacific between 1914 and 1917.


Post-grouping era

During the post-grouping era from 1923 to 1948, the wheel arrangement was used extensively by all of the Big Four British railway companies, especially by the
Great Western Railway The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a History of rail transport in Great Britain, British railway company that linked London with the southwest, west and West Midlands (region), West Midlands of England and most of Wales. It was founded in 1833, ...
(GWR) and the
London, Midland and Scottish Railway The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMSIt has been argued that the initials LMSR should be used to be consistent with London and North Eastern Railway, LNER, Great Western Railway, GWR and Southern Railway (UK), SR. The London, Midland an ...
(LMS), who continued to develop new designs. However, from the early 1930s, demands for more power and improved performance from express passenger locomotives led to the widespread introduction of 4-6-2 Pacific locomotives, where the trailing axle could support a larger firebox. Since the reduced traction of the driving wheels was not a big disadvantage with relatively light passenger trains, the was displaced from top-rank express services on most of the railways where they had been used, with the exception of the GWR who continued to build both mixed-traffic and express passenger s until nationalisation in 1948. The GWR's 4073 ''Castle'' Class eventually consisted of 171 express passenger locomotives, built between 1923 and 1950. The design was enlarged as the GWR's 6000 ''King'' Class, with thirty locomotives built between 1927 and 1930. Several new mixed traffic were also introduced: * The Southern Railway improved the LSWR's ''King Arthur'' class and introduced the ''Lord Nelson'' class, which was briefly the most powerful class in Britain. Sixteen locomotives were built between 1926 and 1929. * The LMS introduced the 7P ''Royal Scot'' class, with 71 locomotives built between 1927 and 1930, and the 6P ''Patriot'' class, with 52 locomotives built between 1930 and 1934. All of the ''Royal Scots'' and 18 of the ''Patriots'' were subsequently rebuilt in line with Stanier's practice and were very successful in this form. * The largest and most successful British class was the LMS Class 5 ''Black Five'', designed by
William Stanier Sir William Arthur Stanier (27 May 1876 – 27 September 1965) was an English railway engineer, and was chief mechanical engineer of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Biography Sir William Stanier was born in Swindon, where his f ...
and consisting of 842 locomotives, built between 1934 and 1951. Stanier also designed the LMS 6P ''Jubilee'' class, with 191 locomotives built between 1934 and 1936. Charles Collett of the GWR developed Churchward's 1902 ''Saint'' class design into three further classes: * The GWR 4900 ''Hall'' class, with 259 locomotives built between 1928 and 1943. * The GWR 6800 ''Grange'' class, with eighty locomotives built between 1936 and 1939. * The GWR 7800 ''Manor'' class, with thirty locomotives built between 1938 and 1950.
Frederick Hawksworth Frederick William Hawksworth (10 February 1884 – 13 July 1976), was the last Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Great Western Railway (Great Britain) (GWR). Early career Hawksworth spent his entire career at the Swindon Works of the GWR. H ...
later developed the ''Saint'' class design further, first with his GWR 6959 ''Modified Hall'' Class, with 71 locomotives built between 1944 and 1950, and then with his GWR 1000 ''County'' Class, with thirty locomotives built between 1945 and 1947. The LNER inherited large numbers of locomotives from its constituent companies, many of which were subsequently rebuilt, so that the company ultimately had sixty different classes and sub-classes with this wheel arrangement. In addition, the company also introduced two new classes. * The B17 class, designed by
Nigel Gresley Sir Herbert Nigel Gresley (19 June 1876 – 5 April 1941) was a British railway engineer. He was one of Britain's most famous steam locomotive engineers, who rose to become Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the London and North Eastern Rail ...
, of which 73 were built between 1928 and 1937. * The B1 class, designed by Edward Thompson, of which 410 locomotives were built between 1942 and 1952.


British Railways era

Following the formation of
British Railways British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was a state-owned company that operated most rail transport in Great Britain from 1948 to 1997. Originally a trading brand of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commis ...
in 1948, two further classes were introduced, both in 1951. * The BR Standard Class 5 was based on Stanier's successful LMS ''Black Five'' of 1934. Altogether 172 locomotives were built by 1957. * A lighter and less powerful design was the BR Standard Class 4. Eighty of these were built by 1957.


United States

The first locomotive built in the United States was the ''Chesapeake'', built by Norris Locomotive Works for the Philadelphia and Reading railroad in March 1847. There are still conflicting opinions as to who the original designer of this type was. Many authorities attribute the design to Septimus Norris of Norris Locomotive Works, but in an 1885 paper, George E. Sellers attributes the design to John Brandt who worked for the
Erie Railroad The Erie Railroad was a railroad that operated in the Northeastern United States, originally connecting Pavonia Terminal in Jersey City, New Jersey, with Lake Erie at Dunkirk, New York. The railroad expanded west to Chicago following its 1865 ...
between 1842 and 1851. * According to Sellers, the Erie's own management didn't feel it in their best interests to pursue construction, so Brandt approached
Baldwin Locomotive Works The Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) was an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to 1951. Originally located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it moved to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania, Eddystone in the early 20th century. The com ...
and Norris with the design. Baldwin was similarly uninterested, but Norris liked the idea. James Millholland of the Reading also saw the design and ordered one from Norris for the Reading. However, Sellers may have misinterpreted some of the information since Millholland did not work for the Reading until 1848, a year after the locomotive was built. Furthermore, Sellers refers to the first to be constructed as the ''Susquehanna'', which was the Erie railroad's first , not the Reading's. * The attribution to Septimus Norris stems from a patent, allegedly filed in 1846, that many sources cite for this locomotive type. However, such a patent has not yet been found in searches at the
United States Patent and Trademark Office The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is an List of federal agencies in the United States, agency in the United States Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Commerce that serves as the national patent office and trademark ...
(USPTO). Septimus Norris did file a patent in 1854 for running gears, and the patent application showed a wheel arrangement in the drawing. Norris' wording in the 1854 patent was vague with regard to the wheel arrangement and the filing did not specifically claim invention of the configuration. A few days after William Norris completed the ''Chesapeake'', Hinkley Locomotive Works completed their first locomotive, the ''New Hampshire'', for the
Boston and Maine Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and financial center of New England, a region of the Northeastern United States. It has an area of and a ...
Railroad. The first from Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works was the already-mentioned ''Susquehanna'' for the Erie Railroad. Baldwin's first locomotive did not appear until 1852. Through the 1860s and into the 1870s, demand for locomotives of the wheel arrangement grew as more railroad executives switched from purchasing a single, general-purpose type of locomotive such as the 4-4-0 American at that time, to purchasing locomotives designed for a specific purpose. Both the
Pennsylvania Railroad The Pennsylvania Railroad ( reporting mark PRR), legal name as the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, also known as the "Pennsy," was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At its ...
(PRR) and the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was the oldest railroads in North America, oldest railroad in the United States and the first steam engine, steam-operated common carrier. Construction of the line began in 1828, and it operated as B&O from 1830 ...
(B&O) were early adopters of the , using them for fast freight as well as heavy passenger trains. There were also two 3 ft narrow gauge steam locomotives, No. 72 (No. 274) and No. 73 (No. 275), built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in May 1925 for the United Railways of Yucatán in Mexico, where they operated until being retired in the 1960s and were eventually purchased by Disney imagineers Roger E. Broggie and Earl Vilmer for $8,000 each to operate on the Walt Disney World Railroad circling the
Magic Kingdom Magic Kingdom Park is a Amusement park, theme park at the Walt Disney World, Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida. It opened on October 1, 1971, and is owned and operated by the Walt Disney Company through its Disney Experiences, Expe ...
in
Bay Lake, Florida Bay Lake is a city in Orange County, Florida, United States. The population was 29 at the 2020 census. It is named after a lake that lies east of Magic Kingdom. All four of the Walt Disney World Resort theme parks, and one of Walt Disney Worl ...
. No. 274 became No. 1 ''Walter E. Disney'' and No. 275 became No. 3 ''Roger E. Broggie''. Both locomotives have since been overhauled at the Strasburg Rail Road. No. 1 was overhauled between 2016 and 2020 and returned to service upon the reopening of the WDWRR on December 23, 2022, while No. 3 was overhauled between 2019 and 2023 and returned to service on February 21, 2024. Sierra No. 3 is a built 1891 by Rogers, which after many years of service on the Prescott and Arizona Central and the Sierra Railway, found new life beginning in 1920 on screen. Sierra No. 3 has appeared in more motion pictures, documentaries and television shows than any other locomotive, and has a career ranging from '' The Virginian'' (1929) to ''
High Noon ''High Noon'' is a 1952 American Western (genre), Western film produced by Stanley Kramer from a screenplay by Carl Foreman, directed by Fred Zinnemann, and starring Gary Cooper. The plot, which occurs in Real time (media), real time, centers ...
'' (1952) to '' Back to the Future Part III'' (1990). A notable American ten-wheeler is the
Illinois Central Railroad The Illinois Central Railroad , sometimes called the Main Line of Mid-America, is a railroad in the Central United States. Its primary routes connected Chicago, Illinois, with New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, and Mobile, Alabama, and thus, ...
's No. 382, the locomotive driven by Casey Jones in a train wreck Vaughan, Mississippi, on April 30, 1900, that killed him instantly. But after an eventful career with 6 accidents, she was scrapped in July 1935 at the age of 37, the same age of her driver Casey Jones when he died. A
Clinchfield Railroad The Clinchfield Railroad was an operating and holding company for the Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio Railway . The line ran from the coalfields of Virginia and Elkhorn City, Kentucky, to the textile mills of South Carolina. The 35-mile segmen ...
locomotive of the type No. 99 replaced her in 1956 and is on display at the Casey Jones museum in
Jackson, Tennessee Jackson is a city in and the county seat of Madison County, Tennessee, United States. Located east of Memphis, Tennessee, Memphis and 130 Miles Southwest of Nashville, it is a regional center of trade for West Tennessee. Its total population wa ...
. As far as is known, the heaviest ever built was Southern Pacific No. 2371. According to R&LHS Bulletin No. 94, its engine weight was . The heaviest class of 's ever put into series production was the Pennsylvania Railroad class G5 with 90 examples completed in the mid-1920s, which were some lighter. One of the B&O's s, built in 1869, is preserved at the B&O Railroad Museum in
Baltimore Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland. With a population of 585,708 at the 2020 census and estimated at 568,271 in 2024, it is the 30th-most populous U.S. city. The Baltimore metropolitan area is the 20th-large ...
. Another is at the National Museum of Transportation in St. Louis. A third, The Great Northern Railway's GN 1355, built in 1909 as a but rebuilt to a 4-6-2 Pacific in 1924, is in
Sioux City, Iowa Sioux City () is a city in Woodbury County, Iowa, Woodbury and Plymouth County, Iowa, Plymouth counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 85,797 in the 2020 United States Census, 2020 census, making it the List of cities in Iowa, fo ...
. Nevada Northern Railway's No. 40 a 1910 built has been preserved on the railroad and is known by the nickname "The Ghost Train of Ely". Due to its long history of operating in the state, in 2009 No. 40 was recognized as the official Nevada State Steam Locomotive. The only surviving locomotive of the
narrow gauge A narrow-gauge railway (narrow-gauge railroad in the US) is a railway with a track gauge (distance between the rails) narrower than . Most narrow-gauge railways are between and . Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with Minimum railw ...
East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad (ET&WNC) is No. 12, a coal-fired built in 1917 by the
Baldwin Locomotive Works The Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) was an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to 1951. Originally located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it moved to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania, Eddystone in the early 20th century. The com ...
. It was originally used to haul passengers and freight over the ET&WNC's line running from Johnson City over the
Appalachian Mountains The Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians, are a mountain range in eastern to northeastern North America. The term "Appalachian" refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range, and its surrounding terrain ...
to Boone, North Carolina, from 1918 to 1940. Since 1957, it has been in operation at the Tweetsie Railroad
theme park An amusement park is a park that features various attractions, such as rides and games, and events for entertainment purposes. A theme park is a type of amusement park that bases its structures and attractions around a central theme, often fea ...
in Blowing Rock, North Carolina.


References

{{Whyte types 6, 4-6-0