Tortoise Beetle

The Cassidinae (tortoise and leaf-mining beetles) are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. The antennae arise close to each other and some members have the pronotal and elytral edges extended to the side and covering the legs so as to give them the common name of tortoise beetles. Some members, such as in the tribe Hispini, are notable for the spiny outgrowths to the pronotum and elytra.

Description

The "cassidoids" have a rounded outline with the edges of the pronotum and elytra expanded, spreading out to cover the legs and head. They are often colourful and metallic, with ornate sculpturing; a few species have the ability to change colour due to water movements within the translucent cuticle. All members of the subfamily have the mouthparts reduced into a cavity in the head capsule, the legs have four segmented tarsi. The hispoids have larvae that are ecological diverse as leaf miners or cryptic exophagous feeders, while the cassidoids feed freely externally on the plant surfaces. Within cassidoids, the tortoise beetles are diagnosed by the larvae recycling their feces and cast exuviae into a discrete structure held on the caudal processes (or, urogomphi). Fecal shields are thought to provide protection from the sun, wind, heat, predators, parasites, and/or parasitoids though experimental evidence is mixed.

A few species in two closely related tribes ( Mesomphaliini and Eugenysini, putative sister taxa) show paternal care of larvae.Chaboo, C.S., F.A. Frieiro-Costa, J. Gómez-Zurita, R. Westerduijn. 2014. Subsociality in leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae, Chrysomelinae). Journal of Natural History 48: 1–44. These species can be viewed as subsocial, with evidence pointing to there being two evolutionary origins of subsociality within this one lineage.

Taxonomy

Cassidinae includes both the former subfamily "Hispinae" (leaf-mining beetles), as well as the former more narrowly defined subfamily Cassidinae (familiar as tortoise beetles) which are now split into several tribes that include the tribe Cassidini, and in all include over 125 genera. The traditional separation of the two groups was based essentially on the habitats of the larvae and the general shapes of the adults. The name Cassidinae for the merged subfamily is considered to have priority.

The former grouping of "Hispinae" (sometimes called leaf-mining beetles, or "hispoids") included the tribes Alurnini, Anisoderini, Aproidini, Arescini, Bothryonopini, Callispini, Callohispini, Cephaloleiini, Chalepini, Coelaenomenoderini, Cryptonychini, Cubispini, Eurispini, Exothispini, Gonophorini, Hispini, Hispoleptini, Hybosispini, Leptispini, Oediopalpini, Oncocephalini, Promecothecini, Prosopodontini, Sceloenoplini and Spilophorini. Most members of these tribes are elongated, slightly flattened beetles with parallel margins, and antennal bases close together on their small heads. They often have punctate elytra and pronotum, sometimes with spines both on and along the edges. The former grouping of Cassidinae (sometimes called tortoise beetles, or "cassidoids") included the tribes Aspidimorphini, Basiprionotini, Cassidini, Delocraniini, Dorynotini, Eugenysini, Goniocheniini, Hemisphaerotini, Mesomphaliini, Notosacanthini, Omocerini and Physonotini.

''BioLib'' currently (March 2024) includes the following tribes:

Aspidimorphini

Auth. Chapuis, 1875; genera:
# '' Aspidimorpha'' Hope, 1840
# '' Conchyloctenia'' Spaeth, 1902
# '' Hybosinota'' Spaeth, 1909
# '' Laccoptera'' Boheman, 1855
# '' Mahatsinia'' Weise, 1910
# '' Nilgiraspis'' Spaeth, 1932

Basiprionotini

Auth. Gressitt, 1952; genera:
# '' Androya'' Spaeth, 1911
# '' Basiprionota'' Chevrolat, 1837
# '' Cassidopsis'' Fairmaire, 1899
# '' Craspedonta'' Chevrolat, 1837
# '' Epistictina'' Hincks, 1950
# '' Megapyga'' Boheman, 1850
# '' Metriopepla'' Fairmaire, 1882
# '' Pseudandroya'' Spaeth, 1952
; Cassidini
; Delocranini
; Dorynotini
; Eugenysini
; Goniocheniini
; Hemisphaerotini

Imatidiini

Auth. Hope, 1840 (= Cephaloleiini); genera:

# '' Aslamidium'' Borowiec, 1984
# '' Calliaspis'' Dejean, 1837
# '' Cyclantispa'' Sekerka, 2014
# '' Demotispa'' Baly, 1858
# '' Imatidium'' Fabricius, 1801
# '' Katkispa'' Sekerka, 2014
# '' Lechispa'' Sekerka, 2014
# '' Parentispa'' Sekerka, 2014
# '' Parimatidium'' Spaeth, 1938
# '' Pseudostilpnaspis'' Borowiec, 2000
# '' Spaethaspis'' Hincks, 1952
# '' Stilpnaspis'' Weise, 1905
# '' Weiseispa'' Sekerka, 2014
# '' Windsorispa'' Sekerka, 2014

Notosacanthini

Auth. Gressitt, 1952
# '' Herminella'' Spaeth, 1913
# '' Hermosacantha'' Borowiec & Świetojańska, 2014
# '' Notosacantha'' Chevrolat, 1837
; Omocerini
; Physonotini = synonyms Ischyrosonychini and Physonotini
; Spilophorini (= Oediopalpini)

Stolaini

Auth. Hincks, 1952

# '' Acromis'' Chevrolat, 1837
# '' Amythra'' Spaeth, 1913
# '' Anacassis'' Spaeth, 1913
# '' Anepsiomorpha'' Spaeth, 1913
# '' Botanochara'' Dejean, 1837
# '' Chelymorpha'' Chevrolat, 1837
# '' Convexocoleus'' Shin, 2013
# '' Cyrtonota'' Chevrolat, 1837
# '' Echoma'' Chevrolat, 1837
# '' Elytrogona'' Chevrolat, 1837
# ''Eutheria'' Spaeth, 1909
# '' Hilarocassis'' Spaeth, 1913
# '' Mesomphalia'' Hope, 1839
# '' Nebraspis'' Spaeth, 1913
# '' Ogdoecosta'' Spaeth, 1909
# '' Omaspides'' Chevrolat, 1837
# '' Paraselenis'' Spaeth, 1913
# '' Phytodectoidea'' Spaeth, 1909
# '' Poecilaspidella'' Spaeth, 1913
# '' Stoiba'' Spaeth, 1909
# ''Stolas'' Billberg, 1820
# '' Terpsis'' Spaeth, 1913
# '' Trilaccodea'' Spaeth, 1902
# '' Xenicomorpha'' Spaeth, 1913
# '' Zatrephina'' Spaeth, 1909

In addition, Borowiec & Świętojańska (2014)''Borowiec, L.; Świętojańska, J. 2014: 2.7.2 Cassidinae Gyllenhal, 1813. Pp. 198–217 in: Leschen et al., 2014 included:
; Aproidini
# '' Aproida'' Pascoe, 1863

; Chalepini (= Uroplatini)
; Cryptonychini
;Cubispini

The subfamily names Cassidinae and Hispinae are both founded by Gyllenhal in the same 1813 book, but following the Principle of the First Reviser, Chen in this case, priority is given to the name Cassidinae.

Deloyala guttata - Mottled Tortoise Beetle.jpg, ''Deloyala guttata'', mottled tortoise beetle, showing typical shape and patches of metallic coloration
Hispella testacea - 2012-10-16.webm, ''Hispella testacea'' in copula (Hispini)
Leaf beetle (Chalepus sanguinicollis).JPG, Leaf beetle ''Chalepus sanguinicollis'', Grand Cayman
Cassidinae, Stolas cf conspersa, Matutu MG.jpg, Blue and orange tortoise-beetle ''Stolas cf. conspersa'' from Brazil
Tortoise beetle (Stolas lebasii).jpg, ''Stolas lebasii'', Panama
Tortoise beetle (Stolas lebasii) 2.jpg, ''Stolas lebasii'', Panama
Plagiometriona clavata.jpg, '' Plagiometriona clavata''
Charidotella sexpunctata larva.jpg, '' Charidotella sexpunctata'', larva protected by fecal shield
Charidotella sexpunctata adult.jpg, ''Charidotella sexpunctata'', adult

See also

* List of Cassidinae genera

References

External links

Hispines of the world



{{Taxonbar, from=Q2120908

Polyphaga subfamilies
Articles containing video clips
Taxa named by Leonard Gyllenhaal