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Yanomaman Languages
Yanomaman, also as Yanomam, Yanomáman, Yamomámi, and Yanomamana (also Shamatari, Shirianan), is a family of languages spoken by about 20,000 Yanomami, Yanomami people in southern Venezuela and northwestern Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas State, Brazil, Amazonas). Subdivision Ferreira et al. (2019) Ferreira, Machado & Senra (2019) divide the Yanomaman family into two branches, with six languages in total. * Yanomaman ** Ninam-Yanomam-Yaroamë *** ''Nimam'' **** Ninam language, Ninam (also known as Yanami, Yanami-Ninami) - 900 speakers in Venezuela and Brazil *** ''Yanomam-Yaroamë'' **** Waiká language, Yanomám (also known as Waiká) - 6,000 speakers mainly in Brazil **** Yanomamö language, Yanomamö (also known as Yanomame, Yanomami) - 20,000 speakers mainly in Venezuela **** Yaroamë language, Yaroamë (also known as Jawari) - 400 speakers in Brazil **** Yãnoma language, Yãnoma - 178 speakers in Brazil ** Sanumá *** Sanumá language, Sanumá (also known as Tsanuma, Sanima) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yąnomamö
The Yanomami, also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama, are a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil. Etymology The ethnonym ''Yanomami'' was produced by anthropologists based on the word , which, in the expression , signifies "human beings." This expression is opposed to the categories (game animals) and (invisible or nameless beings), but also (enemy, stranger, non-indigenous). According to ethnologist Jacques Lizot: ''Yanomamö'' and ''Yanomama'' are variant spellings. Supporters of the work on the tribe of anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon usually use ''Yanomamö''. Those who oppose his work or are neutral usually use ''Yanomami'' or ''Yanomama''. History The first report of the Yanomami is from 1654, when a Spanish expedition under Apolinar Diaz de la Fuente visited some Ye'kuana people living on the Padamo River. Diaz wrote: From approximately 1630 to 17 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guahibo Languages
Guajiboan (also Guahiban, Wahívoan, Guahiboan) is a language family spoken in the Orinoco River region in eastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela, a savanna region known as the Llanos. Family division Guajiboan consists of 5 languages: * Guajiboan ** Macaguane (also known as Hitnü, Macaguán, Makawane, Agualinda, Agualinda Guahibo, Támude) ** Southwest Guajiboan *** Guayabero (also known as Cunimía, Mítiwa, Mitúa, Mitu, Hiw, Jiw, Wayavero, Guaviare) *** Churuya (also known as Bisanigua, Guaigua) ''(†)'' ** Central Guajiboan *** Guajibo (also known as Guahibo, Sikuani, Sicuani, Chiricoa, Hiwi, Jiwi, Jivi, Wahivo, Wahibo, Guaybo, Goahibo, Guaigua, Guayba, Goahiva) **** Waü (west) **** Newütjü (also known as Tigrero) **** Parawá (east) **** Hamorúa (also known as Amorúa, Jamorúa) **** Dome (also known as Playero, Cajaro) *** Cuiva (also known as Wamonae, Cuiba, Kuiba, Deja, Cuiba-Wámonae) **** Pimenepiwi (Meta river) **** Aitopiwi (Ariporo river) **** Yara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arawa Languages
Arawan (also Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán, Arawa, Arauán) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil ( Amazonas, Acre) and Peru ( Ucayali). Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chapakura-Wañam, Jivaro, Kwaza, Maku, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Yanomami, Arawak, Nadahup, Puinave-Kak, and Tupi language families due to contact. Family division Arauan consists of half a dozen languages: * Arawá * Kulina * Deni * Jamamadi * Paumari * Suruwahá Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília. ( = extinct) *Arawa **'' Suruwaha'' **Madi-Deni-Paumari ***'' Paumari'' ***'' Deni'', '' Kulina'' ***Madi-Arawa ****'' Arawa'' ****Madi *****'' Banawa'' *****''Jamamadi'' *****'' Jarawara'' Dienst (2010) Internal classification by Dienst (2010): *Arawan **'' Arawa' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tupi Languages
The Tupí or Tupinambá languages (also known as Tupi–Guarani III) are a subgroup of the Tupi–Guarani language family.Dietrich, Wolf. O tronco tupi e as suas famílias de línguas. Classificação e esboço tipológico. In: NOLL, Volker. ''O Português e o Tupi no Brasil''. São Paulo: Editora Contexto, 2010. Languages The Tupi languages are:Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna, and Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral (2012). "Tupían". In Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds)''The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide'' Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. *Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect Tupí Austral) *Tupinambá (dialects: Nheengatu Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára) * Cocama–Omagua Omagua or low jungle (''selva baja'' or partially '' tierra caliente'') is one of the eightPulgar Vidal, Javier: Geografía del Perú; Las Ocho Regiones Naturales del Perú. Edit. Universo S.A., Lima 1979. First Edition (his dissertation of 1940): ... * Tupinikin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puinave-Kak Languages
The Nadahup languages, also known as Makú (Macú) or ''Vaupés–Japurá'', form a small language family in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. The name '' Makú'' is pejorative, being derived from an Arawakan word meaning "without speech". ''Nadahup'' is an acronym of the constituent languages. The Nadahup family should not be confused with several other languages which go by the name '' Makú''. There are proposals linking this unclassified language with Nadahup, but also with other languages. External relationships Martins (2005: 342–370) groups the Arawakan and Nadahup languages together as part of a proposed Makúan-Arawakan (Nadahup-Arawakan) family, but this proposal has been rejected by Aikhenvald (2006: 237). Epps and Bolaños (2017) accept the unity of the four Nadahup languages, but do not consider Puinave to be related. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Guahibo, and Tupi language families due to contact. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Katukina-Katawixi Languages
Katukinan (Catuquinan) is a language family consisting of two languages in Brazil, Katukina-Kanamarí and the perhaps moribund Katawixi. It is often not clear which names in the literature, which are generally tribal names and often correspond to dialects, refer to distinct languages. Indeed, they are close enough that some consider them all to be dialects of a single language, Kanamari (Fabre 2005). Campbell (2012) note that Adelaar "presents reasonably persuasive evidence that Harákmbut and Katukinan are genetically related." Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Jivaro, Máku (Jukude), Mura-Matanawi, Puinave-Nadahup, Taruma, Tupi, Yanomami, and Arawak language families due to contact. This suggests that Katukinan and the language families with which it was in contact with had been earlier spoken within a central Amazon interaction sphere. Classification Many ethnic Katukina had shifted to other languages by the time of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taruma Language
Taruma (''Taruamá'') is a nearly extinct, divergent language of northeastern South America. It has been reported to be extinct several times since as far back as 1770, but Eithne Carlin discovered the last three speakers living in Maruranau among the Wapishana, and is documenting the language. The people and language are known as ''Saluma'' in Suriname. Classification Taruma is unclassified.Carlin 2011 (p. 11 12) It has been proposed to be distantly related to Katembri (Kaufman 1990), but this relationship has not been repeated in recent surveys of South American languages (Campbell 2012). History Taruma was spoken around the mouth of the Rio Negro during the late 1600s, but the speakers later moved to southern Guyana. In the 1940s, the Taruma tribe were reported to no longer exist as a distinct group. However, their presence has recently been confirmed in the Wapishana village of Marunarau, where they are recognized as a distinct tribe. Only one of the three knows ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irantxe Language
Irántxe (''Irántxe, Iranxe, Iranshe'') , also known as Mỹky (''Münkü'') or still as Irántxe-Münkü, is an indigenous language spoken by the Irántxe (''Iránxe, Iranche, Manoki, Munku'') and Mỹky (''Mynky, Münkü, Munku, Menku, Kenku, Myy'') peoples in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. Recent descriptions of the language analyze it as a language isolate, in that it "bears no similarity with other language families" (Arruda 2003). Monserrat (2010) is a well-reviewed grammar of the language. Vitality and dialects According to the UNESCObr>Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Irántxe-Mỹky is currently not thriving. While the Mỹky dialect is considered "vulnerable", the Irántxe variety is deemed "considerably endangered", with only 10 fluent speakers out of the 356 ethnic Irántxe-Mỹky in the 2006 report. As of 2011, the 280 Irántxe have largely assimilated to Brazilian culture. Most are monolingual in Portuguese, and the remaining Irántxe speakers are ove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panoan Languages
Panoan (also Pánoan, Panoano, Panoana, Páno) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil, eastern Peru, and northern Bolivia. It is possibly a branch of a larger Pano–Tacanan family. Genetic relations The Panoan family is generally believed to be related to the Tacanan family, forming with it Pano–Tacanan, though this has not yet been established (Loos 1999). Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua languages, Kechua, Mapudungun languages, Mapudungun, Moseten-Tsimane languages, Moseten-Tsimane, Tukano languages, Tukano, Uru-Chipaya languages, Uru-Chipaya, Harakmbet languages, Harakmbet, Arawak languages, Arawak, Kandoshi language, Kandoshi, and Pukina language, Pukina language families due to contact. Languages There are some 18 extant and 14 extinct Panoan languages.Fleck, David. 2013. Panoan Languages and Linguistics'. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 99. In the list of Panoan langua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macro-Chibchan Languages
Macro-Chibchan is a proposed grouping of the languages of the Lencan languages, Lencan, Misumalpan languages, Misumalpan, and Chibchan languages, Chibchan families into a single large phylum (macrofamily). History The Lencan and Misumalpan languages were once included in the Chibchan languages, Chibchan family proper, but were excluded pending further evidence as that family became well established. Kaufman (1990) finds the Chibchan–Misumalpan connection convincing, if as yet unsubstantiated, though Campbell (1997) finds it doubtful. The Xincan languages, Xincan family was once included in Macro-Chibchan, but this is now doubtful. Constenla (2005) calls this proposed phylum ''Lenmichí'' (Lencan–Misumalpan–Chibchan) and provides 85 cognate sets which exhibit regular sound correspondences among the three families. He suggests that Choco languages, Chocoan may be related as well. Greenberg proposed a broader conception of Macro-Chibchan, one dismissed by linguists working o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Greenberg
Joseph Harold Greenberg (May 28, 1915 – May 7, 2001) was an American linguist, known mainly for his work concerning linguistic typology and the genetic classification of languages. Life Early life and education Joseph Greenberg was born on May 28, 1915, to Jewish parents in Brooklyn, New York. His first great interest was music. At the age of 14, he gave a piano concert in Steinway Hall. He continued to play the piano frequently throughout his life. After graduating from James Madison High School, he decided to pursue a scholarly career rather than a musical one. He enrolled at Columbia College in New York in 1932. During his senior year, he attended a class taught by Franz Boas concerning American Indian languages. He graduated in 1936 with a bachelor's degree. With references from Boas and Ruth Benedict, he was accepted as a graduate student by Melville J. Herskovits at Northwestern University in Chicago and graduated in 1940 with a doctorate degree. During the cours ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
