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Quassin
Quassin is a white, bitter, crystalline substance that is the prototypical example of the family of quassinoids. It can be extracted from the quassia tree, from which it gets its name. It was first isolated in 1937, and its chemical structure was elucidated in 1961. It is one of the most bitter substances found in nature, with a bitter threshold of 0.08 ppm and it is 50 times more bitter than quinine.Scientific Committee on FooOpinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on quassin (expressed on 2 July 2002). SCF/CS/FLAV/FLAVOUR/29 Final Extracts of the bitterwood tree (''Quassia amara'') containing quassin are used as additives in soft drinks. Although its skeleton possesses 20 carbon atoms, quassin is not a diterpene but rather a triterpene lactone Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters. They are derived from the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids by esterification. They can be saturated or unsaturated. Lactones are formed by lactonization, the intramolecular esterifica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quassinoids
Quassinoids are degraded triterpene lactones (similar to limonoids) of the Simaroubaceae plant family grouped into C-18, C-19, C-20, C-22 and C-25 types. The prototypical member of the group, quassin, was first described in the 19th century from plants of the genus ''Quassia'' from which it gets its name. It was isolated in 1937, and its structure elucidated in 1961. Sources More than 200 currently-known quassinoids have been isolated and identified from various species of simaroubaceae family. Quassinoids can also be extracted from various Simaroubaceae family species such as; '' Ailanthus excelsa'', ''Ailanthus vilmoriniana'', (the fruits of) '' Brucea javanica'', '' Hannoa klaineana'', '' Pierreodendron kerstingii'', '' Quassia africana'', '' Quassia amara'', (the wood of ) '' Picrasma ailanthoides'', '' Picrasma javanica'', '' Picrolemma pseudocoffea'', '' Simaba guianensis'', and '' Simaruba glauca''. They are found in species from American and West African genera (belong ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quassinoid
Quassinoids are degraded triterpene lactones (similar to limonoids) of the Simaroubaceae plant family grouped into C-18, C-19, C-20, C-22 and C-25 types. The prototypical member of the group, quassin, was first described in the 19th century from plants of the genus ''Quassia'' from which it gets its name. It was isolated in 1937, and its structure elucidated in 1961. Sources More than 200 currently-known quassinoids have been isolated and identified from various species of simaroubaceae family. Quassinoids can also be extracted from various Simaroubaceae family species such as; ''Ailanthus excelsa'', ''Ailanthus vilmoriniana'', (the fruits of) '' Brucea javanica'', '' Hannoa klaineana'', ''Pierreodendron kerstingii'', ''Quassia africana'', ''Quassia amara'', (the wood of ) '' Picrasma ailanthoides'', '' Picrasma javanica'', '' Picrolemma pseudocoffea'', ''Simaba guianensis'', and '' Simaruba glauca''. They are found in species from American and West African genera (belonging ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quassia Amara
''Quassia amara'', also known as amargo, bitter-ash, bitterwood, or hombre grande (spanish language, spanish for ''big man'') is a species in the genus ''Quassia'', with some botanists treating it as the sole species in the genus. The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus who named it after the first botanist to describe it: the Surinamese freedman Graman Quassi. ''Q. amara'' is used as insecticide, in traditional medicine and as additive in the food industry. Name, image, harvested organ ''Quassia'' (genus) ''amara'' (species) is an attractive small evergreen shrub or tree from the tropics and belongs to the family ''Simaroubaceae''. ''Q. amara'' was named after Graman Quassi, a healer and botanist who showed Europeans the plant's fever treating uses. The name "amara" means "bitter" in Latin and describes its very bitter taste. ''Q. amara'' contains more than thirty phytochemicals with biological activities in its tissues including the very bitter compound Quassinoid, quassin. There ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quassia
''Quassia'' ( or ) is a plant genus in the family Simaroubaceae. Its size is disputed; some botanists treat it as consisting of only one species, '' Quassia amara'' from tropical South America, while others treat it in a wide circumscription as a pantropical genus containing up to 40 species of trees and shrubs. Taxonomy The genus was first published in Carl Linnaeus's book ''Species Plantarum'' ed. 2. on page 553 in 1762. The genus was named after a former slave from Suriname, Graman Quassi in the eighteenth century. He discovered the medicinal properties of the bark of '' Quassia amara''. In 1962, Dutch botanist Hans Peter Nooteboom (1934–2022) had taken a very broad view of the genus ''Quassia'' and included therein various genera including, ''Hannoa'' , '' Odyendyea'' , '' Pierreodendron'' , '' Samadera'' , '' Simaba'' and '' Simarouba'' . Then in 2007, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses was carried out on members of the Simaroubaceae family. It found that ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quinine
Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis. This includes the treatment of malaria due to ''Plasmodium falciparum'' that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available. While sometimes used for nocturnal leg cramps, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects. It can be taken by mouth or intravenously. Malaria resistance to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world. Quinine is also used as an ingredient in tonic water and other beverages to impart a bitter taste. Common side effects include headache, tinnitus, ringing in the ears, vision issues, and sweating. More severe side effects include deafness, thrombocytopenia, low blood platelets, and an irregular heartbeat. Use can make one more prone to sunburn. While it is unclear if use during pregnancy carries potential for fetal harm, treating malaria during pregnancy with quinine when appropriate is still recommended. Quinine is an alkaloid, a natural ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soft Drink
A soft drink (see #Terminology, § Terminology for other names) is a class of non-alcoholic drink, usually (but not necessarily) Carbonated water, carbonated, and typically including added Sweetness, sweetener. Flavors used to be Natural flavor, natural, but now can also be Artificial Flavoring, artificial. The sweetener may be a sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, a sugar substitute (in the case of diet sodas), or some combination of these. Soft drinks may also contain caffeine, Food coloring, colorings, preservatives and other ingredients. Coffee, tea, milk, cocoa, and unaltered fruit and vegetable juices are not considered soft drinks. Soft drinks are called "soft" in contrast with "hard" alcoholic beverages, alcoholic drinks. Small amounts of alcohol (drug), alcohol may be present in a soft drink, but the Alcohol by volume, alcohol content must be less than 0.5% of the total volume of the drink in many countries and localities See §7.71, paragraphs (e) and (f). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diterpene
Diterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C20H32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate. Diterpenes form the basis for biologically important Chemical compound, compounds such as retinol, retinal, and phytol. Some diterpenes are known to be antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. Structures As with most terpenes a huge number of potential structures exists, which may be broadly divided according to the number of rings present. Biosynthesis Diterpenes are derived from the addition of one Isopentenyl pyrophosphate, IPP unit to Farnesyl pyrophosphate, FPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). From GGPP, structural diversity is achieved mainly by two classes of enzymes; the diterpene synthases and Cytochrome P450, cytochromes P450. Several diterpenes are produced by plants and cyanobacteria. GGPP is also t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triterpene
Triterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of six isoprene units with the molecular formula C30H48; they may also be thought of as consisting of three terpene units. Animals, plants and fungi all produce triterpenes, including squalene, the precursor to all steroids. Structures Triterpenes exist in a great variety of structures. Nearly 200 different skeletons have been identified. These skeletons may be broadly divided according to the number of rings present. In general pentacyclic structures (5 rings) tend to dominate. Squalene is biosynthesized through the head-to-head condensation of two farnesyl pyrophosphate units. This coupling converts a pair of C15 components into a C30 product. Squalene serves as precursor for the formation of many triterpenoids, including bacterial hopanoids and eukaryotic sterols. Triterpenoids By definition triterpenoids are triterpenes that possess heteroatoms, usually oxygen. The terms ''triterpene'' and ''triterpenoid'' often are used i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactone
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters. They are derived from the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids by esterification. They can be saturated or unsaturated. Lactones are formed by lactonization, the intramolecular esterification of the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids. Nomenclature Greek alphabet#Letters, Greek prefixes in alphabetical order indicate ring size. Lactones are usually named according to the precursor acid molecule (''aceto'' = 2 carbon atoms, ''propio'' = 3, ''butyro'' = 4, ''valero'' = 5, ''capro'' = 6, etc.), with a ''-lactone'' suffix and a Greek letter prefix that specifies the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycle — that is, the distance between the relevant -OH and the -COOH groups along said backbone. The first carbon atom after the carbon in the -COOH group on the parent compound is labelled α, the second will be labeled β, and so forth. Therefore, the prefixes also indicate the size of the lactone ring: α-lactone = 3-membered ring, β-lac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
InChI
The International Chemical Identifier (InChI, pronounced ) is a textual identifier for chemical substances, designed to provide a standard way to encode molecular information and to facilitate the search for such information in databases and on the web. Initially developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) from 2000 to 2005, the format and algorithms are non-proprietary. Since May 2009, it has been developed by the InChI Trust, a nonprofit charity from the United Kingdom which works to implement and promote the use of InChI. The identifiers describe chemical substances in terms of ''layers'' of information — the atoms and their bond connectivity, tautomeric information, isotope information, stereochemistry, and electronic charge information. Not all layers have to be provided; for instance, the tautomer layer can be omitted if that type of information is not relevant to the particular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bitter Compounds
Bitter may refer to: Common uses * Resentment, negative emotion or attitude, similar to being jaded, cynical or otherwise negatively affected by experience * Bitter (taste), one of the five basic tastes Books * '' Bitter (novel)'', a 2022 novel by Akwaeke Emezi. Food and drink * Bitter (beer), a British term for pale ale * Bitters, an herbal preparation with bitter flavour now used mostly in cocktails * A category of plants with bitter flavour, many dark leafy greens Music Albums * ''Bitter'' (Jupiter Apple album), 2007 * ''Bitter'' (Meshell Ndegeocello album), 1999 Songs * "Bitter" (Fletcher song) (2020) * "Bitter", by Lit from '' Tripping the Light Fantastic'', 1997 * "Bitter", by Reks from '' More Grey Hairs'' * "Bitter", by Remy Zero from ''The Golden Hum'' * "Bitter", by Freya Ridings from ''Blood Orange'', 2023 * "Bitter", by Shihad * "Bitter", by Jill Sobule from '' Happy Town'', 1997 * "Bitter", by The Vamps from ''Cherry Blossom'' Other uses * Bitter (surname) (i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
