Permian tetrapods were amphibians and reptiles that lived during the Permian Period. During this time,

amphibian Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniote, anamniotic, tetrapod, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class (biology), class Amphibia. In its broadest sense, it is a paraphyletic group encompassing all Tetrapod, tetrapods, but excl ...

s remained common, including various

Temnospondyli Temnospondyli (from Greek τέμνειν, ''temnein'' 'to cut' and σπόνδυλος, ''spondylos'' 'vertebra') or temnospondyls is a diverse ancient order of small to giant tetrapods—often considered primitive amphibians—that flourished ...

and

Lepospondyli Lepospondyli is a diverse clade of early tetrapods. With the exception of one late-surviving lepospondyl from the Late Permian of Morocco ('' Diplocaulus minimus''), lepospondyls lived from the Visean stage of the Early Carboniferous to the Ea ...

Synapsid Synapsida is a diverse group of tetrapod vertebrates that includes all mammals and their extinct relatives. It is one of the two major clades of the group Amniota, the other being the more diverse group Sauropsida (which includes all extant rept ...

s became the dominant type of animal, represented by the Pelycosaurs during the

Early Permian 01 or 01 may refer to: * The year 2001, or any year ending with 01 * The month of January * 1 (number) Music * '01 (Richard Müller album), ''01'' (Richard Müller album), 2001 * 01 (Urban Zakapa album), ''01'' (Urban Zakapa album), 2011 * ''01011 ...

and Therapsids during the Middle and Late Permian, and distinguished by the appearance and possession of mammal-like characteristics (hence the old term "mammal-like reptiles"). These were accompanied by Anapsids or

Parareptile Parareptilia ("near-reptiles") is an extinct group of Basal (phylogenetics), basal Sauropsida, sauropsids ("Reptile, reptiles"), traditionally considered the sister taxon to Eureptilia (the group that likely contains all living reptiles and birds ...

s, which included both lizard-like and large herbivorous forms, and primitive diapsids.

Classification

The following list of families of Permian tetrapods is based mostly on Benton ed. 1993. The classification follow
Benton 2004
Superclass

Tetrapod A tetrapod (; from Ancient Greek :wiktionary:τετρα-#Ancient Greek, τετρα- ''(tetra-)'' 'four' and :wiktionary:πούς#Ancient Greek, πούς ''(poús)'' 'foot') is any four-Limb (anatomy), limbed vertebrate animal of the clade Tetr ...

a * Class Amphibia :::* Order

:::::* Family Edopidae :::::* Family Cochleosauridae :::::* Family Trimerorhachidae :::::* Family Dvinosauridae :::::* Family Saurerpetontidae :::::* Family Brachyopidae :::::* Family Actinodontidae :::::* Family

Intasuchidae ''Intasuchus'' is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian from the Middle Permian of Russia. It is known from a single species, ''Intasuchus silvicola'', which was named in 1956. ''Intasuchus'' belongs to the family Intasuchidae and is probabl ...

:::::* Family Archegosauridae :::::* Family Rhinesuchidae :::::* Family Uranocentrodontidae :::::* Family Zatrachydidae :::::* Family

Eryopidae Eryopidae were a group of medium to large amphibious temnospondyli, temnospondyls, known from North America and Europe. They are defined as all Eryopoidea, eryopoids with interpterygoid vacuities (spaces in the interpterygoid bone) that are roun ...

:::::* Family Parioxyidae :::::* Family Peltobatrachidae :::::* Family Trematopidae :::::* Family Dissorophidae :::::* Family Micromelerpetontidae :::::* Family Branchiosauridae :::::* Family Amphibamidae ::* Superorder

:::* Order Aïstopoda :::::* Family Phlegethontiidae :::* Order Nectridea :::::* Family Diplocaulidae :::::* Family Scincosauridae :::::* Family Urocordylidae :::* Order Lysorophia :::::* Family Lysorophidae :::* Order Microsauria :::::* Family Microbrachidae :::::* Family Brachyslechidae :::::* Family Tuditanidae :::::* Family Hapsidopareiontidae :::::* Family Pantylidae :::::* Family Gymnarthridae :::::* Family Ostodolepididae :::::* Family Rhynchonkidae :::::* Family Cocytinidae ::* Superorder

Reptiliomorpha Reptiliomorpha (meaning reptile-shaped; in PhyloCode known as ''Pan-Amniota'') is a clade containing the amniotes and those tetrapods that share a more recent common ancestor with amniotes than with living amphibians (lissamphibians). It was defi ...

:::* Order Anthracosauria :::::* Family Eogyrinidae :::::* Family Archeriidae :::::* Family Chroniosuchidae :::::* Family Bystrowianidae :::* Order

Seymouriamorpha Seymouriamorpha were a small but widespread group of limbed vertebrates (tetrapods). They have long been considered stem group, stem-amniotes (reptiliomorphs), and most paleontologists still accept this point of view, but some analyses suggest th ...

:::::* Family Seymouriidae :::::* Family

Discosauriscidae Seymouriamorpha were a small but widespread group of limbed vertebrates (tetrapods). They have long been considered stem group, stem-amniotes (reptiliomorphs), and most paleontologists still accept this point of view, but some analyses suggest th ...

:::::* Family Kotlassiidae :::: Orders/Suborders Uncertain :::::* Family Leptorophidae :::::* Family Enosuchidae :::::* Family Nycleroleridae :::::* Family Tokosauridae :::::* Family Lanthanosuchidae :::::* Family Tseajiidae :::* Order Diadectomorpha :::::* Family Limnoscelididae :::::* Family Diadectidae Series Amniota * Class

Sauropsida Sauropsida (Greek language, Greek for "lizard faces") is a clade of amniotes, broadly equivalent to the Class (biology), class Reptile, Reptilia, though typically used in a broader sense to also include extinct stem-group relatives of modern repti ...

:* Subclass Anapsida :::::* Family

Acleistorhinidae Acleistorhinidae is an extinct family of Late Carboniferous and Early Permian-aged ( Moscovian to Kungurian stage) parareptiles. It is defined as a node based clade including the last common ancestor of '' Acleistorhinus pteroticus'' and '' Co ...

:::::* Family Eunotosauridae :::::* Family Mesosauridae :::::* Family

Millerettidae Millerettidae is an extinct family of parareptiles from the Middle Permian to the Late Permian period ( Capitanian - Changhsingian stages) of South Africa. The millerettids were small insectivores and probably resembled modern lizards in appea ...

:::::* Family Nyctiphruretidae :::::* Family Procolophonidae :::::* Family Pareiasauridae :* Basal Eureptilia :::::* Family

Captorhinidae Captorhinidae is an extinct family of tetrapods, traditionally considered primitive Reptile, reptiles, known from the late Carboniferous to the Late Permian. They had a cosmopolitan distribution across Pangea. Description Captorhinids are a cl ...

:::::* Family

Protorothyrididae Protorothyrididae is an extinct family (biology), family of small, lizard-like reptiles belonging to Eureptilia. Their skulls did not have Fenestra (anatomy), fenestrae, like the more derived diapsids. Protorothyridids lived from the Late Carbon ...

:* Subclass Diapsida :::* Order Araeoscelidia :::::* Family Araeoscelididae :::: Orders unspecified :::::* Family Weigeltisauridae :::::* Family Claudiosauridae :::::* Family Heleosauridae :::* Order Younginiformes :::::* Family Acerosodontosaurus :::::* Family Younginidae :::::* Family Tangasauridae :::::* Family Galesphyridae ::* Infraclass Lepidosauromorpha :::::* Family Paliguanidae ::* Infraclass Archosauromorpha :::* Order Prolacertiformes :::::* Family Protorosauridae :::* Division Archosauria * Class Synapsida :::* Order Pelycosauria :::::* Family Eothyrididae :::::* Family

Caseidae Caseidae are an Extinction, extinct Family (biology), family of Basal (phylogenetics), basal synapsids that lived from the Late Carboniferous to Middle Permian between about 300 and 265 million years ago. Fossils of these animals come from the so ...

:::::* Family

Varanopidae Varanopidae is an extinct family (biology), family of amniotes known from the Late Carboniferous to Middle Permian that resembled monitor lizards (with the name of the group deriving from the monitor lizard genus ''Varanus'') and may have filled ...

:::::* Family Ophiacodontidae :::::* Family Edaphosauridae :::::* Family Sphenacodontidae :::* Order Therapsida :::::* '' Tetraceratops'' ::::* Suborder Biarmosuchia :::::* Family Phthinosuchidae :::::* Family Biarmosuchidae :::::* Family Ictidorhinidae :::::* Family Burnetiidae :::::* Family Eotitanosuchidae ::::* Suborder

Dinocephalia Dinocephalians (terrible heads) are a clade of large-bodied early therapsids that flourished in the Early and Middle Permian between 279.5 and 260 million years ago (Ma), but became extinct during the Capitanian mass extinction event. ...

:::::* Family Estemmenosuchidae :::::* Family Anteosauridae :::::* Family Titanosuchidae :::::* Family Tapinocephalidae ::::* Suborder

Gorgonopsia Gorgonopsia (from the Greek Gorgon, a mythological beast, and 'aspect') is an extinct clade of Saber-toothed predator, sabre-toothed therapsids from the Middle Permian, Middle to the Upper Permian, roughly between 270 and 252 million years ago. ...

:::::* Family Gorgonopsidae ::::* Suborder

Anomodont Anomodontia is an extinct group of non-mammalian therapsids from the Permian and Triassic periods. By far the most speciose group are the dicynodonts, a clade of beaked, tusked herbivores. Anomodonts were very diverse during the Middle Pe ...

ia/ Dicynodontia :::::* Family Dromasauridae :::::* Family Otsheriidae :::::* Family Galeopidae :::::* Family Venyukoviidae :::::* Family Eodicynodontidae :::::* Family Endothiodontidae :::::* Family Cryptodontidae :::::* Family Aulacephalodontidae :::::* Family Dicynodontidae :::::* Family Pristerodontidae :::::* Family Emydopidae :::::* Family Robertiidae :::::* Family Kingoriidae :::::* Family Pristerognathidae ::::* Suborder

Therocephalia Therocephalia is an extinct clade of therapsids (mammals and their close extinct relatives) from the Permian and Triassic periods. The therocephalians ("beast-heads") are named after their large skulls, which, along with the structure of their te ...

:::::* Family Hofmeyeriidae :::::* Family Euchambersiidae :::::* Family Whaitsiidae :::::* Family Ictidosuchidae :::::* Family Scaloposauridae :::::* Family Lycideopsidae ::::* Suborder

Cynodont Cynodontia () is a clade of eutheriodont therapsids that first appeared in the Late Permian (approximately 260 Megaannum, mya), and extensively diversified after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Mammals are cynodonts, as are their extin ...

ia :::::* Family Dviniidae :::::* Family Procynosuchidae :::::* Family Galesauridae

References

{{reflist * Benton, M. J. (2004), ''Vertebrate Paleontology'', 3rd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd * ----- (editor), (1993) The fossil record II. London: Chapman and Hall. *

Classification

See also

References