The automotive industry in India is the world's fourth-largest by production and valuation as per 2022 statistics. As of 2025, India is the ''3rd largest automobile market'' in the world in terms of sales. ,

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

's auto industry is worth more than US$100 billion and accounts for 8% of the country's total exports and 7.1% of India's GDP. According to the 2021 National Family Health Survey, 8% of Indian households own an automobile. According to government statistics, India has barely 40 automobiles per 1,000 people.

History

In 1897, the first car ran on an Indian road. Through the 1930s, cars were imports only, and in small numbers. An embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Hindustan Motors was launched in 1942 building Morris products, long-time competitor

Premier Premier is a title for the head of government in central governments, state governments and local governments of some countries. A second in command to a premier is designated as a deputy premier. A premier will normally be a head of govern ...

in 1944, building Chrysler Corporation products such as

Dodge Dodge is an American brand of automobiles and a division of Stellantis, based in Auburn Hills, Michigan. Dodge vehicles have historically included performance cars, and for much of its existence, Dodge was Chrysler's mid-priced brand above P ...

and

Plymouth Plymouth ( ) is a port city status in the United Kingdom, city and unitary authority in Devon, South West England. It is located on Devon's south coast between the rivers River Plym, Plym and River Tamar, Tamar, about southwest of Exeter and ...

, and beginning in the 1960s,

Fiat Fiat Automobiles S.p.A., commonly known as simply Fiat ( , ; ), is an Italian automobile manufacturer. It became a part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles in 2014 and, in 2021, became a subsidiary of Stellantis through its Italian division, Stellant ...

products. Piplai, p. 2892 Mahindra & Mahindra was established by two brothers in 1945 and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles. In the same years, J. R. D. Tata, the chairman of

Tata Group The Tata Group () is an Indian multinational conglomerate group of companies headquartered in Mumbai. Established in 1868, it is India's largest business conglomerate, with products and services in over 160 countries, and operations in 100 c ...

founded TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company (now

Tata Motors Tata Motors Limited is an Indian Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive company, headquartered in Mumbai and part of the Tata Group. The company produces passenger cars, cars, trucks, vans, and busses, buses. T ...

) in

Jamshedpur Jamshedpur (; ), also known as Tatanagar, is a major industrial city in eastern India. It is the List of cities in Jharkhand by population, largest city in the state of Jharkhand. With a population of 629,658 in the city limits and 1.3 million ...

. Following

independence Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state, in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of ...

in 1947, the Government of India and the

private sector The private sector is the part of the economy which is owned by private groups, usually as a means of establishment for profit or non profit, rather than being owned by the government. Employment The private sector employs most of the workfo ...

launched efforts to create an automotive-component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. In 1953, an import substitution programme was launched, and the import of fully built-up cars began to be restricted.

1947–1970

The 1952 Tariff Commission

In 1952, the Indian government appointed the first Tariff Commission, whose purpose was to come out with a feasibility plan for the indigenization of the Indian automobile industry. In 1953, the commission submitted its report, which recommended categorizing existing Indian car companies according to their manufacturing infrastructure, under a licensed capacity to manufacture a certain number of vehicles, with capacity increases allowable, as per demands, in the future. The Tariff Commission recommendations were implemented with new policies that would eventually exclude companies that only imported parts for assembly, as well as those with no Indian partner. In 1954, following the Tariff Commission implementation,

General Motors General Motors Company (GM) is an American Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, United States. The company is most known for owning and manufacturing f ...

, Ford, and

Rootes Group The Rootes Group was a British automobile manufacturer and, separately, a major motor distributors and dealers business. From headquarters in the West End of London, the manufacturer was based in the English Midlands, Midlands and the distribu ...

, which had assembly-only plants in

Mumbai Mumbai ( ; ), also known as Bombay ( ; its official name until 1995), is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Mumbai is the financial capital and the most populous city proper of India with an estimated population of 12 ...

, decided to move out of India. The Tariff commission policies, including similar restrictions that applied to other industries, came to be known as the Licence Raj, which proved to be the greatest undoing of the Indian automotive industry, where bureaucratic red tape ended up causing demand to outstrip supply, with month-long waiting periods for cars, scooters, and motorcycles. ;Passenger cars * Hindustan Motors was established in

Kolkata Kolkata, also known as Calcutta ( its official name until 2001), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of West Bengal. It lies on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River, west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the primary ...

in technical collaboration with

Morris Motors Morris Motors Limited was a British privately owned motor vehicle manufacturing company formed in 1919 to take over the assets of William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield, William Morris's WRM Motors Limited and continue production of the same ve ...

to manufacture Morris Oxford models that would later become HM Ambassador. * Addisons, Madras – An Amalgamations Group company, was the agent for Nuffield's Morris, Wolseley, and Riley cars, and Chrysler's

, and De Soto cars and trucks. The first Morris Minor assembled in India and the first car assembled in Madras was driven out from Addison's twin-plants on Smith Road by Anantharamakrishnan on 15 November 1950. * Premier Automobiles Limited, Mumbai – entered into technical collaboration with

Chrysler FCA US, LLC, Trade name, doing business as Stellantis North America and known historically as Chrysler ( ), is one of the "Big Three (automobile manufacturers), Big Three" automobile manufacturers in the United States, headquartered in Auburn H ...

to manufacture

and Desoto models and with

to manufacture the 1100D models which would later become Premier Padmini range. * Standard Motor Products of India, Madras – entered into technical collaboration from Standard- Triumph to manufacture Standard Vanguard, Standard 8, 10 and later Standard Herald. ;Utility and light commercial vehicles * Vehicle Factory Jabalpur – started manufacturing Jonga Light Utility Vehicles and Vahan 1 Ton (Nissan 4W73 Carriers) in India, under license from

Nissan is a Japanese multinational Automotive industry, automobile manufacturer headquartered in Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. The company sells its vehicles under the ''Nissan'' and ''Infiniti'' brands, and formerly the ''Datsun'' brand, with in-house ...

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

. They were the main troop carriers of the

Indian Armed Forces The Indian Armed Forces are the armed forces, military forces of the India, Republic of India. It consists of three professional uniformed services: the Indian Army, the Indian Navy, and the Indian Air Force.—— Additionally, the Indian Ar ...

and much more powerful than any other vehicle of their class.Also, Nissan Power Wagon was added to their line. * Mahindra & Mahindra plant established in Mumbai – technical collaboration with

Willys Willys (pronounced , "Willis") was a brand, brand name used by Willys–Overland Motors, an American automobile company, founded by John Willys, John North Willys. It was best known for its design and production of World War II–era Willys MB, ...

to manufacture CJ Series

Jeep Jeep is an American automobile brand, now owned by multi-national corporation Stellantis. Jeep has been part of Chrysler since 1987, when Chrysler acquired the Jeep brand, along with other assets, from its previous owner, American Motors Co ...

. * Bajaj Tempo, Pune, now Force Motors – entered into technical collaboration with

Tempo In musical terminology, tempo (Italian for 'time'; plural 'tempos', or from the Italian plural), measured in beats per minute, is the speed or pace of a given musical composition, composition, and is often also an indication of the composition ...

to manufacture Tempo Hanseat, a three-wheeler and Tempo Viking and Hanomag, later known as Tempo Matador in India. * Standard Motor Products of India – entered into technical collaboration from Standard and had licence to manufacture the Standard Atlas passenger van with panel van and one-tonne pickup variants. ;Medium and heavy commercial vehicles *

established a new plant in

Pune Pune ( ; , ISO 15919, ISO: ), previously spelled in English as Poona (List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra, the official name until 1978), is a city in the state of Maharashtra in the Deccan Plateau, Deccan plateau in Western ...

with technical collaboration with

Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz (), commonly referred to simply as Mercedes and occasionally as Benz, is a German automotive brand that was founded in 1926. Mercedes-Benz AG (a subsidiary of the Mercedes-Benz Group, established in 2019) is based in Stuttgart, ...

to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks. * Vehicle Factory Jabalpur started manufacturing Shaktiman trucks with technical assistance from

MAN SE MAN SE (abbreviation of ''Maschinenfabrik Augsburg- Nürnberg'', ) was a manufacturing and engineering company based in Munich, Germany. Its primary output was commercial vehicles and diesel engines through its MAN Truck & Bus and MAN Latin ...

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

. The trucks were the main logistics vehicle of the Indian Army with several specialist variants. VFJ still is the sole supplier of B vehicles to the Indian Armed Forces. * Heavy Vehicles Factory was established in 1965 in Avadi,

Chennai Chennai, also known as Madras (List of renamed places in India#Tamil Nadu, its official name until 1996), is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population, largest city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost states and ...

to produce tanks in India. Since its inception, HVF has produced all the tanks of India, including Vijayanta, Arjun, Ajeya, Bhishma and their variants for the Indian Army. HVF is the only tank manufacturing facility of India. * Ashok Leyland was founded in

with Leyland Motors to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks. Ashok Motors also discontinued its Austin venture formed in 1948 to sell Austin A40 and retooled the factory to make trucks and buses. * Hindustan Motors – had technical collaboration with

to manufacture the

Bedford Bedford is a market town in Bedfordshire, England. At the 2011 Census, the population was 106,940. Bedford is the county town of Bedfordshire and seat of the Borough of Bedford local government district. Bedford was founded at a ford (crossin ...

range of medium lorry and bus chassis. * Premier Automobiles Limited – entered into technical collaboration with

to manufacture the

, Fargo range of medium lorry, panel vans, mini-bus, and bus chassis. * Simpsons & Co, Madras – part of Amalgamations Group ( TAFE Tractors) – had technical collaboration with Ford to manufacture medium lorry and bus chassis, but did not utilise that option until the 1980s.+ ;Scooters, mopeds and motorcycles Many of the two-wheelers manufacturers were granted licenses in the early 1960s, well after the tariff commission was enabled. *

Royal Enfield (India) Royal Enfield is an Indian motorcycle manufacturer, headquartered and manufactured in Chennai, India. Royal Enfield is the oldest motorcycle manufacturer in continuous production.Royal Enfield Royal Enfield is an Indian motorcycle manufacturer, headquartered and manufactured in Chennai, India. Royal Enfield (England), Royal Enfield is the oldest motorcycle manufacturer in continuous production.Bajaj Auto, Poona – had technical collaboration with Piaggio, Italy to manufacture their best-selling

Vespa Vespa () is an Italian brand of scooters and mopeds manufactured by Piaggio. The name means wasp in Italian. The Vespa has evolved from a single model motor scooter manufactured in 1946 by Piaggio & Co. S.p.A. of Pontedera, Italy, to a ...

range of scooters and three-wheelers with commercial options as well. * TVS Motors, Madurai/Chennai - started individually and later had technical collaboration with Suzuki Motors, before finally buying them out of the JV. * Automobile Products of India, Bombay (Better known for API Lambretta) – had a technical collaboration with Innocenti of Milan, Italy to manufacture their

Lambretta Lambretta () was a brand of motor scooters, manufactured in Milan, Italy, by Innocenti. The name is derived from the word Lambrate, the suburb of Milan named after the river Lambro which flows through the area, and where the factory was locat ...

range of mopeds, scooters and three-wheelers. This company was actually the

car plant that was bought over by M. A. Chidambaram family. * Mopeds India Limited, Tirupathi – had technical collaboration with Motobécane, France to manufacture their best selling Mobylette mopeds. * Escorts Group,

New Delhi New Delhi (; ) is the Capital city, capital of India and a part of the Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the Government of India, hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Parliament ...

– had technical collaboration with CEKOP of Poland to manufacture the Rajdoot 175 motorcycle whose origin was DKW RT 125. * Ideal Jawa,

Mysore Mysore ( ), officially Mysuru (), is a city in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of Mysore district and Mysore division. As the traditional seat of the Wadiyar dynasty, the city functioned as the capital of the ...

– entered into technical collaboration with CZ - Jawa of Czechoslovakia for its Jawa and Yezdi range of motorcycles. However, growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s, due to nationalisation and the

license raj The Licence Raj or Permit Raj (''rāj'', meaning "rule" in Hindi) is a term coined by Indian independence activist and statesman C. Rajagopalachari for the system of strict government control and regulation of the Indian economy. This economi ...

, which hampered the growth of the Indian private sector.

1970 to 1983

The beginning of the 1970s didn't see growth potential; and most of the collaboration license agreements came to an end, but with the option to continue manufacturing with renewed branding. Cars were still meant for the elite and Jeeps, now owned by

American Motors Corporation American Motors Corporation (AMC; commonly referred to as American Motors) was an American automobile manufacturing company formed by the mergers and acquisitions, merger of Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and Hudson Motor Car Company on May 1, 19 ...

, were largely used by government organizations and in some rural regions. By the end of the decade, some developments were made in commercial vehicle segments to facilitate the movement of goods. The two-wheeler segment remained unchanged except for increased sales to the middle class in urban areas. There was an emphasis on having more farm tractors, as India was embarking on a new

Green Revolution The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution, was a period during which technology transfer initiatives resulted in a significant increase in crop yields. These changes in agriculture initially emerged in Developed country , devel ...

; and Russian and Eastern bloc imports were brought in to meet the demand. But after 1970, with restrictions on the import of vehicles set, the automotive industry started to grow; but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles, and scooters. Cars still remained a major luxury item. In the 1970s,

price controls Price controls are restrictions set in place and enforced by governments, on the prices that can be charged for goods and services in a market. The intent behind implementing such controls can stem from the desire to maintain affordability of go ...

were finally lifted, inserting a competitive element into the automobile market. However, by the 1980s, the automobile market was still dominated by Hindustan and

, who sold superannuated products in fairly limited numbers. The rate of car ownership in 1981 was about one in every thousand citizens – understandable when the annual road tax alone cost about half the average income of an Indian at the time. During the eighties, a few competitors began to arrive on the scene. Of the 30,487 cars built in India in 1980, all but six came from the two main players Hindustan and Premier: Standard had led a shadow existence in the latter half of the 1970s, producing only a handful of cars to keep their license active. A new contender was tiny Sipani, which had tried building locally developed three-wheeled vehicles since 1975 but introduced the Reliant Kitten-based Dolphin in 1982. Nonetheless, all eyes were on Maruti, which caused a major upheaval to the Indian automobile industry. The OPEC oil crisis saw increased need to install or redesign some vehicle to fit diesel engines on medium commercial vehicle. Until the early 1970s Mahindra Jeeps were on

Petrol Gasoline (North American English) or petrol ( Commonwealth English) is a petrochemical product characterized as a transparent, yellowish, and flammable liquid normally used as a fuel for spark-ignited internal combustion engines. When formul ...

and Premier commercial vehicles had Petrol model options. The Defence sector too had most trucks on Petrol engines.

1984 to 1992

CBRN Recce vehicle during Republic Day Parade 2017

From the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s India saw no new models, the country continuing to depend on two decades-old designs. The Sipani Dolphin, which arrived in 1982, was not a serious contender, with its plastic body and without rear doors - essential to Indian car buyers. This situation forced the government to encourage and let more manufacturers into fray. In 1984 AVANI was established in Medak near Hyderabad. It started manufacturing Infantry Combat Vehicles christened as ''Sarath'', the backbone of India's mechanised infantry. AVANI is still the only manufacturing facility of ICVs in India. To manufacture the high-power engines used in ICVs and main battle tanks, the Engine Factory was set up in 1987 in Avadi, near Chennai. In 1986, to promote the auto industry, the government established the Delhi Auto Expo. The 1986 Expo was a showcase for how the Indian automotive industry was absorbing new technologies, promoting indigenous research and development, and adapting these technologies for the rugged conditions of India.

Post-1992 liberalisation

Eventually multinational automakers such as

Suzuki is a Japanese multinational mobility manufacturer headquartered in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Shizuoka. It manufactures automobiles, motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), outboard motor, outboard marine engines, wheelchairs and a va ...

and

Toyota is a Japanese Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, Japan. It was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda and incorporated on August 28, 1937. Toyota is the List of manuf ...

of Japan and Hyundai and Daewoo Motors of South Korea were allowed to invest in the Indian market, furthering the establishment of an automotive industry in India.

Maruti Suzuki Maruti Suzuki India Limited is a publicly listed Indian subsidiary of Japanese automaker Suzuki Motor Corporation. It is the largest automobile manufacturer in India, specialising in small cars. The company was established by the Government ...

was the first and the most successful of these new entries, in part the result of government policies to promote the automotive industry beginning in the 1980s. As India began to liberalise its automobile market in 1991, a number of foreign firms also initiated joint ventures with existing Indian companies. The variety of options available to the consumer began to multiply in the nineties, whereas before there had usually only been one option in each price class. By 2000, there were 12 large automotive companies in the Indian market, most of them offshoots of global companies.

Slow export growth

Exports were slow to grow. Sales of small numbers of vehicles to tertiary markets and neighbouring countries began early, and in 1987 Maruti Suzuki shipped 480 cars to Europe (Hungary). After some growth in the mid-nineties, exports once again began to drop as the outmoded platforms provided to Indian manufacturers by multinationals were not competitive. This was not to last, and today India manufactures low-priced cars for markets across the globe. As of 18 March 2013, global brands such as

Proton Holdings Proton Holdings Berhad, commonly known as Proton (stylised PROTON), is a Malaysian multinational Automotive industry, automotive company. Proton was established on 7 May 1983, as Malaysia's sole national budget car company until the advent o ...

PSA Group Peugeot S.A., trading as Groupe PSA () (formerly PSA Peugeot Citroën from 1991 to 2016) was a French Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturing company which produced automobiles and motorcycles unde ...

, Kia,

Mazda is a Japanese Multinational corporation, multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Fuchū, Hiroshima (town), Fuchū, Hiroshima Prefecture, Hiroshima, Japan. The company was founded on January 30, 1920, as Toyo Cork Kogyo Co., Ltd. ...

and

Geely Holding Group Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd. (ZGH), commonly known as Geely Holding ( ; ), is a Chinese multinational automotive conglomerate headquartered in Hangzhou, China. The company was founded by, and is privately owned by Chinese entrepre ...

were shelving plans for India due to the competitiveness of the market, as well as the global economic crisis.

Emission norms

In 2000, in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government unveiled standards titled "India 2000", with later, upgraded guidelines to be known as Bharat Stage emission standards. These standards are quite similar to the stringent European emission standards and have been implemented in a phased manner. Bharat Stage IV (BS-IV) was first implemented in 13 cities — Agra, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi (NCR), Kanpur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune, Surat, Solapur — in April 2010, and then in the rest of the nation in April 2017. In 2019, in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government of India announced the introduction of BS-VI norms to control air pollution, taking effect from 1 April 2020.

Local manufacture encouraged

India levies an import tax of 125% on foreign imported cars, while the import tax on components such as gearboxes, airbags, drive axles is 10%. The taxes are intended to encourage cars to be assembled in India rather than be imported as completely built units.

Sub-4-metre rule

In 2006, the government of India imposed a new tax structure, which massively impacted the segment. It enables vehicles shorter than to qualify for a significantly lower excise duty, which is 8 percent as opposed to 20 percent for longer vehicles.

was the first to exploit the new tax structure, which redesigned the rear portion of the

Indigo InterGlobe Aviation Limited (d/b/a IndiGo), is an India, Indian airline headquartered in Gurgaon, Haryana, India. It is the largest List of airlines of India, airline in India by passengers carried and fleet size, with a 64.1% domestic market ...

sedan, dropping its length to and renamed it as the Indigo CS. The model became significantly cheaper, becoming one of the largest selling three-box cars in the country. Other manufacturers quickly adapted, which led to the release of the shorter Suzuki Swift Dzire, the Honda Brio Amaze, and others.

Manufacturing facilities

The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is evenly divided into three "clusters". In the year 2010,around

was the largest, with a 35% revenue share, accounting for 60% of the country's automotive exports, and home of the operations of Engine Factory Avadi, Ford, Hyundai,

Renault Renault S.A., commonly referred to as Groupe Renault ( , , , also known as the Renault Group in English), is a French Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company curr ...

BMW Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, trading as BMW Group (commonly abbreviated to BMW (), sometimes anglicised as Bavarian Motor Works), is a German multinational manufacturer of vehicles and motorcycles headquartered in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. Th ...

, Daimler, Caparo, Mini, and

Citroën Citroën ()The double-dot diacritic over the 'e' is a diaeresis () indicating the two vowels are sounded separately, and not as a diphthong. is a French automobile brand. The "Automobiles Citroën" manufacturing company was founded on 4 June 19 ...

. Near

Maharashtra Maharashtra () is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to th ...

, along the Chakan corridor of

, is the western cluster, with a 33% share of the market.

Audi Audi AG () is a German automotive manufacturer of luxury vehicles headquartered in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. A subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group, Audi produces vehicles in nine production facilities worldwide. The origins of the compa ...

Volkswagen Volkswagen (VW; )English: , . is a German automotive industry, automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Established in 1937 by German Labour Front, The German Labour Front, it was revitalized into the global brand it ...

, and Škoda are located in Aurangabad. Mahindra and Mahindra has an SUV and engine assembly plant at Nashik. Hyundai,

, Land Rover,

Jaguar The jaguar (''Panthera onca'') is a large felidae, cat species and the only extant taxon, living member of the genus ''Panthera'' that is native to the Americas. With a body length of up to and a weight of up to , it is the biggest cat spe ...

, and Force Motors have assembly plants in the area. The northern cluster is around the National Capital Region, and contributes 30%. Gurgaon, Manesar and Kharkhoda in

Haryana Haryana () is a States and union territories of India, state located in the northern part of India. It was carved out after the linguistic reorganisation of Punjab, India, Punjab on 1 November 1966. It is ranked 21st in terms of area, with les ...

, are where the country's largest car manufacturer,

, is based. An emerging cluster is the state of

Gujarat Gujarat () is a States of India, state along the Western India, western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the List of states and union territories ...

, with a manufacturing facility of MG Motors in Halol, Atul Auto in Rajkot and

in Sanand. Maruti Suzuki also plans to set up a new greenfield plant in Gujarat.

Uttarakhand Uttarakhand (, ), also known as Uttaranchal ( ; List of renamed places in India, the official name until 2007), is a States and union territories of India, state in North India, northern India. The state is bordered by Himachal Pradesh to the n ...

with

Telangana Telangana is a States and union territories of India, state in India situated in the Southern India, south-central part of the Indian subcontinent on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, ele ...

with Hyundai, Ordnance Factory Medak, Hyderabad Allwyn and Mahindra & Mahindra,

Rajasthan Rajasthan (; Literal translation, lit. 'Land of Kings') is a States and union territories of India, state in northwestern India. It covers or 10.4 per cent of India's total geographical area. It is the List of states and union territories of ...

with

Honda commonly known as just Honda, is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational Conglomerate (company), conglomerate automotive manufacturer headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Founded in October 1946 by Soichiro Honda, Honda has bee ...

, and

Bengaluru Bengaluru, also known as Bangalore (List of renamed places in India#Karnataka, its official name until 1 November 2014), is the Capital city, capital and largest city of the southern States and union territories of India, Indian state of Kar ...

Karnataka Karnataka ( ) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed as Mysore State on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, States Re ...

region with

Volvo The Volvo Group (; legally Aktiebolaget Volvo, shortened to AB Volvo, stylized as VOLVO) is a Swedish multinational manufacturing corporation headquartered in Gothenburg. While its core activity is the production, distribution and sale of truck ...

and

Scania Scania ( ), also known by its native name of Skåne (), is the southernmost of the historical provinces of Sweden, provinces () of Sweden. Located in the south tip of the geographical region of Götaland, the province is roughly conterminous w ...

, Andhra with

Isuzu , commonly known as Isuzu (, ), is a Japanese multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture. Its principal activity is the production, marketing and sale of Isuzu commercial vehicles and diesel engines ...

and Kia and

belt also known as East India belt with companies such as Hindustan Motors, Heavy Engineering Corporation, Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery, and

are other automotive manufacturing regions around the country.

Andhra Pradesh

;Commercial and passenger vehicles * Isuzu Motors India – Sri City * Kia India – Penukonda (Anantapur) * Ashok Leyland -

Vijayawada Vijayawada ( ), formerly known by its colonial name Bezawada, is the second largest city and a major commercial hub in the Andhra Pradesh state of India. The city forms an integral part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region and is situated on th ...

;Two wheelers * Hero MotoCorp – Satyavedu ;Off-highway vehicles * Kobelco Cranes – Sri City

Gujarat

;Two wheelers * Hero MotoCorp – Halol * Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India – Vithalapur * Joy e-bike – Vadodara ;Passenger vehicles *

– Sanand * JSW MG Motor India – Halol * Mahindra & Mahindra –

Kandla Kandla is a census town in the Kutch district of Gujarat state in Western India, near the city of Gandhidham. It occupies on the coast of Gulf of Cutch along the banks of the Kandla Creek. According to the 2011 Census of India, Kandla is t ...

– Hansalpur ;Commercial vehicles * JCB India – Halol * Atul Auto – Rajkot &

Ahmedabad Ahmedabad ( ), also spelled Amdavad (), is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585 ...

Haryana

;Two wheelers * Hero MotoCorp – Dharuhera, Rewari
* HMSI, Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India – Manesar * India Yamaha Motor –

Faridabad Faridabad () is the most populous List of cities in Haryana by population, city near NCT of Delhi in the Indian state of Haryana and a part of National Capital Region (India), Delhi National Capital Region. It is one of the major satellite citie ...

Suzuki Motorcycle India Suzuki Motorcycle India, Private Limited (SMI) is the wholly owned Indian subsidiary of Suzuki is a Japanese multinational mobility manufacturer headquartered in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Shizuoka. It manufactures automobiles, mot ...

– Gurugram ;Passenger vehicles *

– Gurugram, Manesar & Kharkhoda ;Commercial vehicles * Action Construction Equipment –

* Escorts Group –

* JCB India –

* Omega Seiki Mobility –

;Agricultural vehicles * Escorts Kubota –

Himachal Pradesh

;Two wheelers * TVS Motor – Nalagarh ;Passenger vehicles * ICML Motors – Amb ;Commercial vehicles * TAFE Tractors – Parwanoo

Jharkhand

;Commercial vehicles *

–

Karnataka

;Two wheelers * TVS Motor – Mysuru * HMSI, Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India - Narsapura ;Passenger vehicles * Mahindra and Mahindra –

* Toyota Kirloskar Motor – Bidadi ;Commercial vehicles * Bharat Earth Movers - Bengaluru & Mysuru * Scania Commercial Vehicles India –

* TAFE Tractors – Doddaballapur *

–

Dharwad Dharwad (), also known as Dharwar, is a city located in the northwestern part of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of the Dharwad district of Karnataka and forms a contiguous urban area with the city of Hubballi. It was merged ...

Kerala

;Commercial vehicles * Bharat Earth Movers –

Palakkad Palakkad (), Renaming of cities in India, also known as Palghat, historically known as Palakkattussery, is a city and a municipality in the States and union territories of India, Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of P ...

* Kerala Automobiles Limited –

Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram ( ), also known as Trivandrum, is the Capital city, capital city of the Indian state of Kerala. As of 2011, the Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation had a population of 957,730 over an area of 214.86 sq. km, making it the ...

Madhya Pradesh

;Two wheelers * Mahindra & Mahindra – Pithampur ;Commercial vehicles * Vehicle Factory –

Jabalpur Jabalpur, formerly Jubbulpore, is a city situated on the banks of Narmada River in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is the 3rd-largest urban agglomeration of the state and the 38th-largest of the country. Jabalpur is the administrative h ...

* Eicher Motors – Pithampur * Hindustan Motors – Pithampur * Force Motors – Pithampur * TAFE Tractors – Mandideep * John Deere Tractors – Dewas *

CASE Construction Equipment Case Construction Equipment (stylized as CASE Construction Equipment, commonly referred to as simply Case) is an Italian-American manufacturer of construction machinery. Along with CASE IH, Case Construction Equipment is a brand of CNH. Case pro ...

- Pithampur

Maharashtra

;Two wheelers * Bajaj Auto – Chakan (Pune) & Waluj (Aurangabad) ** KTM Sportmotorcycles – Chakan (Pune) * India Kawasaki Motors – Chakan (Pune) * Vespa Scooters and Aprilia (brands part of Piaggio) – Baramati (Pune) ;Passenger vehicles * Hyundai Motor India – Talegaon * Mahindra & Mahindra – Nashik & Chakan (Pune) * Tata Motors Limited **

– Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune) **

Jaguar Cars Jaguar (, ) is the sports car and luxury vehicle brand of Jaguar Land Rover, a British multinational corporation, multinational automaker, car manufacturer with its headquarters in Whitley, Coventry, England. Jaguar Cars was the company that ...

– Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune) ** Land Rover – Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune) * Mercedes-Benz Passenger Cars – Chakan (Pune) * Jeep India – Ranjangaon (Pune) * Volkswagen Group Sales India **

– Chakan (Pune) ** Skoda Auto - Chakan (Pune), Shendra, Aurangabad **

Audi India Audi AG () is a German automotive manufacturer of luxury vehicles headquartered in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. A subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group, Audi produces vehicles in nine production facilities worldwide. The origins of the company ...

– Shendra, Aurangabad ;Commercial vehicles * Ashok Leyland – Bhandara * Bajaj Auto – Waluj (Aurangabad * Force Motors – Chakan (Pune) * Mahindra Navistar – Chakan (Pune) * Piaggio Vehicles – Baramati (Pune) * Sany India – Pune * Hyundai Construction Equipment – Chakan (Pune). *

Caterpillar Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder ...

– Banda (Sindhudurg) * John Deere Tractors – Sanaswadi (Pune) * Wirtgen India – Bhandgav (Pune)

Punjab

;Commercial vehicles * SML Isuzu – Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar * Swaraj Tractors – Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar * Sonalika Tractor – Hoshiarpur

Rajasthan

; Two Wheelers * HMSI, Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India – Tapukara * Hero Motocorp – Neemrana *

Okinawa Autotech Okinawa Autotech is an Indian electric vehicle company, headquartered in Gurgaon, Haryana. It was founded by Jeetender Sharma and Rupali Sharma in 2015. History Okinawa Autotech was founded in 2015 by Jeetender Sharma, a veteran of the two ...

– Alwar & Bhiwadi ;Passenger vehicles * Honda Cars India – Tapukara
;Commercial vehicles * Ashok Leyland – Alwar
* TAFE Tractors – Alwar

Tamil Nadu

;Two wheelers * TVS Motor – Hosur **

BMW Motorrad ''BMW Motorrad'' is the motorcycle brand and division of German automotive manufacturer, BMW. It has produced motorcycles since 1923, and achieved record sales for the fifth year in succession in 2015. With a total of 136,963 vehicles sold in 201 ...

– Hosur *

Royal Enfield Royal Enfield is an Indian motorcycle manufacturer, headquartered and manufactured in Chennai, India. Royal Enfield (England), Royal Enfield is the oldest motorcycle manufacturer in continuous production.Chennai Chennai, also known as Madras (List of renamed places in India#Tamil Nadu, its official name until 1996), is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population, largest city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost states and ...

* India Yamaha Motor – Oragadam,

* Ola Electric – Krishnagiri * Ather Energy – Hosur ;Passenger vehicles * BMW India – Mahindra World City (Chennai) ** MINI India – Mahindra World City (Chennai) * Hyundai Motor India – Sriperumbudur (Chennai) * Renault Nissan Automotive India Private Limited ** Nissan Motor India Private Limited – Oragadam (Chennai) ** Renault India Private Limited – Oragadam,

Datsun Datsun (, ) was a Japanese automobile manufacturer brand owned by Nissan. Datsun's original production run began in 1931. From 1958 to 1986, only vehicles exported by Nissan were identified as Datsun. Nissan phased out the Datsun brand in Marc ...

– Oragadam,

* Citroën India –

Tiruvallur Tiruvallur is a Grade I municipality in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of Coovum river about from downtown Chennai ( Madras) in the western part of the Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA). It is a satellite tow ...

* BYD India Pvt. Ltd – Sriperumbudur, Chennai ;Commercial vehicles * Schwing Stetter India –

* Komatsu India Private Limited – Oragadam,

* Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Private Limited – Oragadam,

–

* Heavy Vehicles Factory – Avadi,

* Ashok Leyland Limited ** Ennore,

– trucks, buses, engines, axles etc. ** Hosur – three adjacent plants (Hosur-1, Hosur-2, CPPS) for trucks, special vehicles and power units. ** Sengadu Village,

Kanchipuram Kanchipuram (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, IAST: '; ), also known as Kanjeevaram, is a stand alone city corporation, satellite nodal city of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu in the Tondaimandalam region, from ...

– technical and production facility for Ashok Leyland Defence Systems * KamAZ Vectra Motors – Hosur * SAME Deutz-Fahr Tractors – Ranipet,

Vellore Vellore ( ), also spelled Velur, is a sprawling city and the administrative headquarters of Vellore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Palar River and surrounded by the Javadi Hills in the northeastern ...

* TAFE Tractors –

Madurai Madurai ( , , ), formerly known as Madura, is a major city in the States and union territories of India, Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District, which is ...

* TVS Motor – Hosur * Force Motors –

Telangana

;Defence * Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited – Medak ;Commercial vehicles * Mahindra and Mahindra – Zaheerabad

Uttar Pradesh

;Two wheelers * India Yamaha Motor – Greater Noida ;Passenger vehicles * Honda Cars India – Greater Noida ;Commercial vehicles *

–

Lucknow Lucknow () is the List of state and union territory capitals in India, capital and the largest city of the List of state and union territory capitals in India, Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and it is the administrative headquarters of the epon ...

* New Holland – Greater Noida

Uttarakhand

;Two wheelers * Hero MotoCorp – Haridwar * Bajaj Auto – Pantnagar ;Commercial vehicles * Ashok Leyland – Pantnagar *

– Pantnagar * Mahindra & Mahindra – Haridwar

West Bengal

;Commercial vehicles * Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery – Kharagpur * Gainwell - Panagarh

Exports

India's automobile exports have grown consistently and reached $4.5 billion in 2009, with the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

being India's largest export market, followed by

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

, the

Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

, and

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...

. According to ''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...

'', India's strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like Hyundai,

, and

. In 2008, South Korean multinational Hyundai Motors alone exported 240,000 cars made in India. Nissan Motors planned to export 250,000 vehicles manufactured in its India plant by 2011. Similarly, US automobile company,

had announced its plans to export about 50,000 cars manufactured in India by 2011. In September 2009, Ford Motors announced its plans to set up a plant in India with an annual capacity of 250,000 cars, for US$500 million. The cars were manufactured both for the Indian market and for export. The company said that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business. Fiat Motors had announced that it would source more than US$1 billion worth auto components from India. Tata Safari II front - PSM 2009

In 2009, India (0.23m) surpassed China (0.16m) as Asia's fourth largest exporter of cars after Japan (1.77m), Korea (1.12m) and Thailand (0.26m). In July 2010, The Economic Times reported that

PSA Peugeot Citroën Peugeot S.A., trading as Groupe PSA () (formerly PSA Peugeot Citroën from 1991 to 2016) was a French multinational automotive manufacturing company which produced automobiles and motorcycles under the Peugeot, Citroën, DS, Opel and Vauxhal ...

was planning to re-enter the Indian market and open a production plant in Andhra Pradesh that would have an annual capacity of 100,000 vehicles, investing €700M in the operation.

entered the market in 2021 with their first offering being the Citroën C5 Aircross. In recent years, India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars.

and Hyundai are the two biggest exporters of cars from the country.

also exports small cars from its Indian assembly line.

exports its passenger vehicles to several Asian and African markets. In the 2000s, Mahindra & Mahindra prepared to introduce its pickup trucks and small SUV models in the U.S. market, but canceled its plans. As of 2019, it is assembling and selling an off-road vehicle ( Mahindra Roxor; not certified for road use) in limited numbers in the U.S. It is also sold in Canada. While the possibilities for the Indian automobile industry are impressive, there are challenges that could thwart future growth. Since the demand for automobiles in recent years is directly linked to overall economic expansion and rising personal incomes, industry growth will slow if the economy weakens. Mahindra's major overseas markets include Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, United States and South Asia.

Top 10 export destinations

India exported $14.5 billion worth of automobiles in 2014. The 10 countries below imported 47.8% of that total. Exports of Vehicles in India decreased to US$1478.68 Million in 2020 from US$11332.49 Million in 2019.

Passenger vehicle manufacturers in India

India is the 4th largest passenger vehicle producer in the world. In 2018–19, it produced 4.06 million cars. Currently, there are an estimated 30 million cars in India. This list is of cars that are officially available and serviced in India.

Indian brands

Models currently manufactured by Indian brands

* Mahindra: Bolero, Bolero Neo, Scorpio, Scorpio-N, Scorpio Getaway, Thar, Thar Roxx, Marazzo, XUV3XO, XUV400, XUV700 *

: Tiago, Tiago EV, Tigor, Tigor EV,

Nexon Nexon Co., Ltd. (formerly ) is a South Korean video game developer and publisher. It develops and publishes titles including ''MapleStory'', ''Crazyracing Kartrider'', ''Sudden Attack'', ''Dungeon & Fighter'', ''The First Descendant'', and ''Bl ...

, Nexon EV, Harrier, Altroz,

Safari A safari (; originally ) is an overland journey to observe wildlife, wild animals, especially in East Africa. The so-called big five game, "Big Five" game animals of Africa – lion, African leopard, leopard, rhinoceros, African elephant, elep ...

, Punch, Punch EV, Curvv, Curvv EV * Force Motors: Trax, Gurkha

Defunct Indian brands

* Hindustan Motors - the company still exists, but no longer manufactures automobiles * Premier Automobiles Limited * Sipani Automobiles * Standard Motor Products of India Limited

Joint-venture (JV) brands

(subsidiary of Japanese auto maker

) Alto K10, Eeco, Wagon R,

Swift Swift or SWIFT most commonly refers to: * SWIFT, an international organization facilitating transactions between banks ** SWIFT code * Swift (programming language) * Swift (bird), a family of birds It may also refer to: Organizations * SWIF ...

, Dzire, Ertiga, Celerio, Brezza, Baleno, Ignis, XL6, S-Presso, Grand Vitara, Jimny, Fronx, Super Carry, Invicto * JSW MG Motor India (joint venture between JSW Group and SAIC Motor) Astor, Comet EV, Gloster,

Hector In Greek mythology, Hector (; , ) was a Trojan prince, a hero and the greatest warrior for Troy during the Trojan War. He is a major character in Homer's ''Iliad'', where he leads the Trojans and their allies in the defense of Troy, killing c ...

, Hector Plus, ZS EV, Windsor EV

Foreign-owned brands

MG, Hyundai, Renault, Nissan, Citroën, Jeep, Honda, Toyota, Kia, Volkswagen, Škoda, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Mini are the foreign automotive companies or brands that manufacture and market their products in India.

Vehicles currently manufactured in India

: A4, A6, Q5, Q7 * BMW India:

3 Series The BMW 3 series is a line of compact executive cars manufactured by the German automaker BMW since May 1975. It is the successor to the BMW 02 Series, 02 series and has been produced in seven generations. The first generation of the 3 Series ...

5 Series The BMW 5 Series is an executive car manufactured and marketed by BMW since 1972. It is the successor to the BMW New Class#New Class Sedans, BMW New Class sedans and is currently in its eighth generation. The car is sold as either a sedan (car), s ...

, X1, X3, X4, X5, X7 * Citroën India: C3, C3 Aircross, C5 Aircross, ë-C3,

Basalt Basalt (; ) is an aphanite, aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the planetary surface, surface of a terrestrial ...

* Honda Cars India: Amaze,

City A city is a human settlement of a substantial size. The term "city" has different meanings around the world and in some places the settlement can be very small. Even where the term is limited to larger settlements, there is no universally agree ...

, Elevate * Hyundai Motor India: Grand i10 Nios, i20, Alcazar, Aura, Creta, Exter, Tucson, Venue, Verna * Isuzu Motors India: D-Max, MU-X *

(subsidiary of

): F-Pace *

Compass A compass is a device that shows the cardinal directions used for navigation and geographic orientation. It commonly consists of a magnetized needle or other element, such as a compass card or compass rose, which can pivot to align itself with No ...

, Grand Cherokee, Meridian, Wrangler * Kia India: Carens, Seltos, Sonet,

Syros Syros ( ), also known as Siros or Syra, is a Greece, Greek island in the Cyclades, in the Aegean Sea. It is south-east of Athens. The area of the island is and at the 2021 census it had 21,124 inhabitants. The largest towns are Ermoupoli, Ano S ...

* Land Rover (subsidiary of

): Range Rover, Range Rover Evoque, Range Rover Sport, Range Rover Velar * Mercedes-Benz India: C-Class, E-Class, EQS, S-Class, V-Class, GLC, GLE * Nissan Motor India: Magnite * Renault India: Kiger, Kwid, Triber * Škoda Auto India: Kushaq, Kodiaq, Slavia, Kylaq * Toyota Kirloskar Motor: Innova Crysta, Innova HyCross, Fortuner, Camry, Glanza, Rumion, Urban Cruiser Hyryder, Hilux, Urban Cruiser Taisor * Volkswagen India:

Virtus () was a specific virtue in ancient Rome that carried connotations of valor, masculinity, excellence, courage, character, and worth, all perceived as masculine strengths. It was thus a frequently stated virtue of Roman emperors, and was perso ...

, Taigun *

Volvo Cars Volvo Car AB, trading as Volvo Cars (, styled VOLVO in the company's logo) is a Sweden, Swedish multinational manufacturer of luxury vehicles. Volvo is headquartered in Torslanda, Gothenburg. The company manufactures SUVs, station wagons, and ...

: S90, XC40, XC90

Foreign-owned makes that were officially marketed in India after 1991

Peugeot Peugeot (, , ) is a French automobile brand owned by Stellantis. The family business that preceded the current Peugeot companies was established in 1810, making it the oldest car company in the world. On 20 November 1858, Émile Peugeot applie ...

stopped selling passenger cars in India in 1997. * Daewoo Motors stopped selling passenger cars in India in 2003. *

Opel Opel Automobile GmbH (), usually shortened to Opel, is a German automobile manufacturer which has been a subsidiary of Stellantis since 16 January 2021. It was owned by the American automaker General Motors from 1929 until 2017 and the PSA Gr ...

was present in India until 2006. As of 2013, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners. *

India stopped producing

Chevrolet Chevrolet ( ) is an American automobile division of the manufacturer General Motors (GM). In North America, Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles, from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks. Due to the promi ...

passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2017. *

left the Indian market in 2018. *

Mitsubishi Motors is a Japanese Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automobile manufacturer headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

stopped selling passenger cars in India in the late 2010s. * Ford India stopped producing passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2021. *

stopped selling

passenger cars in India in 2022.

Statistics

Auto companies

Indian brands

* Atul Auto * Bajaj Auto * Eicher Motors * Force Motors * Hero MotoCorp * Hindustan Motors * Mahindra & Mahindra * Omega Seiki Mobility *

Royal Enfield Royal Enfield is an Indian motorcycle manufacturer, headquartered and manufactured in Chennai, India. Royal Enfield (England), Royal Enfield is the oldest motorcycle manufacturer in continuous production.Tara International Tara International, a subsidiary of Bengal Enamal, located in Mumbai, India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; th ...

TVS Motor Company TVS Motor Company is an Indian Multinational corporation, multinational motorcycle manufacturer headquartered in Chennai. It is the third-largest motorcycle company in India by revenue. The company has annual sales of three million units and an ...

Joint-venture (JV) brands

* Ashok Leyland - originally a JV between Ashok Motors (owned by the

Hinduja Group Hinduja Group is an Indian Conglomerate (company), conglomerate. The group is present in eleven sectors including automotive, oil and specialty chemicals, banking and finance, IT and ITeS, cyber security, healthcare, trading, infrastructure proj ...

) and Leyland Motors, now joint ventures between Ashok Leyland and Nissan Motors (Japan) for LCV's; and

John Deere Deere & Company, Trade name, doing business as John Deere (), is an American corporation that manufactures agricultural machinery, heavy equipment, forestry machinery, diesel engines, drivetrains (axles, Transmission (mechanical device), transmi ...

(USA) for construction equipment. * KamAZ Vectra - A JV between Russia's KamAZ and the Vectra Group * MAN Force - A JV between Force Motors and MAN AG (Germany) * SML Isuzu - originally, as Swaraj Mazda, a JV between Punjab Tractors and

, now 53.5% owned by

Sumitomo Group The is a Japanese corporate group and ''keiretsu'' that traces its roots to the ''zaibatsu'' groups that were dissolved after World War II. Unlike the ''zaibatsu'' of the pre-war period, there is no controlling company with regulatory power. In ...

and with its current name since 2011. * VE Commercial Vehicles Limited - VE Commercial Vehicles limited - A JV between Volvo Group and Eicher Motors Limited.

Foreign-owned brands

* BharatBenz (Owned by

Daimler AG Mercedes-Benz Group AG (formerly Daimler-Benz, DaimlerChrysler, and Daimler) is a German multinational automotive company headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is one of the world's leading car manufacturers. Daimler-B ...

and affiliated with Daimler's Fuso and

brands) * Caterpillar Inc. * DAF *

Iveco Iveco S.p.A., an acronym for Industrial Vehicles Corporation, is an Italian multinational transport vehicle manufacturing company with headquarters in Turin, Italy. It designs and builds light, medium, and heavy Commercial vehicle, commercial veh ...

* J. C. Bamford (JCB) (Owned by British multinational corporation J. C. Bamford). * KamAZ *

- manufactures luxury coaches in India. * Piaggio * Rosenbauer *

* Tatra *

Defunct commercial vehicle manufacturers of India

* Automobile Products of India or API - founded in 1949 at

Bombay Mumbai ( ; ), also known as Bombay ( ; its official name until 1995), is the capital city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of Maharashtra. Mumbai is the financial centre, financial capital and the list of cities i ...

(now Mumbai), by the British company

, and later bought by M. A. Chidambaram of the MAC Group from

Madras Chennai, also known as Madras ( its official name until 1996), is the capital and largest city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost state of India. It is located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. According to the 2011 Indian ce ...

(now Chennai). The company manufactured

scooters, API Three Wheelers under licence from Innocenti of

and automobile ancillaries, notably clutch and braking systems. API's registered offices were earlier in

, later shifted to

, in Tamil Nadu. The manufacturing facilities were located in

and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and in Ambattur,

. The company has not been operational since 2002. * Escorts Yamaha - in 1984 Escorts formed a joint venture with Yamaha to manufacture motorcycles. In 2008, it became India Yamaha Motor. * Hero Motors is a former

moped A moped ( ) is a type of small motorcycle, generally having a less stringent licensing requirement than full motorcycles or automobiles. Historically, the term exclusively meant a similar vehicle with both bicycle pedals and a motorcycle eng ...

and scooter manufacturer based in

Delhi Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, but spread chiefly to the west, or beyond its Bank (geography ...

, India. It is a part of multinational company Hero Group, which also currently owns Hero Motocorp (formerly Hero Honda) and Hero Cycles, among others. Hero Motors was started in the 1960s to manufacture 50cc two-stroke mopeds but gradually diversified into making larger mopeds, mokicks and scooters in the 1980s and the 1990s. Noteworthy collaborators and technical partners were

Puch Puch () is a manufacturing company located in Graz, Styria, Austria. The company was founded in 1899 by the industrialist Johann Puch and produced automobiles, bicycles, mopeds, and motorcycles. It was a subsidiary of the large Steyr-Daimler-Puch ...

of Austria and

Malaguti Malaguti was an Italian bicycle, scooter (motorcycle), scooter and motorcycle company based in San Lazzaro di Savena, founded by Antonino Malaguti in 1930. Producing bicycles until 1958, they then entered the motorcycle market. Noted for thei ...

of Italy. Due to tightening emission regulations and poor sales, Hero motors have discontinued the manufacture of all gasoline powered vehicles and transformed itself into an electric two-wheeler and auto parts manufacturer. * Ideal Jawa - motorcycle company based in Mysore, sold licensed Jawa and ČZ motorcycles beginning in 1960 under the brand name Jawa and later Yezdi. * Kinetic Honda - a joint venture between Kinetic Engineering Limited, India and Honda Motor Company, Japan. The joint venture operated during 1984 - 1998, manufacturing 2-stroke scooters in India. In 1998, the joint venture was terminated after which Kinetic Engineering continued to sell the models under the brand name ''Kinetic'' until 2008 when the interests were sold to Mahindra. * Mopeds India Limited - produces the Suvega range of

Mopeds A moped ( ) is a type of small motorcycle, generally having a less stringent licensing requirement than full motorcycles or automobiles. Historically, the term exclusively meant a similar vehicle with both bicycle pedals and a motorcycle engine. ...

under technical collaboration with Motobécane of

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

. * Standard - produced by Standard Motor Products in

from 1949 to 1988. Indian Standards were variations of vehicles made in the U.K. by Standard- Triumph.Standard Motor Products of India Ltd. (SMPI) was incorporated in 1948, and their first product was the Vanguard, which began to be assembled in 1949. The company was dissolved in 2006 and the old plant torn down. * Tatra Vectra - Initial truck partnership with India by Vectra. Replaced by KamAZ. Tatra trucks for sale in India are now manufactured in collaboration with Bharat Earth Movers Limited. * AMW

Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle (xEV) industry

During April 2012, the Indian government planned to unveil the road map for the development of domestic electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) in the country. A discussion between the various stakeholders, including Government, industry, and academia, was expected to take place during 23–24 February. The final contours of the policy would have been formed after this set of discussions. Ministries such as Petroleum, Finance, Road Transport, and Power are involved in developing a broad framework for the sector. Along with these ministries, auto industry executives, such as Anand Mahindra (Vice Chairman and managing director, Mahindra & Mahindra) and Vikram Kirloskar (Vice-chairman, Toyota Kirloskar), were involved in this task. The Government has also proposed to set up a Rs 740 crore research and development fund for the sector in the 12th five-year plan during 2012–17. The idea is to reduce the high cost of key imported components such as the battery and electric motor, and to develop such capabilities locally. In the year 2017, An

Amaravati Amaravati ( , Telugu language, Telugu: ) is the capital city of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Guntur district on the right bank of the Krishna River, southwest of Vijayawada. The city derives its name from the nearby his ...

Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (ISO 15919, ISO: , , AP) is a States and union territories of India, state on the East Coast of India, east coast of southern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, seventh-largest state and th ...

based Electric Vehicles manufacturing company called AVERA New & Renewable Energy started electric scooters manufacturing and are ready to launch their two models of scooters by the end of December 2018. Electric cars are seen as economical long-term investments, as one doesn't need to purchase gas, but needs only to recharge the battery, using renewable energy sources. According to the

United States Department of Energy The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government that oversees U.S. national energy policy and energy production, the research and development of nuclear power, the military's nuclear w ...

, electric cars produce half as much emissions as compared to a gas-powered car. According to ''

The Economic Times ''The Economic Times'' is an Indian English-language business-focused daily newspaper. Owned by The Times Group, ''The Economic Times'' began publication in 1961 and it is sold in all major cities in India. As of 2012, it is the world's secon ...

'', 60% of Indian customers expect fuel prices to go up in the next 12 months and 58% expect to buy a new car in the same time frame. Most consumers are looking to buy a car which gives good mileage. According to the same source, 68% of Asian drivers expect higher mileage from their cars due to the higher fuel prices. This has encouraged 38% of Indian automobile consumers to switch to electric or hybrid cars. Due to this change in the market, many companies, such as Toyota, have planned to introduce electric vehicles in India; and Suzuki has tested almost 50 electric prototypes in India already, according to

Mashable Mashable is a Online newspaper, news website, digital media platform and entertainment company founded by Pete Cashmore in 2005. History Mashable was founded by Pete Cashmore while living in Aberdeen, Scotland, in July 2004. Early iterations o ...

.In 2019, Hyundai launched India's first electric car, the Kona Electric .

Electric vehicle manufacturers in India

* Ather Energy (plug-in electric scooter) * Ajanta Group * Bajaj Auto (autorickshaw, Scooter, LCV) * Hero Electric (battery electric Scooter) * Hyundai (cars) * Mahindra (cars) * MG Motor (cars) *

Tara International Tara International, a subsidiary of Bengal Enamal, located in Mumbai, India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; th ...

* Omega Seiki Mobility (3-wheelers) *

(cars, LCV) *

(plug-in electric scooter) * Ola Electric (plug-in electric scooter) *

(battery electric scooter) * Euler Motors * EKA Mobility (EKAM) (electric bus)

Growth initiatives

Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) and standards

The

Government of India The Government of India (ISO 15919, ISO: Bhārata Sarakāra, legally the Union Government or Union of India or the Central Government) is the national authority of the Republic of India, located in South Asia, consisting of States and union t ...

felt the need for a permanent agency to expedite the publication of standards and development of test facilities in parallel with the work of the preparation of the standards - as the development of improved safety critical parts could be undertaken only after the publication of the standard and commissioning of test facilities. The Ministry of Surface Transport (MoST) constituted a permanent Automotive Industry Standards Committee (AISC) . The Standards prepared by AISC will be approved by the permanent CMVR Technical Standing Committee (CTSC). After approval, the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) will publish this standard. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are globally proven systems to optimize the utilization of existing transport infrastructure and improve transportation systems in terms of efficiency, quality, comfort and safety. Having realized the potential of ITS, Government bodies and other organizations in India are presently working towards implementing various components of ITS across the country. The first step taken for creation and implementation of ITS was holding a National Workshop titled "User Requirements for Interactive ITS Architecture", which was conducted as a collaboration between SIAM and ASRTU on 26 & 27 February 2015. This was primarily focused on ITS in Public Bus Transportation. Nonetheless, the workshop helped to create the outline for "National Intelligent Transport System Architecture and Policy for Public Transport (Bus)", which was submitted by ASRTU and SIAM to the government In the 44th & 45th CMVR-TSC, Chairman had directed - standardization activities to be initiated on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) - Vehicle Location Tracking,

Camera A camera is an instrument used to capture and store images and videos, either digitally via an electronic image sensor, or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. As a pivotal technology in the fields of photograp ...

Surveillance System and Emergency Request Button. The committee intended to extend the above user requirements to all public transportation namely –buses, taxis, etc. The current document covers the requirements for Vehicle Location Tracking and Emergency Button. The other ITS components like PIS, CCTV system, Fare collection etc. are deliberated and would be addressed in later phase and could be added as separate parts to the current document. Based on these directions, the AISC Panel on ITS has prepared this AIS-140 titled,"

Intelligent Transportation Systems An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application that aims to provide services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 's ...

(ITS) - Requirements for

Public Transport Public transport (also known as public transit, mass transit, or simply transit) are forms of transport available to the general public. It typically uses a fixed schedule, route and charges a fixed fare. There is no rigid definition of whic ...

Vehicle Operation". The panel also deliberated and identified the necessary elements for an effective implementation of vehicle level ITS system. For AIS-140 Devices, in

, connectivity to report location, and Emergency Panic Button signal is though wireless cellular connectivity. There are device focused Cellular Connectivity Offerings like 'eSIM4Things' available in India, which cater to connectivity requirements of AIS-140 devices. eSIM4Things is fully compatible with all AIS-140 devices and with a connectivity manager and a range of tariff plans.

Driverless Technology in India

While there is controversy on possibility of driverless cars in India, many startups are working on this technology. In Auto Expo 2018, Hi Tech Robotic Systemz launched an artificial intelligence-based driver behaviour sensor technology called Novus Aware in partnership with Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (DICV).

Performance-linked incentives scheme for future tech

Automotive sector is part of 13 sectors that GoI has introduced Rs 1.97 lakh cr (US$28 b) '' performance-linked incentives (PLI)'' schemes for five years in 2021-22 budget. In Sept 2021, to boost the automotive industry with the newer and green technology the

(GoI) launched 3 PLI schemes, a Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) scheme for production of

electric vehicle An electric vehicle (EV) is a motor vehicle whose propulsion is powered fully or mostly by electricity. EVs encompass a wide range of transportation modes, including road vehicle, road and rail vehicles, electric boats and Submersible, submer ...

s and hydrogen fuel vehicles (PEVHV), the Rs 18,000 crore (US$2.5 b) ''"Advanced Chemistry Cell"'' (ACC) scheme for new generation advance storage technologies which are useful for the electric vehicles, and Rs 10,000 crore (US$1.4 b) ''"Faster Adaption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles"'' (FAME) scheme to go green by expediting production of more electronic vehicles and replacement of other types of existing vehicles with the greener vehicles. The Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) PLI scheme to boost automotive sector to boost the production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles will also generate 750,000 direct jobs in auto sector. These schemes will reduce pollution, climate change, carbon footprint, reduce oil and fuel import bill through domestic alternative substitution, boost job creation and economy.India doesn’t need speed breakers. Modi govt right to help automobile, telecom
The Print, 17 September 2021. Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers welcomed this as it will enhance the competitiveness and boost growth.Cabinet Clears ₹ 26,000 Crore Scheme For Auto Sector To Boost Production
NDTV, September 15, 2021.

References

Bibliography

* Black, Anthony, et al. "The political economy of automotive industry development policy in middle income countries: A comparative analysis of Egypt, India, South Africa and Turkey." (2020)
online
* Dhawan, Rajat, et al. "The auto component industry in India: Preparing for the future." (McKinsey & Company, (Sep 2018)
online
* * Haneesh, Gaddipati Raama, and Abhishek Venkteshwar. "The Impact of Covid-19 on the Automotive Industry in India." ''International Journal of Management'' (IJM) 12.4 (2021)
online
* Kamala, T.N. & Doreswamy, A.G. (2007)
''Strategies for Enhancing Competitiveness of Indian Auto Component Industries''
. Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode. * * Remesh, Babu P. "Re-reading the ‘Auto-revolution’in India with a Labour Lens: Shifting Roles and Positions of State, Industry and Workers." in ''Changing Contexts and Shifting Roles of the Indian State'' (Springer, Singapore, 2019) pp. 175–189. * Rengamani, J. "A Study On The Factors Influencing The Job Stress Of Production Engineers In The Automobile Companies In Chennai." ''International Journal of Mechanical and ProductionEngineering Research and Development'' (IJMPERD) 8#5 (2018) pp. 427–43
online
* Saha, Priya, And Aruna Sharma. "Creating Value Through Customer Relationship Management In The Automotive Industry In India." ''CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management'' 11.9 (2020). * Shrestha, Shahadave. "Supplier development in Indian auto industry: Case of Maruti Suzuki India Limited." ''The Bulletin of the Graduate School, Soka University'' 39 (2019): 1-15
online
* Sureshkrishna, G., and D. Simanchala. "Occupational stress and job satisfaction: A Study of Automotive Industry in India." ''International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology'' (IJMET) 9.2 (2018): 690-97. * * Uppal, Nishant. "CEO narcissism, CEO duality, TMT agreeableness and firm performance: An empirical investigation in auto industry in India." ''European Business Review'' (2020)
online

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Automobile Industry In India

History

1947–1970

The 1952 Tariff Commission

1970 to 1983

1984 to 1992

Post-1992 liberalisation

Slow export growth

Emission norms

Local manufacture encouraged

Sub-4-metre rule

Manufacturing facilities

Andhra Pradesh

Gujarat

Haryana

Himachal Pradesh

Jharkhand

Karnataka

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

Telangana

Uttar Pradesh

Uttarakhand

West Bengal

Exports

Top 10 export destinations

Passenger vehicle manufacturers in India

Indian brands

Models currently manufactured by Indian brands

Defunct Indian brands

Joint-venture (JV) brands

Foreign-owned brands

Vehicles currently manufactured in India

Foreign-owned makes that were officially marketed in India after 1991

Statistics

Auto companies

Indian brands

Joint-venture (JV) brands

Foreign-owned brands

Defunct commercial vehicle manufacturers of India

Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle (xEV) industry

Electric vehicle manufacturers in India

Growth initiatives

Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) and standards

Driverless Technology in India

Performance-linked incentives scheme for future tech

See also

References

Bibliography

External links