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Ancyromonadida
Ancyromonadida or Planomonadida is a small group of biflagellated protists found in the soil and in aquatic habitats, where they feed on bacteria.Cavalier-Smith, T. (2013)Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa European journal of protistology, 49(2), 115-178. Includes freshwater or marine organisms, benthic, dorsoventrally compressed and with two unequal flagellae, each emerging from a separate pocket. The apical anterior flagellum can be very thin or end in the cell membrane, while the posterior flagellum is long and is inserted ventrally or laterally. The cell membrane is supported by a thin single layer teak and the mitochondrial crests are discoidal / flat. The group's placement is doubtful, as it seems to fall outside the five supergroups of eukaryotes. Cavalier-Smith considers that they constitute a basal group to Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta and places it together w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loukozoa
Loukozoa (+ Ancyromonads) (From Greek ''loukos'': groove) is a proposed taxon used in some classifications of eukaryotes, consisting of the Metamonada and Malawimonadea. Ancyromonads are closely related to this group, as sister of the entire group, or as sister of the Metamonada. Amorphea may have emerged in this grouping, specifically as sister of the Malawimonads. Originally, Loukozoa included Anaeromonadea and Jakobea. In 2013, it consisted of three subphyla: Eolouka ( Tsukubea and Jakobea), Metamonada and Neolouka ('' Malawimonas''). Cavalier-Smith has recently removed Eolouka from Loukozoa, placing it instead in Discoba Excavata is a major supergroup of unicellular organisms belonging to the domain Eukaryota. It was first suggested by Simpson and Patterson in 1999 and introduced by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002 as a formal taxon. It contains a variety of fr .... With the root of the Eukaryota likely close to or in Loukozoa or Discoba, these groupings are studied to g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eukaryota
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacteria and Archaea (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains. The eukaryotes are usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the Asgard archaea. This implies that there are only two domains of life, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the Proterozoic eon, likely as flagellated phagotrophs. Their name comes from the Greek εὖ (''eu'', "well" or "good") and κάρυον (''karyon'', "nut" or "kernel"). E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eukaryote
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacteria and Archaea (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains. The eukaryotes are usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the Asgard archaea. This implies that there are only two domains of life, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the Proterozoic eon, likely as flagellated phagotrophs. Their name comes from the Greek εὖ (''eu'', "well" or "good") and κάρυον (''karyon'', "nut" or "kernel"). E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Podiata
Podiates (Cavalier-Smith, 2012, excl. Ancyromonadida) are a proposed clade containing the Amorphea (incl. Opisthokonta, Amoebozoa, apusomonads and breviates) and the organisms now assigned to the clade CRuMs. Ancyromonadida does not appear to have emerged in this grouping. Sarcomastigota (Cavalier-Smith, 1983) is a proposed subkingdom (currently shown to be paraphyletic) that includes all the podiates that are ''not'' animals or fungi. Sulcozoa (Cavalier-Smith, 2012) is a proposed phylum (currently shown to be paraphyletic) within Sarcomastigota that does not include the phyla Amoebozoa ( clade) and Choanozoa (paraphyletic), i.e. it includes the proposed subphyla Apusozoa and Varisulca Varisulca was a proposed basal Podiate taxon. It encompassed several lineages of heterotrophic protists, most notably the ancyromonads (planomonads), collodictyonids (diphylleids), rigifilids (''Rigifila'', ''Micronuclearia'') and mantamona .... References {{Taxonbar, from=Q48995893 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Varisulca
Varisulca was a proposed basal Podiate taxon. It encompassed several lineages of heterotrophic protists, most notably the ancyromonads (planomonads), collodictyonids (diphylleids), rigifilids (''Rigifila'', ''Micronuclearia'') and mantamonadids. Recent evidence suggests that the latter three are closely related to each other, forming a clade called CRuMs, but that this is unlikely to be specifically related to ancyromonads Cavalier-Smith had proposed the new subphylum Varisulca which consists of the classes Hilomonadea, Diphyllatea and Glissodiscea. The validity of this proposed taxonomy has yet to ruled upon by the Society of Protistologists. It is unlikely to be widely accepted, since Varisulca appears to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic (ancyromonads are not inferred to be the sister group to CRuMs). Glissodiscea and Multirhiza (a taxon encompassing Diphyllatea and Glissodiscea) also appear paraphyletic or polyphyletic, since ''Mantamonas'' belongs to CRuMs but ancyromon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CRuMs
CRuMs is a proposed clade of microbial eukaryotes, whose name is an acronym of the following constituent groups: i) collodictyonids also known as diphylleids, ii) rigifilids Rigifilida is a clade of non- ciliate phagotrophic eukaryotes. It consists of two genera: '' Micronuclearia'' and ''Rigifila''. Characteristics Cells of rigifilids are covered with either a single or a double-layered submembrane pellicular lam ... and iii) mantamonadids as sister of the Amorphea. It more or less supersedes Varisulca, as Ancyromonadida are inferred not to be specifically related to the orders Collodictyonida, Rigifilida and Mantamonadida. Phylogeny References {{Taxonbar, from=Q59153571 Eukaryote subphyla Podiata ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malawimonadea
Malawimonadidae is a group of unicellular eukaryotes of outsize importance in understanding eukaryote phylogeny. Phylogeny Taxonomy * Phylum Neolouka Cavalier-Smith 2013 ** Class Malawimonadea Cavalier-Smith 2003 *** Order Malawimonadida Cavalier-Smith 2003 **** Family Malawimonadidae O’Kelly & Nerad 1999 ***** Genus '' Gefionella'' Heiss, Ekelund & Simpson 2018 ****** Species '' G. okellyi'' Heiss, Ekelund & Simpson 2018 ***** Genus '' Malawimonas'' O’Kelly & Nerad 1999 ****** Species '' M. californiana'' ****** Species '' M. jakobiformis'' O’Kelly & Nerad 1999 References Excavata families {{Excavata-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flagellates
A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their means of motion. The term presently does not imply any specific relationship or classification of the organisms that possess flagella. However, the term "flagellate" is included in other terms (such as "dinoflagellate" and " choanoflagellata") which are more formally characterized. Form and behavior Flagella in eukaryotes are supported by microtubules in a characteristic arrangement, with nine fused pairs surrounding two central singlets. These arise from a basal body. In some flagellates, flagella direct food into a cytostome or mouth, where food is ingested. Flagella often support hairs, called mastigonemes, or contain rods. Their ultrastructure plays an important role in classifying eukaryotes. Among protoctists and microscopi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obazoa
Obazoa (Brown et al., 2013) is a proposed sister clade of Amoebozoa (which together form Amorphea). Obazoa is composed of Breviatea, Apusomonadida and Opisthokonta. The term Obazoa is based on the OBA acronym for Opisthokonta, Breviatea, and Apusomonadida. Determining the placement of Breviatea and Apusomonadida and their properties is of interest for the development of the opisthokonts in which the main lineages of animals and fungi emerged. The relationships among opisthokonts, breviates and apusomonads are not conclusively resolved (as of 2018), though Breviatea is usually inferred to be the most basal of the three lineages. Ribosomal RNA phylogenies do not usually recover Obazoa as a clade (see for example:), probably reflecting their stemming from a very ancient common ancestor, and little phylogenetic signal Phylogenetic signal is an evolutionary and ecological term, that describes the tendency or the pattern of related biological species to resemble each other more tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Breviatea
''Breviata anathema'' is a single-celled flagellate amoeboid eukaryote, previously studied under the name ''Mastigamoeba invertens''. The cell lacks mitochondria but has remnant mitochondrial genes, and possesses an organelle believed to be a modified anaerobic mitochondrion, similar to the mitosomes and hydrogenosomes found in other eukaryotes that live in low-oxygen environments. Early molecular data placed ''Breviata'' in the Amoebozoa, but without obvious affinity to known amoebozoan groups. More recently, phylogenomic analysis has shown that the class Breviatea is a sister group to the Opisthokonta and Apusomonadida. Together, these three groups form the clade Obazoa (the term Obazoa is based on an acronym of Opisthokonta, Breviatea, and Apusomonadida, plus ‘zóa’ (pertaining to ‘life’ in Greek)). Taxonomy * Class Breviatea Cavalier-Smith 2004 rotamoebaeref> ** Order Breviatida Cavalier-Smith 2004 *** Family Breviatidae Cavalier-Smith 2012 **** Genus ''Breviata ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apusomonadida
The Apusomonadida are a group of protozoan zooflagellates that glide on surfaces, and mostly consume prokaryotes. They are of particular evolutionary interest because they appear to be the sister group to the Opisthokonts, the clade that includes both animals and fungi. Together with the Breviatea, these form the Obazoa clade. Taxonomy * Class Apusomonadea Tedersoo 2017 ** Order Apusomonadida Karpov & Mylnikov 1989 hecomonadales Lee 1989*** Family Apusomonadidae Karpov & Mylnikov 1989 **** Genus '' Amastigomonas'' de Saedeleer 1931 ***** Species '' A. caudata'' Mylnikov 1989 'Amastigomonas borokensis'' Hamar 1979***** Species '' A. debruynei'' de Saedeleer 1931 ***** Species '' A. marisrubri'' Mylnikov & Mylnikov 2012 **** Genus ''Multimonas'' Cavalier-Smith 2010 ***** Species '' M. koreensis'' Heiss et al. 2015 ***** Species '' M. marina'' (Mylnikov 1989) Cavalier-Smith 2010 'Cercomonas marina'' Mylnikov 1989; ''Amastigomonas marina'' (Mylnikov 1989) Mylnikov 1999***** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancyromonas
''Ancyromonas'' is a genus of basal Eukaryote consisting of heterotrophic flagellates. It includes the species ''Ancyromonas sigmoides'', first described by Saville Kent in 1880. The genus was rediscovered in modern times by Hänel in 1979. They are about 5 μm long and live in both marine and freshwater habitats with a global distribution. In 2008, Cavalier-Smith et. al proposed the reassignment of all known species of ''Ancyromonas'' into a new genus, ''Planomonas''. ''Planomonas'' has since been described as a junior synonym of ''Ancyromonas''. ''Ancyromonas'' does not belong to any of the eukaryotic supergroups, and they appear more basal than Malawimonas ''Malawimonas'' is a Loukozoa genus, possible sister of the Podiata. History of the discovery of Malawimonads In 1993, Charles J O’ Kelly studied the jakobid groups flagellates and implications for the early diversification of eukaryotes a ..., placing them in Loukouzoa, possibly relatives of podiates, and dep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
