Arawan (also Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán, Arawa, Arauán) is a family of languages spoken in western

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

( Amazonas,

Acre The acre ( ) is a Unit of measurement, unit of land area used in the Imperial units, British imperial and the United States customary units#Area, United States customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one Chain (unit), ch ...

) and

Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...

( Ucayali).

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chapakura-Wañam, Jivaro, Kwaza, Maku, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma,

Yanomami The Yanomami, also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama, are a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people of the Americas, indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil. ...

Arawak The Arawak are a group of Indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. The term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to different Indigenous groups, from the Lokono of South America to the Taíno (Island Arawaks), w ...

, Nadahup, Puinave-Kak, and Tupi language families due to contact.

Family division

Arauan consists of half a dozen languages: * Arawá * Kulina * Deni *

Jamamadi The Jamamadí, also called the Yamamadi, Kanamanti, Jeoromitxi, Kapaná, and Kapinamari, are an indigenous people who live in Acre and Amazonas, Brazil. They speak the Jamamadi language, part of the Arawá language family. Their territory is b ...

* Paumari * Suruwahá

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016.
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
'. Ph.D. dissertation,

University of Brasília A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Uni ...

. ( = extinct) *Arawa **'' Suruwaha'' **Madi-Deni-Paumari ***'' Paumari'' ***'' Deni'', '' Kulina'' ***Madi-Arawa ****'' Arawa'' ****Madi *****'' Banawa'' *****''

'' *****'' Jarawara''

Dienst (2010)

Internal classification by Dienst (2010): *Arawan **'' Arawa'' **'' Paumari'' **'' Suruwahá'' **Madi-Madihá ***Madi ****''Eastern

'' ****'' Banawá'' ****'' Jarawara'' ***Madihá ****'' Kulina'' ****''Western Jamamadi'' ****'' Deni''

Mason (1950)

Arauá internal classification by Mason (1950): *Arauá **Arauá **Culino ***Culina ***Curia ***Curiana ***Culiña **Pama ***Pama ***Pamana **Yamamadí ***Yamamadí: Capaná, Capinamari, Colo ***Purupurú: Paumarí (Pammarí) ***Yuberi **Madihá **Sewacu **Sipó

Other varieties

* Himarimã - presumed language spoken by the Himarimã people along the Piranha River between the

Juruá River The Juruá River ( ; ) is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River. The Juruá emerges from highlands in east-central Peru, then winds its way through lowlands in Brazil, sharing with this the bottom of the immense in ...

and

Purus River The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park a ...

. Per Suruwahá and Banawá testimonies, it is believed to be Arawan. Unattested varieties listed by Loukotka (1968): *Purupurú - extinct language spoken in the same region on the lower course of the

. (Unattested) *Uainamari / Wainamarí - extinct language spoken on the Inauini River, a tributary of the upper

. (Unattested) *Uatanari / Watanarí - once spoken on the Ituxi River and Sepatini River in the same region; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested) *Sewacu - once spoken on the Pauini River, now on the left bank of the

on the opposite side of the mouth of the Sepatini River. (Unattested) *Pamana - once spoken on the Ituxi River and Mucuim River near Lake Agaam, the same region; now probably extinct. (Unattested) *Amamati - extinct language once spoken on the Mucuim River north of the Pamana tribe. (Unattested) *Yuberí / Xubiri - once spoken on the middle course of the

on the opposite side of the mouth of the Mamoriá River and around Lake Abunini, now on the lower course of the Tapauá River, the same region. (Unattested) *Sipó / Cipo - extinct language once spoken north of the Yuberi tribe on the Tapaua River. (Unattested) * Curina / Kurina / Kólö - language spoken in two regions; first, on the right bank of the

, along the Marari River and on the upper course of the Tapauá River; second, on the

Eiru River Eiru River is a river of Amazonas state in northwestern Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country ...

and Gregório River and on the left bank of the Muru River, territory of Acre, Brazil. *Madiha - spoken on the

near Bom Jardim, Amazonas. *Catiana - extinct language once spoken on the Iaco River, Acre. (Unattested)

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. :

Proto-language

Below are selected Proto-Arawá (Proto-Arawan) reconstructions of flora and fauna names by Dixon (2004):Dixon, R. M. W. 2004. Proto-Arawá Phonology. ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 46: 1-83.

Flora

Fauna

Mammals

Birds

Fish

Other animals

Bibliography

* Buller, Barbara; Buller, Ernest; & Everett, Daniel L. (1993). Stress placement, syllable structure, and minimality in Banawá. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''59'' (1), 280-293. * Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . * Dixon, R. M. W. (2001). Internal reconstruction of tense-modal suffixes in Jarawara. ''Diachronica'', ''18'', 3-30. * Dixon, R. M. W. (2004a). ''The Jarawara language of southern Amazonia''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . * Dixon, R. M. W. (2004b). Proto-Arawá phonology. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''46'', 1–83. * Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. . * Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. ;Lexicons *Chapman, Sh.; Salzer, M. (1998). Dicionário bilíngue nas línguas paumarí e portuguesa. Porto Velho: Sociedade Internacional de Lingüística. *Koop, G.; Koop, L. (1985). Dicionário Dení Português (com introdução gramatical). Porto Velho: Summer Institute of Linguistics. *Ssila, A. O.; Monserrat, R. M. F. (1984). Dicionário kulina-português e português-kulina (dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo). Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário. *Suzuki, M. (2002). Dicionário suruwahá-português and vocabulário português- suruwahá. Hawaii: University of the Nations. *Vogel, A. R. (2005). Dicionário Jarawara - Português. Cuiabá: SIL.

References

External links

Sub-tronco Arawán
{{authority control Language families Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia Languages of Brazil Languages of Peru Macro-Arawakan languages