Permian tetrapods were amphibians and reptiles that lived during the
Permian Period.
During this time,
amphibian
Amphibians are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arborea ...
s remained common, including various
Temnospondyli
Temnospondyli (from Greek τέμνειν, ''temnein'' 'to cut' and σπόνδυλος, ''spondylos'' 'vertebra') is a diverse order of small to giant tetrapods—often considered primitive amphibians—that flourished worldwide during the Carb ...
and
Lepospondyli
Lepospondyli is a diverse taxon of early tetrapods. With the exception of one late-surviving lepospondyl from the Late Permian of Morocco ('' Diplocaulus minumus''), lepospondyls lived from the Early Carboniferous ( Mississippian) to the Early ...
.
Synapsids became the dominant type of animal, represented by the
Pelycosaur
Pelycosaur ( ) is an older term for basal or primitive Late Paleozoic synapsids, excluding the therapsids and their descendants. Previously, the term ''mammal-like reptile'' had been used, and pelycosaur was considered an order, but this is no ...
s during the
Early Permian 01 or '01 may refer to:
* The year 2001, or any year ending with 01
* The month of January
* 1 (number)
Music
* 01'' (Richard Müller album), 2001
* ''01'' (Son of Dave album), 2000
* ''01'' (Urban Zakapa album), 2011
* ''O1'' (Hiroyuki Sawano ...
and
Therapsids during the
Middle and
Late
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
Permian, and distinguished by the appearance and possession of mammal-like characteristics (hence the old term "mammal-like reptiles"). These were accompanied by
Anapsid
An anapsid is an amniote whose skull lacks one or more skull openings (fenestra, or fossae) near the temples. Traditionally, the Anapsida are the most primitive subclass of amniotes, the ancestral stock from which Synapsida and Diapsida evolv ...
s or
Parareptile
Parareptilia ("at the side of reptiles") is a subclass or clade of basal sauropsids (reptiles), typically considered the sister taxon to Eureptilia (the group that likely contains all living reptiles and birds). Parareptiles first arose near the ...
s, which included both lizard-like and large herbivorous forms, and primitive
diapsids.
Classification
The following list of families of Permian tetrapods is based mostly on Benton ed. 1993. The classification follow
Benton 2004
Superclass
Tetrapod
Tetrapods (; ) are four-limbed vertebrate animals constituting the superclass Tetrapoda (). It includes extant and extinct amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, including dinosaurs and therefore birds) and synapsids (pelycosaurs, extinct therapsid ...
a
* Class
Amphibia
Amphibians are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arbo ...
:::* Order
Temnospondyli
Temnospondyli (from Greek τέμνειν, ''temnein'' 'to cut' and σπόνδυλος, ''spondylos'' 'vertebra') is a diverse order of small to giant tetrapods—often considered primitive amphibians—that flourished worldwide during the Carb ...
:::::* Family
Edopidae
:::::* Family
Cochleosauridae
Cochleosauridae is a family of edopoid temnospondyl amphibians, among the most basal of temnospondyls. Most members of this family are known from the late Carboniferous ( Pennsylvanian) and early Permian (Cisuralian) of Europe and North America, ...
:::::* Family
Trimerorhachidae
Trimerorhachidae is a family of dvinosaurian temnospondyls, including Trimerorhachis and Neldasaurus.
They are vertebrates and carnivores.
Gallery
Trimerorhachis insignis life restoration.jpg, '' Trimerorhachis insignis'', of the early Permia ...
:::::* Family
Dvinosauridae
:::::* Family
Saurerpetontidae
:::::* Family
Brachyopidae
Brachyopidae is an extinct family of temnospondyl labyrintodonts. They evolved in the early Mesozoic and were mostly aquatic. A fragmentary find from Lesotho, Africa is estimated to have been long, the largest amphibian ever known to have lived ...
:::::* Family
Actinodontidae
Eryopidae were a group of medium to large amphibious temnospondyli, known from North America and Europe. They are defined as all eryopoids with interpterygoid vacuities (spaces in the interpterygoid bone) that are rounded at the front; and larg ...
:::::* Family
Intasuchidae
:::::* Family
Archegosauridae
Archegosauridae is a family of relatively large and long snouted temnospondyls that lived in the Permian period. They were fully aquatic animals, and were metabolically and physiologically more similar to fish than modern amphibians.Florian Witzm ...
:::::* Family
Rhinesuchidae
:::::* Family
Uranocentrodontidae
:::::* Family
Zatrachydidae
Zatracheidae (sometimes mistakenly spelled Zatrachydidae or Zatrachysdidae) is a family of Late Carboniferous and Early Permian temnospondyl amphibians known from North America and Europe. Zatracheidids are distinguished by lateral (sideways) bon ...
:::::* Family
Eryopidae
Eryopidae were a group of medium to large amphibious temnospondyli, known from North America and Europe. They are defined as all eryopoids with interpterygoid vacuities (spaces in the interpterygoid bone) that are rounded at the front; and lar ...
:::::* Family
Parioxyidae
''Parioxys'' is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian from the Early Permian of Texas.
History of study
The type species, ''Parioxys ferricolus'', was named in 1878 by American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope
Edward Drinker Cope (Ju ...
:::::* Family
Peltobatrachidae
''Peltobatrachus'' (from Greek ''pelte'', meaning shield and batrakhos, meaning frog) is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian from the late Permian period of Tanzania. The sole species, ''Peltobatrachus pustulatus'', is also the sole member ...
:::::* Family
Trematopidae
Trematopidae is a family of dissorophoid temnospondyl spanning the late Carboniferous to the early Permian. Together with Dissorophidae, the family forms Olsoniformes, a clade comprising the medium-large terrestrial dissorophoids. Trematopids a ...
:::::* Family
Dissorophidae
Dissorophidae is an extinct family of medium-sized, temnospondyl amphibians that flourished during the late Carboniferous and early Permian periods. The clade is known almost exclusively from North America.
History of study
Dissorophidae is a ...
:::::* Family
Micromelerpetontidae
Micromelerpetontidae (also spelled Micromelerpetidae) is an extinct family of dissorophoid temnospondyl amphibians that lived from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian in what is now Europe, with one Carboniferous species also known from ...
:::::* Family
Branchiosauridae
Branchiosauridae is an extinct family of small amphibamiform temnospondyls with external gills and an overall juvenile appearance. The family has been characterized by hundreds of well-preserved specimens from the Permo-Carboniferous of Middle E ...
:::::* Family
Amphibamidae
The Amphibamidae are an extinct family of dissorophoid temnospondyls known from Late Carboniferous-Early Permian strata in the United States.
Classification
Amphibamidae has traditionally included small-bodied, terrestrial dissorophoids. The ...
::* Superorder
Lepospondyli
Lepospondyli is a diverse taxon of early tetrapods. With the exception of one late-surviving lepospondyl from the Late Permian of Morocco ('' Diplocaulus minumus''), lepospondyls lived from the Early Carboniferous ( Mississippian) to the Early ...
:::* Order
Aïstopoda
Aistopoda (Greek for " avingnot-visible feet") is an order of highly specialised snake-like stegocephalians known from the Carboniferous and Early Permian of Europe and North America, ranging from tiny forms only , to nearly in length. They fi ...
:::::* Family
Phlegethontiidae
Phlegethontiidae is a family of extinct aistopod amphibians including the genera ''Phlegethontia'' and ''Sillerpeton
''Sillerpeton'' is an extinct genus of aïstopod tetrapodomorphs within the family Phlegethontiidae. It contains a single sp ...
:::* Order
Nectridea
Nectridea is the name of an extinct order of lepospondyl tetrapods from the Carboniferous and Permian periods, including animals such as ''Diplocaulus''. In appearance, they would have resembled modern newts or aquatic salamanders, although they ...
:::::* Family
Diplocaulidae
The Diplocaulidae ("double cauls") is an extinct family of lepospondyl amphibians that arose during the Late Carboniferous and died out in the Late Permian. They are distinguished from other amphibians, extinct and extant, by the presence of str ...
:::::* Family
Scincosauridae
The Scincosauridae are an extinct family of nectridean lepospondyl amphibians. It includes the genera ''Scincosaurus'' and ''Sauravus
''Sauravus'' is an extinct genus of nectridean lepospondyl within the family Scincosauridae.
Species
The ty ...
:::::* Family
Urocordylidae
The Urocordylidae are an extinct family of nectridean lepospondyl amphibians. Urocordylids lived during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian in what is now Europe and North America and are characterized by their very long, paddle-like tails. ...
:::* Order
Lysorophia
:::::* Family
Lysorophidae
Lysorophia is an order of fossorial Carboniferous and Permian tetrapods within the Recumbirostra. Lysorophians resembled small snakes, as their bodies are extremely elongate. There is a single family, the Molgophidae (previously known as Lys ...
:::* Order
Microsauria
Microsauria ("small lizards") is an extinct, possibly polyphyletic order of tetrapods from the late Carboniferous and early Permian periods. It is the most diverse and species-rich group of lepospondyls. Recently, Microsauria has been considere ...
:::::* Family
Microbrachidae
:::::* Family
Brachyslechidae
:::::* Family
Tuditanidae
Tuditanidae is an extinct family of tuditanomorph microsaurs. Fossils have been found from Nova Scotia, Ohio, and the Czech Republic and are Late Carboniferous in age.
Tuditanids were medium-sized terrestrial microsaurs that resembled liza ...
:::::* Family
Hapsidopareiontidae
:::::* Family
Pantylidae
:::::* Family
Gymnarthridae
:::::* Family
Ostodolepididae
:::::* Family
Rhynchonkidae
''Rhynchonkos'' is an extinct genus of microsaur. It is the only known member of the family Rhynchonkidae. Originally known as ''Goniorhynchus'', it was renamed in 1981 because the name had already been given to another genus; the family, likewis ...
:::::* Family
Cocytinidae
::* Superorder
Reptiliomorpha
Reptiliomorpha (meaning reptile-shaped; in PhyloCode known as ''Pan-Amniota'') is a clade containing the amniotes and those tetrapods that share a more recent common ancestor with amniotes than with living amphibians (lissamphibians). It was def ...
:::* Order
Anthracosauria
Anthracosauria is an order of extinct reptile-like amphibians (in the broad sense) that flourished during the Carboniferous and early Permian periods, although precisely which species are included depends on one's definition of the taxon. "Anthra ...
:::::* Family
Eogyrinidae
Eogyrinidae is an extinct family of large, long-bodied tetrapods that lived in the rivers of the Late Carboniferous period.
Gallery
image:Eogyrinus BW.jpg, ''Eogyrinus
''Pholiderpeton'' (from el, φολῐ́δος , 'horny scale' and el, � ...
:::::* Family
Archeriidae
:::::* Family
Chroniosuchidae
:::::* Family
Bystrowianidae
:::* Order
Seymouriamorpha
Seymouriamorpha were a small but widespread group of limbed vertebrates (tetrapods). They have long been considered reptiliomorphs, and most paleontologists may still accept this point of view, but some analyses suggest that seymouriamorphs are ...
:::::* Family
Seymouriidae
''Seymouria'' is an extinct genus of seymouriamorph from the Early Permian of North America and Europe. Although they were amphibians (in a biological sense), ''Seymouria'' were well-adapted to life on land, with many reptilian features—so m ...
:::::* Family
Discosauriscidae
Discosauriscidae is a family of stegocephalians from the early Permian. They belong to the Seymouriamorpha, but their affinites to extant tetrapods are debated. They have long been considered reptiliomorph
Reptiliomorpha (meaning reptile-shape ...
:::::* Family
Kotlassiidae
:::: Orders/Suborders Uncertain
:::::* Family
Leptorophidae
:::::* Family
Enosuchidae
:::::* Family
Nycleroleridae
:::::* Family
Tokosauridae
:::::* Family
Lanthanosuchidae
Lanthanosuchidae is a family of procolophonomorph parareptile
Parareptilia ("at the side of reptiles") is a subclass or clade of basal sauropsids (reptiles), typically considered the sister taxon to Eureptilia (the group that likely contains ...
:::::* Family
Tseajiidae
:::* Order
Diadectomorpha
Diadectomorpha is a clade of large tetrapods that lived in Euramerica during the Carboniferous and Early Permian periods and in Asia during Late Permian (Wuchiapingian), They have typically been classified as advanced reptiliomorphs (transitional ...
:::::* Family
Limnoscelididae
:::::* Family
Diadectidae
Diadectidae is an extinct family of early tetrapods that lived in what is now North America and Europe during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian in Asia during the Late Permian. They were the first herbivorous tetrapods, and also the first ...
Series
Amniota
Amniotes are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates that comprises sauropsids (including all reptiles and birds, and extinct parareptiles and non-avian dinosaurs) and synapsids (including pelycosaurs and therapsids such as mammals). They are distingu ...
* Class
Sauropsida
Sauropsida ("lizard faces") is a clade of Amniote, amniotes, broadly equivalent to the Class (biology), class Reptile, Reptilia. Sauropsida is the Sister group, sister taxon to Synapsid, Synapsida, the other clade of amniotes which includes Mammal ...
:* Subclass
Anapsida
An anapsid is an amniote whose skull lacks one or more skull openings (fenestra, or fossae) near the temples. Traditionally, the Anapsida are the most primitive subclass of amniotes, the ancestral stock from which Synapsida and Diapsida evolved, ...
:::::* Family
Acleistorhinidae
Acleistorhinidae is an extinct family of Late Carboniferous and Early Permian-aged ( Moscovian to Kungurian stage) parareptiles. Acleistorhinids are most diverse from the Richards Spur locality of the Early Permian of Oklahoma. Richards Spur acle ...
:::::* Family
Eunotosauridae
''Eunotosaurus'' (''Latin'': Stout-backed lizard) is an extinct genus of amniote, possibly a close relative of turtles. ''Eunotosaurus'' lived in the late Middle Permian (Capitanian stage) and fossils can be found in the Karoo Supergroup of Sout ...
:::::* Family
Mesosauridae
:::::* Family
Millerettidae
Millerettidae is an extinct family of parareptiles from the Middle Permian to the Late Permian period ( Capitanian - Changhsingian stages) of South Africa. The millerettids were small insectivores and probably resembled modern lizards in appear ...
:::::* Family
Nyctiphruretidae
Nyctiphruretidae is an extinct family of hallucicranian parareptiles known from the late Early to the late Middle Permian of European Russia and south-central United States.
Nyctiphruretidae was named by Efremov in 1938. The type genus is '' Ny ...
:::::* Family
Procolophonidae
:::::* Family
Pareiasauridae
:* Basal
Eureptilia
Eureptilia ("true reptiles") is one of the two major subgroups of the clade Sauropsida, the other one being Parareptilia. Eureptilia includes Diapsida (the clade containing all modern reptiles and birds), as well as a number of primitive Permo-C ...
:::::* Family
Captorhinidae
Captorhinidae (also known as cotylosaurs) is an extinct family of tetrapods, traditionally considered primitive reptiles, known from the late Carboniferous to the Late Permian. They had a cosmopolitan distribution across Pangea.
Description
Cap ...
:::::* Family
Protorothyrididae
Protorothyrididae is an extinct family of small, lizard-like reptiles belonging to Eureptilia. Their skulls did not have fenestrae, like the more derived diapsids. Protorothyridids lived from the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian periods, in w ...
:* Subclass
Diapsida
Diapsids ("two arches") are a clade of sauropsids, distinguished from more primitive eureptiles by the presence of two holes, known as temporal fenestrae, in each side of their skulls. The group first appeared about three hundred million years ag ...
:::* Order
Araeoscelidia
Araeoscelidia or Araeoscelida is a clade of extinct diapsid reptiles superficially resembling lizards, extending from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian.
The group contains the genera '' Araeoscelis'', '' Petrolacosaurus'', the possibly ...
:::::* Family
Araeoscelididae
:::: Orders unspecified
:::::* Family
Weigeltisauridae
Weigeltisauridae is a family of gliding neodiapsid reptiles that lived during the Late Permian, between 258 and 252 million years ago. Fossils of weigeltisaurids have been found in Madagascar, Germany, Great Britain, and Russia. A possible weigel ...
:::::* Family
Claudiosauridae
:::::* Family
Heleosauridae
:::* Order
Younginiformes
Younginiformes is a replacement name for the taxon Eosuchia, proposed by Alfred Romer in 1947.
The Eosuchia having become a wastebasket taxon for many probably distantly-related primitive diapsid reptiles ranging from the late Carboniferous to ...
:::::* Family
Acerosodontosaurus
''Acerosodontosaurus'' is an extinct genus of neodiapsid reptiles that lived during the Upper Permian of Madagascar. The only species of ''Acerosodontosaurus'', ''A. piveteaui'', is known from a natural mold of a single partial skeleton includin ...
:::::* Family
Younginidae
Younginidae is an extinct family of neodiapsid reptiles from the Late Permian and Early Triassic. In a phylogenetic context, younginids are near the base of the clade Neodiapsida. Younginidae includes the species '' Youngina capensis'' from the ...
:::::* Family
Tangasauridae
Tangasauridae is a family of diapsids. Specimens have been found that are of Late Permian to Early Triassic in age from the Sakamena Group of western Madagascar. They lived alongside other taxa present from the Sakamena Group, including temno ...
:::::* Family
Galesphyridae
::* Infraclass
Lepidosauromorpha
Lepidosauromorpha (in PhyloCode known as ''Pan-Lepidosauria'') is a group of reptiles comprising all diapsids closer to lizards than to archosaurs (which include crocodiles and birds). The only living sub-group is the Lepidosauria, which cont ...
:::::* Family
Paliguanidae
::* Infraclass
Archosauromorpha
Archosauromorpha (Greek for "ruling lizard forms") is a clade of diapsid reptiles containing all reptiles more closely related to archosaurs (such as crocodilians and dinosaurs, including birds) rather than lepidosaurs (such as tuataras, lizard ...
:::* Order
Prolacertiformes
Protorosauria is an extinct polyphyletic group of archosauromorph reptiles from the latest Middle Permian (Capitanian stage) to the end of the Late Triassic (Rhaetian stage) of Asia, Europe and North America. It was named by the English anatomi ...
:::::* Family
Protorosauridae
:::* Division
Archosaur
Archosauria () is a clade of diapsids, with birds and crocodilians as the only living representatives. Archosaurs are broadly classified as reptiles, in the cladistic sense of the term which includes birds. Extinct archosaurs include non-avian ...
ia
* Class
Synapsida
:::* Order
Pelycosaur
Pelycosaur ( ) is an older term for basal or primitive Late Paleozoic synapsids, excluding the therapsids and their descendants. Previously, the term ''mammal-like reptile'' had been used, and pelycosaur was considered an order, but this is no ...
ia
:::::* Family
Eothyrididae
:::::* Family
Caseidae
Caseidae are an extinct family of basal synapsids that lived from the Late Carboniferous to Middle Permian between about 300 and 265 million years ago. Fossils of these animals come from the south-central part of the United States (Texas, Oklaho ...
:::::* Family
Varanopidae
Varanopidae is an extinct family of amniotes that resembled monitor lizards and may have filled a similar niche, hence the name. Typically, they are considered synapsids that evolved from an ''Archaeothyris''-like synapsid in the Late Carbonifero ...
:::::* Family
Ophiacodontidae
Ophiacodontidae is an extinct family of early eupelycosaurs from the Carboniferous and Permian. ''Archaeothyris'', and '' Clepsydrops'' were among the earliest ophiacodontids, appearing in the Late Carboniferous. Ophiacodontids are among the mos ...
:::::* Family
Edaphosauridae
Edaphosauridae is a family of mostly large (up to 3 meters or more) Late Carboniferous to Early Permian synapsids. Edaphosaur fossils are so far known only from North America and Europe.
Characteristics
They were the earliest known herbivorous ...
:::::* Family
Sphenacodontidae
Sphenacodontidae (Greek: "wedge point tooth family") is an extinct family of small to large, advanced, carnivorous, Late Pennsylvanian to middle Permian pelycosaurs. The most recent one, ''Dimetrodon angelensis'', is from the late Kungurian or ...
:::* Order
Therapsida
:::::* ''
Tetraceratops
''Tetraceratops insignis'' ("four-horned face emblem") is an extinct synapsid from the Early Permian that was formerly considered the earliest known representative of Therapsida, a group that includes mammals and their close extinct relatives. It ...
''
::::* Suborder
Biarmosuchia
Biarmosuchians are an extinct clade of non-mammalian synapsids from the Permian. They are the most basal group of the therapsids. All of them were moderately-sized, lightly-built carnivores, intermediate in form between basal sphenacodont "pelyc ...
:::::* Family
Phthinosuchidae
:::::* Family
Biarmosuchidae
:::::* Family
Ictidorhinidae
:::::* Family
Burnetiidae
:::::* Family
Eotitanosuchidae
Eotitanosuchidae is an extinct family of biarmosuchian therapsids. The Eotitanosuchidae were large predatory therapsids of the Wordian epoch. It was once considered to belong to a separate infraorder of therapsids called Eotitanosuchia.
Charact ...
::::* Suborder
Dinocephalia
:::::* Family
Estemmenosuchidae
Estemmenosuchidae is an extinct family of large, very early herbivorous therapsids that flourished during the Guadalupian period. They are distinguished by horn-like structures, probably for display or agonistic behavior. Apart from the best kno ...
:::::* Family
Anteosauridae
Anteosauridae is an extinct family of large carnivorous dinocephalian therapsids that are known from the Middle Permian of Asia, Africa, and South America.These animals were by far the largest predators of the Permian period, with skulls reaching ...
:::::* Family
Titanosuchidae
Titanosuchidae is an extinct family of dinocephalians.
The titanosuchids were carnivorous to omnivorous (herbivorous?) tapinocephalians. As with other tapinocephalians, they had thick skulls probably for head-butting. They had large canine tee ...
:::::* Family
Tapinocephalidae
Tapinocephalidae was an advanced family of tapinocephalians. It is defined as the clade containing '' Ulemosaurus'', '' Tapinocaninus'', and the Tapinocephalinae. They are known from both Russia and South Africa. In all probability, the Tapinocep ...
::::* Suborder
Gorgonopsia
:::::* Family
Gorgonopsidae
Gorgonopsia (from the Greek Gorgon, a mythological beast, and 'aspect') is an extinct clade of sabre-toothed therapsids from the Middle to Upper Permian roughly 265 to 252 million years ago. They are characterised by a long and narrow skull, ...
::::* Suborder
Anomodont
Anomodontia is an extinct group of non-mammalian therapsids from the Permian and Triassic periods. By far the most speciose group are the dicynodonts, a clade of beaked, tusked herbivores.Chinsamy-Turan, A. (2011) ''Forerunners of Mammals: Ra ...
ia/
Dicynodont
Dicynodontia is an extinct clade of anomodonts, an extinct type of non-mammalian therapsid. Dicynodonts were herbivorous animals with a pair of tusks, hence their name, which means 'two dog tooth'. Members of the group possessed a horny, typic ...
ia
:::::* Family
Dromasauridae
:::::* Family
Otsheriidae
:::::* Family
Galeopidae
:::::* Family
Venyukoviidae
Venyukovioidea is an infraorder of anomodont therapsids related to dicynodonts from the Permian of Russia. They have also known as Venjukovioidea, as well as by the similar names Venyukoviamorpha or Venjukoviamorpha in literature. This in part ...
:::::* Family
Eodicynodontidae
:::::* Family
Endothiodontidae
:::::* Family
Cryptodontidae
:::::* Family
Aulacephalodontidae
:::::* Family
Dicynodontidae
:::::* Family
Pristerodontidae
:::::* Family
Emydopidae
Emydopidae is a family of dicynodont therapsid
Therapsida is a major group of eupelycosaurian synapsids that includes mammals, their ancestors and relatives. Many of the traits today seen as unique to mammals had their origin within early th ...
:::::* Family
Robertiidae
Pylaecephalidae is a family of dicynodont therapsids that includes ''Diictodon'', '' Robertia'', and '' Prosictodon'' from the Permian of South Africa. Pylaecephalids were small burrowing dicynodonts with long tusks. The family was first named i ...
:::::* Family
Kingoriidae
Kingoriidae is an extinct family of dicynodont therapsids. It includes the Late Permian '' Dicynodontoides'' (initially called ''Kingoria'') and the Triassic
The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from t ...
:::::* Family
Pristerognathidae
::::* Suborder
Therocephalia
Therocephalia is an extinct suborder of eutheriodont therapsids (mammals and their close relatives) from the Permian and Triassic. The therocephalians ("beast-heads") are named after their large skulls, which, along with the structure of thei ...
:::::* Family
Hofmeyeriidae
:::::* Family
Euchambersiidae
:::::* Family
Whaitsiidae
Whaitsiidae is an extinct family of therocephalian therapsid
Therapsida is a major group of eupelycosaurian synapsids that includes mammals, their ancestors and relatives. Many of the traits today seen as unique to mammals had their origin ...
:::::* Family
Ictidosuchidae
Ictidosuchidae is an extinct family of therocephalian therapsid
Therapsida is a major group of eupelycosaurian synapsids that includes mammals, their ancestors and relatives. Many of the traits today seen as unique to mammals had their origi ...
:::::* Family
Scaloposauridae
:::::* Family
Lycideopsidae
::::* Suborder
Cynodont
The cynodonts () ( clade Cynodontia) are a clade of eutheriodont therapsids that first appeared in the Late Permian (approximately 260 mya), and extensively diversified after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Cynodonts had a wide variet ...
ia
:::::* Family
Dviniidae
:::::* Family
Procynosuchidae
Procynosuchidae is an extinct family of therapsids which, along with Dviniidae, were the earliest cynodonts. They appeared around 260 million years ago, and were most abundant during the latest Permian time (251 mya), shortly before the Permia ...
:::::* Family
Galesauridae
Galesauridae is an extinct family of cynodonts. Along with the family Thrinaxodontidae and the extensive clade Eucynodontia (which includes mammals), it makes up the unranked taxon called Epicynodontia. Galesaurids first appeared in the very l ...
See also
*
List of Carboniferous tetrapods
*
List of Devonian tetrapods Devonian tetrapods include fishapods and amphibians that lived during the Devonian, Devonian Period.
Elpistostegalia
Ichthyostegalia
Timeline of genera
ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px
PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px ...
References
{{reflist
*
Benton, M. J. (2004), ''Vertebrate Paleontology'', 3rd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd
* ----- (editor), (1993) The fossil record II. London: Chapman and Hall.
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