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Stalingrad (1993 Film)
''Stalingrad'' is a 1993 German anti-war film directed by Joseph Vilsmaier. It follows a platoon of German Army soldiers transferred to the Eastern Front of World War II, where they find themselves fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad. The film is the second German movie to portray the Battle of Stalingrad. It was preceded by the 1959 '' Hunde, wollt ihr ewig leben'' (''Stalingrad: Dogs, Do You Want to Live Forever?''). Plot In August 1942, German soldiers enjoy leave in Cervo, Liguria, Italy, after fighting at the First Battle of El Alamein, where ''Unteroffizier'' Manfred "Rollo" Rohleder and ''Obergefreiter'' Fritz Reiser are introduced to ''Leutnant'' Hans von Witzland, their new platoon commander. Their unit is promptly sent to the Eastern Front to fight in the Battle of Stalingrad. Witzland's platoon joins a company commanded by ''Hauptmann'' Hermann Musk. Musk leads an assault on a factory, which results in heavy casualties. Witzland's platoon is surrounded in a decrep ...
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Joseph Vilsmaier
Joseph Vilsmaier (, 24 January 1939 – 11 February 2020) was a German film director who began his career as a technician and cameraman. He is internationally known for films such as ''Comedian Harmonists (film), Comedian Harmonists''. Life Born in Munich. Vilsmaier attended a boarding school near Augsburg. He then trained as a technician to make film cameras, and studied piano at the Musikhochschule München. He was a member of a jazz group. After working as a technician, he moved into film, first as a material and camera assistant, then from 1961 as a cameraman. He filmed episodes of television series such as ''Tatort''. His debut film as director, ''Herbstmilch (film), Herbstmilch'' in 1988, starring his wife, Dana Vávrová, was a huge success. In 1995, he directed ''Brother of Sleep, Schlafes Bruder'', after Schlafes Bruder, the novel by Robert Schneider (writer), Robert Schneider. In 1997, he directed ''Comedian Harmonists (film), Comedian Harmonists'' which became an int ...
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Cervo, Liguria
Cervo () is a small, ancient town and ''comune'', built on top of a hill along the Italian Riviera in the province of Imperia. It has approximately 1,200 inhabitants. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). Overview The settlement began as a Roman mansion along the Via Julia Augusta. Slowly expanding, it became, in medieval times, a fief of the Clavesana marquis, who was a subject of the Republic of Genoa, to which Cervo had always been faithful. The present character of Cervo dates from these times: 16th-century towers and ramparts still protect the village. One of its main attractions is the fine baroque church of St. John the Baptist, overlooking the sea. The Romanesque architecture, Romanesque Oratorio di Catherine of Alexandria, Santa Caterina contain 18th-century frescoes. The medieval Clavesana stronghold hosts the Museo Etnografico del Ponente Ligure, Ethnographic Museum of Western Liguria and the Palazzo Viale-Citati. Inhabi ...
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Trench Foot
Trench foot, also known by #Names, other names, is a type of immersion foot syndromes, foot damage due to moisture. Initial symptoms often include tingling or itching which can progress to numbness. The feet may become erythema, red or cyanosis, bluish in color. As the condition worsens the feet can start to swell and smell of decay. Complications may include skin breakdown or infection. Trench foot occurs due to prolonged exposure of the feet to cold, damp, and often unsanitary conditions. Unlike frostbite, trench foot usually occurs at temperatures above freezing, and can be classed as a form of non-freezing cold injury. Onset can be as rapid as 10 hours. Risk factors include overly tight boots and not moving. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve vasoconstriction, constriction of blood vessels resulting in insufficient blood flow to the feet. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and physical examination, examination. Prevention involves keeping the feet warm, dry, and c ...
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Pitomnik Airfield
The Pitomnik airfield (, lit. plant nursery) was an airfield in Russia. During the Second World War, it was the primary of seven airfields used by the Nazi Germany, German Wehrmacht during the Battle of Stalingrad. Flights originating from Pitomnik generally had two main initial destinations outside the pocket, Tatsinskaya Airfield, Tatsinskaya and Morozovskaya. Overview Pitomnik was captured by the German 6th Army (Wehrmacht), 6th Army when it linked up there with the 4th Panzer Army on 3 September 1942. The airfield at Pitomnik was one of seven airfields within the Stalingrad Pocket Operation Uranus, after the 6th Army was encircled and the only one properly equipped to handle large amounts of air traffic. The field was equipped with lights for night operation. Ordered to the "cauldron" by Friedrich Paulus, Wilhelm Adam flew from Morozovsk airstrip to Pitomnik on 12 Dec. 1942. After his Heinkel He 111, He 111 landed, Adam noted, "The place was overflowing with crashed airc ...
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Sixth Army (Wehrmacht)
The 6th Army () was a field army of the German Army during World War II. It is widely known for its defeat by and subsequent surrender to the Red Army at the Battle of Stalingrad on 2 February 1943. It committed war crimes at Babi Yar while under the command of Field Marshal Walther von Reichenau during Operation Barbarossa. The 6th Army was reformed in March 1943, and participated in fighting in Ukraine and later Romania, before being almost completely destroyed in the Second Jassy-Kishinev Offensive in August 1944. Following this it would fight in Hungary, attempting to relieve Budapest, and subsequently retreating into Austria in the Spring of 1945. 6th Army surrendered to US Army forces on 9 May 1945. Western campaigns The 6th Army was formed on 10 October 1939 with General Walther von Reichenau in command through the redesignation of the 10th Army that had fought during the Invasion of Poland. During the invasion of the Low Countries the 6th Army saw active service lin ...
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Operation Uranus
Operation Uranus () was a Soviet 19–23 November 1942 strategic operation on the Eastern Front of World War II which led to the encirclement of Axis forces in the vicinity of Stalingrad: the German Sixth Army, the Third and Fourth Romanian armies, and portions of the German Fourth Panzer Army. The Red Army carried out the operation at roughly the midpoint of the five-month long Battle of Stalingrad, aiming to destroy German forces in and around Stalingrad. Planning for Operation Uranus had commenced in September 1942, and developed simultaneously with plans to envelop and destroy German Army Group Center ( Operation Mars) and German forces in the Caucasus. Due to the length of the front lines created by the German 1942 summer offensive, which had aimed at taking the Caucasus oil fields and the city of Stalingrad, German and other Axis forces were over-extended. The German decision to transfer several mechanized divisions from the Soviet Union to Western Europe exa ...
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Land Mine
A land mine, or landmine, is an explosive weapon often concealed under or camouflaged on the ground, and designed to destroy or disable enemy targets as they pass over or near it. Land mines are divided into two types: anti-tank mines, which are designed to disable tanks or other vehicles; and anti-personnel mines, designed to injure or kill people. Land mines are typically pressure activated, exploding automatically when stepped on by a person or driven over by a vehicle, though alternative detonation mechanisms are sometimes used. A land mine may cause damage by direct blast effect, by fragments that are thrown by the blast, or by both. Land mines are typically laid throughout an area, creating a ''minefield'' which is dangerous to cross. The use of land mines is controversial because of their indiscriminate nature and their potential to remain dangerous many years after a conflict has ended, harming civilians and the economy. With pressure from a number of campaign gro ...
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Strafbattalion
''Strafbataillon'' ( English: "penal battalion") is the generic term for penal units that were created from prisoners during the Second World War in all branches of the ''Wehrmacht''. Soldiers, criminals and civilians sentenced to those units were generally poorly armed and required to undertake dangerous high-casualty missions. The ''Strafbataillon'' were operated and administered by the ''Feldgendarmerie'', the German military police. By 1943, the course of the war had turned against Nazi Germany. Military losses and the need to maintain discipline by example made the German High Command order that further punishment units should be formed from the thousands of ''Wehrmacht'' military prisoners that were held in its military prisons. The ''Strafbataillon'', which were under the control of the ''Feldgendarmerie'', were then used to conduct dangerous operations (sometimes akin to suicide missions) for the '' Heer'', such as clearing minefields, assaulting difficult objectives an ...
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Ceasefire
A ceasefire (also known as a truce), also spelled cease-fire (the antonym of 'open fire'), is a stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions often due to mediation by a third party. Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non-state actors. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces. They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a peace process or be imposed by United Nations Security Council resolutions via Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. A ceasefire can be temporary with an intended end date or may be intended to last indefinitely. A ceasefire is distinct from an armistice in that the armistice is a formal end to a war whereas a ceasefire may be a temporary stoppage. The immediate goal of a ceasefire is to stop violence but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited need ...
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Hauptmann
() is an officer rank in the armies of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. It is usually translated as ''captain''. Background While in contemporary German means 'main', it also has, and originally had, the meaning of 'head', i.e. ' literally translates to 'head-man', which is also the etymological root of ''captain'' (from Latin , 'head'). This rank is equivalent to the rank of captain in the British and US Armies, and is rated OF-2 in NATO. : Currently, there is no female form within the German military (such as ''Hauptfrau''): the correct form of address is "''Frau Hauptmann''." More generally, a Hauptmann can be the head of any hierarchically structured group of people, often as a compound word. For example, a is the captain of a fire brigade, while refers to the leader of a gang of robbers. Official Austrian and German titles incorporating the word include , , , and . In Saxony during the Weimar Republic, the titles of , and were held by senior civil servants. ...
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Leutnant
() is the lowest junior officer rank in the armed forces of Germany ( Bundeswehr), the Austrian Armed Forces, and the military of Switzerland. History The German noun (with the meaning "" (in English "deputy") from Middle High German «locum tenens» (in English "place holder") was derived from the French word about 1500. In most German-speaking armies it is the lowest officer rank (in German-speaking navies (English "Lieutenant at sea")). In the German Bundeswehr the ranks and belong to the rank group. In some other armed forces (such as the former National People's Army) there is the lower grade of Unterleutnant. From about 1500 until the middle of the 17th century the designation of was commonly used for any deputy to a commanding officer. So at the army level there was the appointment of (English "lieutenant-general"), at the regimental level there was that of (English "lieutenant-colonel"), and at the company level the was deputy to a (English "captain"). Wi ...
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Obergefreiter
Obergefreiter (''abbr.'' OGefr.) is an enlisted rank of the German and Swiss militaries which dates from the 19th century. In today's ''Bundeswehr'', every ''Gefreiter'' is normally promoted ''Obergefreiter'' after six months. The NATO-Code is OR-3 which would make ''Obergefreiter'' the equivalent to private / airman / seaman first class in most forces or, e.g., lance corporal in the Australian/New Zealand Forces. Like all enlisted personnel in the German ''Bundeswehr'', soldiers of this rank have no military authority over lower ranking enlisted personnel (for instance '' Schütze'' or ''Gefreiter''), except given by a higher rank. In the ''Bundeswehr'' the lower rank is ''Gefreiter'' while the next rank is '' Hauptgefreiter''. The lower rank in the Swiss Army is also ''Gefreiter'', the next rank is '' Korporal''. History The rank was only used in the German army's heavy artillery branch (''Fußartillerie'') before 1919 and commonly established with the founding of the Rei ...
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