Libations

A libation is a ritual pouring of a liquid as an offering to a deity or spirit, or in memory of the dead. It was common in many religions of antiquity and continues to be offered in cultures today.

Various substances have been used for libations, most commonly wine or other alcoholic drinks, olive oil, honey, and in India, ghee. The vessels used in the ritual, including the patera, often had a significant form which differentiated them from secular vessels. The libation could be poured onto something of religious significance, such as an altar, or into the earth. On the other hand, one or more libations began most meals and occasions when wine was drunk in Greco-Roman and other ancient societies, mostly using normal cups or jugs.

Etymology

The English word "libation" derives from the Latin ', an act of pouring, from the verb ', "to taste, sip; pour out, make a libation" ( Indo-European root , "pour, make a libation").

Religious practice

Antiquity

Ancient Sumer

The Sumerian afterlife was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground. This bleak domain was known as Kur, where the souls were believed to eat nothing but dry dust and family members of the deceased would ritually pour libations into the grave through a clay pipe, thereby allowing the dead to drink.

Ancient Egypt

Libation was part of ancient Egyptian society where it was a drink offering to honor and please the various divinities, sacred ancestors, humans present and humans who are alive but not physically present, as well as the environment. It is suggested that libation originated somewhere in the upper Nile Valley and spread out to other regions of Africa and the world.Delia, 1992, pp. 181-190 According to Ayi Kwei Armah, " is legend explains the rise of a propitiatory custom found everywhere on the African continent: libation, the pouring of alcohol or other drinks as offerings to ancestors and divinities."

Milk libations for Osiris may have originated at Philae and spread southwards into Meroe. It is also possible the reverse occurred; as milk libation was already known to Nubians, they may have introduced it to Philae.

Ancient Greece

Libation (, , ) was a central and vital aspect of ancient Greek religion, and one of the simplest and most common forms of religious practice. It is one of the basic religious acts that define piety in ancient Greece, dating back to the Bronze Age and even prehistoric Greece. Libations were a part of daily life, and the pious might perform them every day in the morning and evening, as well as to begin meals. A libation most often consisted of mixed wine and water, but could also be unmixed wine, honey, oil, water, or milk.

The typical form of libation, '','' is the ritualized pouring of wine from a jug or bowl held in the hand. The most common ritual was to pour the liquid from an '' oinochoē'' (wine jug) into a '' phiale'', a shallow bowl designed for the purpose. After wine was poured from the phiale, the remainder of the oinochoē's contents was drunk by the celebrant. A libation is poured any time wine is to be drunk, a practice that is recorded as early as the Homeric epics. The etiquette of the symposium required that when the first bowl ''(krater)'' of wine was served, a libation was made to Zeus and the Olympian gods. Heroes received a libation from the second krater served, and (, lit. "Zeus who Finishes") from the third, which was supposed to be the last. An alternative was to offer a libation from the first bowl to the Agathos Daimon and from the third bowl to Hermes. An individual at the symposium could also make an invocation of and libation to a god of his choice.

Libation generally accompanied prayer. The Greeks stood when they prayed, either with their arms uplifted, or in the act of libation with the right arm extended to hold the phiale.

In conducting animal sacrifice, wine is poured onto the offering as part of its ritual slaughter and preparation, and then afterwards onto the ash and flames. This scene is commonly depicted in Greek art, which also often shows sacrificers or the gods themselves holding the ''phiale''.

The Greek verb ' (), "pour a libation", also "conclude a pact", derives from the Indo-European root , "make an offering, perform a rite, engage oneself by a ritual act". The noun is '' (''plural '')'', "libation." In the middle voice, the verb means "enter into an agreement", in the sense that the gods are called to guarantee an action.: From the same root derives the Latin verb ', "promise, vow". Blood sacrifice was performed to begin a war; ' marked the conclusion of hostilities, and is often thus used in the sense of "armistice, treaty." The formula "We the polis have made libation" was a declaration of peace or the "Truce of God", which was observed also when the various city-states came together for the Panhellenic Games, the Olympic Games, or the festivals of the Eleusinian Mysteries: this form of libation is "bloodless, gentle, irrevocable, and final".

Libations poured onto the earth are meant for the dead and for the chthonic gods. In the Book of the Dead in the ''Odyssey'', Odysseus digs an offering pit around which he pours in order honey, wine, and water. For the form of libation called ' ('', '', "that which is poured"; from Proto-Indo-European ), a larger vessel is tipped over and emptied onto the ground for the chthonic gods, who may also receive ''spondai''. Heroes, who were divinized mortals, might receive blood libations if they had participated in the bloodshed of war, as for instance Brasidas the Spartan. In rituals of caring for the dead at their tombs, libations would include milk and honey.

'' The Libation Bearers'' is the English title of the center tragedy from the '' Orestes Trilogy'' of Aeschylus, in reference to the offerings Electra brings to the tomb of her dead father Agamemnon. Sophocles gives one of the most detailed descriptions of libation in Greek literature in ''Oedipus at Colonus'', performed as atonement in the grove of the Eumenides:

First, water is fetched from a freshly flowing spring; cauldrons which stand in the sanctuary are garlanded with wool and filled with water and honey; turning towards the east, the sacrificer tips the vessels towards the west; the olive branches which he has been holding in his hand he now strews on the ground at the place where the earth has drunk in the libation; and with a silent prayer he departs, not looking back.

Hero of Alexandria described a mechanism for automating the process by using altar fires to force oil from the cups of two statues.

Ancient Rome

In ancient Roman religion, the libation was a religious act in the form of a liquid offering, most often unmixed wine and perfumed oil. The Roman god ''Liber Pater'' ("Father Liber"), later identified with the Greek Dionysus or Bacchus, was the divinity of ''libamina'', "libations," and ''liba'', sacrificial cakes drizzled with honey.

In Roman art, the libation is shown performed at a ''mensa'' (sacrificial meal table), or tripod. It was the simplest form of sacrifice, and could be a sufficient offering by itself. The introductory rite ''()'' to an animal sacrifice included an incense and wine libation onto a burning altar. Both emperors and divinities are frequently depicted, especially on coins, pouring libations. Scenes of libation commonly signify the quality of ', religious duty or reverence.

The libation was part of Roman funeral rites, and may have been the only sacrificial offering at humble funerals. Libations were poured in rituals of caring for the dead (see and ), and some tombs were equipped with tubes through which the offerings could be directed to the underground dead.

Milk was unusual as a libation at Rome, but was regularly offered to a few deities, particularly those of an archaic nature or those for whom it was a natural complement, such as , a goddess of birth and childrearing who promoted the flow of breast milk, and Cunina, a tutelary of the cradle. It was offered also to Mercurius Sobrius (the "sober" Mercury), whose cult is well attested in Roman Africa and may have been imported to the city of Rome by an African community.

Ancient Judaism

Libations were part of ancient Judaism and are mentioned in the Bible:

In Isaiah 53:12, Isaiah uses libation as a metaphor when describing the end of the Suffering Servant figure who "poured out his life unto death".

Libations of wine were offered at the Jerusalem temple, and a double libation of wine and water was offered during Sukkot, possibly as a rain making ritual.

Idolatrous libations were forbidden, along with the Torah's prohibitions on idolatrous sacrifice and worship generally.

Africa

Libation was part of ancient Egyptian society where it was a drink offering to honor and please the various divinities, sacred ancestors, humans present and humans who are alive but not physically present, as well as the environment. It is suggested that libation originated somewhere in the upper Nile Valley and spread out to other regions of Africa and the world. According to Ayi Kwei Armah, " is legend explains the rise of a propitiatory custom found everywhere on the African continent: libation, the pouring of alcohol or other drinks as offerings to ancestors and divinities."

In African cultures and African traditional religions the ritual of pouring libation is an essential ceremonial tradition and a way of giving homage to the ancestors. Ancestors are not only respected in such cultures, but also invited to participate in all public functions (as are also the gods and God). A prayer is offered in the form of libations, calling the ancestors to attend. The ritual is generally performed by an elder. Although water may be used, the drink is typically some traditional wine (e.g. palm wine), and the libation ritual is accompanied by an invitation (and invocation) to the ancestors, gods and God. In the Volta region of Ghana, water with a mixture of corn flour is also used to pour libation.

Libation is also commonly recognized as the break within the famous performance of Agbekor, a ritual dance performed in West African cultures. It is also poured during traditional marriage ceremony, when a child is born and funeral ceremony. Traditional Festivals like Asafotu and Homowo of the Ga-Adangbe people of Ghana and Togo. Also during installment of kings, queens, and chiefs, libation is poured.

As recently as the 1920s, it was a custom in Lower Nubia for women to go to the graves of relatives every Friday and pour a libation of water into a red bowl at the head of the grave. For widows, it was also once a custom for them to pour a libation of milk on their husband's grave the second day after his death.

Similarly, it has been Coptic tradition for women to visit graves and make water libations, both in intervals during the first 40 days after a death, and during a few annual occasions, such as Nayrouz.

Americas

In the Quechua and Aymara cultures of the South American Andes, it is common to pour a small amount of one's beverage on the ground before drinking as an offering to the Pachamama, or Mother Earth. This especially holds true when drinking Chicha, an alcoholic beverage unique to this part of the world. The libation ritual is commonly called ''challa'' and is performed quite often, usually before meals and during celebrations. The sixteenth century writer Bernardino de Sahagún records the Aztec ceremony associated with drinking '' octli'':

Libation was done in this manner: when ''octli'' was drunk, when they tasted the new ''octli'', when someone had just made ''octli''...he summoned people. He set it out in a vessel before the hearth, along with small cups for drinking. Before having anyone drink, he took up ''octli'' with a cup and then poured it before the hearth; he poured the ''octli'' in the four directions. And when he had poured the ''octli'' then everyone drank it.

Asia

Hinduism

In Hinduism libation rituals most often involve pouring the offered liquid over a murti or sacred image. Many temple images receive libations from the priests daily. Libations are part of ''Tarpan'' and also performed during Pitru Paksha (Fortnight of the ancestors) following the Bhadrapada month of the Hindu calendar, (September–October).
In India and Nepal, Lord Shiva (also Vishnu and other deities) is offered abhisheka with water by devotees at many temples when they go visit the temple, and on special occasions elaborately with water, milk, yogurt, ghee, honey, and sugar.

Burmese Buddhism

In Burmese Buddhism, the water libation ceremony, called ''yay zet cha'' (), which involves the ceremonial pouring of water from a vessel of water into a vase, drop by drop, concludes most Buddhist ceremonies, including donation celebrations, shinbyu, and feasts. This ceremonial libation is done to share the accrued merit with all other living beings in all 31 planes of existence. The ceremony has three primary prayers: the confession of faith, the pouring of water, and the sharing of merits. While the water is poured, a confession of faith, called the ' (), is recited and led by the monks.

Then, the merit is distributed by the donors (called ''ahmya wei'' ) by thrice saying the following:

Afterward, in unison, the participants repeat thrice a declaration of affirmation: ' (, '), Pali for "well done", akin to the Christian use of amen. Afterward, the libated water is poured on soil outside, to return the water to Vasudhara. The earth goddess Vasudhara is invoked to witness these meritorious deeds.

Prior to colonial rule, the water libation ceremony was also performed during the crowning of Burmese kings, as part of procedures written in the ''Raza Thewaka Dipani Kyan'', an 1849 text that outlines proper conduct of Burmese kings.

Although the offering of water to Vasudhara may have pre-Buddhist roots, this ceremony is believed to have been started by King Bimbisara, who poured the libation of water, to share his merit with his ancestors who had become pretas.

This ceremony is also practiced at the end of Thai and Laotian Buddhist rituals to transfer merit, where it is called ''kruat nam'' (กรวดน้ำ) and ''yaat nam'' respectively.

File:MET 19 135 29.jpg, Nepalese ewer for water oblations, 19th century
File:Clevelandart 1960.42.jpg, Bronze Chinese libation cup ''( jue)'', late Shang dynasty, ca. 1210 BCE
File:China, Qing dynasty (1644-1911), Kangxi reign - Libation Cup - 1920.424 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif, Jade libation cup, Qing dynasty, 1661–1722 CE
File:Miki in Itsukushima Shrine 2.jpg, Sake offerings as ''omiki'' at Itsukushima Shrine, Japan, 2017

China

The most traditional Chinese ritual bronze vessel for libations, the jue, has a large pouring lip, and may be regarded as a type of jug rather than a cup. In modern Chinese customs, rice wine or tea is poured in front of an altar or tombstone horizontally from right to left with both hands as an offering to gods and in honour of the deceased. The offering is usually placed on the altar for a while before being offered in libation. In more elaborate ceremonies honouring deities, the libation may be done over the burning paper offerings; whereas for the deceased, the wine is only poured onto the ground.

Japan

Japanese libations leave the liquid offering on the altar in a suitable vessel, while other portions are drunk by the participants. In Shinto, the practice of libation and the drink offered is called ''Miki'' (神酒), lit. "The Liquor of the Gods". At a ceremony at a Shinto shrine, it is usually done with sake, but at a household shrine, one may substitute fresh water which can be changed every morning. It is served in a white porcelain or metal cup without any decoration.

Among the Ainu, libations are offered by means of the '' ikupasuy'', a carved wooden implement with a "tongue," the pointed end from which millet beer or sake is dripped upon the venerated object.

Siberian shamanism

Shamanism among Siberian peoples exhibits the great diversity characteristic of shamanism in general.. Among several peoples near the Altai Mountains, the new drum of a shaman must go through a special ritual. This is regarded as "enlivening the drum": the tree and the deer who gave their wood and skin for the new drum narrate their whole lives and promise to the shaman that they will serve him. The ritual itself is a libation: beer is poured onto the skin and wood of the drum, and these materials "come to life" and speak with the voice of the shaman in the name of the tree and the deer. Among the Tubalar, moreover, the shaman imitates the voice of the animal, and its behaviour as well.

Modern customs

In Cuba, a widespread custom is to spill a drop or two of rum from one's glass while saying "" (‘for the Saints’). An identical practice is found in Brazil when cachaça is drunk, with the drops being offered "" or "". These customs are similar to the practice among Visayans of Mindanao, the Philippines, where rum is spilled upon opening of the bottle, accompanied by "''para sa yawa''" ('for the Devil').

In Russia and some parts of the Commonwealth of Independent States, there is a tradition of pouring vodka onto a grave, an act possibly connected with '' dziady'' custom. In Georgia, where wine plays a more culturally significant role, it is common to pour a glass of wine on graves, especially around Easter in commemoration of all deceased.

In the contemporary United States, libations are occasionally offered in the name of a deceased person on various occasions, usually when drinking socially among friends in a private setting. There is also a tradition of pouring libations of malt liquor before drinking, which is particularly associated with African American rappers. This is referred to as "tipping" to one's deceased friends, or "pouring one out". This practice has been recorded in film, such as ''Boyz n the Hood'', and referenced in various songs, such as the 1993 " Gangsta Lean (This Is For My Homies)" by DRS ("I tip my 40 to your memory") and the 1994 " Pour Out a Little Liquor" by 2Pac. As with similar practices worldwide, various symbolic sayings accompany the pouring.

In Rabbinic Judaism, drops of wine are taken from one's glass at the Passover Seder by pouring them out or dipping one's finger into the glass, either 10 for each plague, or 16; ten for the ten plagues, three for "Blood, Fire and Columns of Smoke", and three for "Detzach, Adash, B’achav". Explanations vary, but the common one is regret that the freeing of the Jewish people came at the cost of many Egyptians suffering and dying, and out of respect to "not rejoice the downfall of an enemy". However, this is a more modern interpretation originally created by Rabbi Yirmiyahu Löw's grandfather, sometime in the late 18th or early 19th century, though with precedent fro
Sanhendrin 39b:5

See also

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Notes

Works cited

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External links

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Exploring the Libation Ritual in Greek and Roman Myth

Libation in Hellenismos

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