|
Manganese(II) Perchlorate
Manganese(II) perchlorate is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula Mn(ClO4)2. It forms a white-colored anhydrous and a rose-colored hexahydrate, both of which are hygroscopic. As a perchlorate, it is a strong oxidizing agent. Production and reactions The hexahydrate can be produced by reacting manganese metal or manganese(II) carbonate with perchloric acid, followed by the evaporation of the solution. The hexahydrate does not dehydrate when heating but instead oxidizes to manganese dioxide at 150 °C. To produce the anhydrous form, manganese(II) nitrate is reacted with dichlorine hexoxide at 5 °C: :Mn(NO3)2 + 4 Cl2O6 → NO2Mn(ClO4)3 + NO2ClO4 + 4 ClO2 + O2 The resulting nitryl salt is subsequently heated at 105 °C in a vacuum to produce the anhydrous perchlorate. :NO2Mn(ClO4)3 → Mn(ClO4)2 + NO2ClO4 Structure The anhydrous form is predicted to be isostructural with cobalt(II) perchlorate, based on the IR spectrum and the Raman spectrum of the compound. The hexa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron(II) Perchlorate
Iron(II) perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula . A green, water-soluble solid, it is produced by the reaction of iron metal with dilute perchloric acid followed by evaporation of the solution: : Although the ferrous cation is a reductant and the perchlorate anion is a strong oxidant, in the absence of atmospheric oxygen, dissolved ferrous perchlorate is stable in aqueous solution because the electron transfer between both species is hindered by severe kinetic limitations. Being a weak Lewis base, the perchlorate anion is a poor ligand for the aqueous and does not contribute to the electron transfer by favoring the formation of an inner sphere complex giving rise to a possible reorganisation of the activated complex. The resulting high activation energy prohibits a thermodynamically spontaneous redox reaction (∆''G''r < 0). However, in aqueous solution, and under air, iron(II) perchlorate slowly [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cobalt(II) Perchlorate
Cobalt(II) perchlorate is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula Co(ClO4)2·''n''H2O (''n'' = 0,6). The pink anhydrous and red hexahydrate forms are both hygroscopic solids. Preparation and reactions Cobalt(II) perchlorate hexahydrate is produced by reacting cobalt metal or cobalt(II) carbonate with perchloric acid, followed by the evaporation of the solution: :CoCO3 + 2 HClO4 → Co(ClO4)2 + H2O + CO2 The anhydrous form cannot be produced from the hexahydrate by heating, as it instead decomposes to cobalt(II,III) oxide at 170 °C. Instead, anhydrous cobalt(II) perchlorate is produced from the reaction of dichlorine hexoxide and cobalt(II) chloride, followed by heating in a vacuum at 75 °C. Structure The anhydrous form consists of octahedral Co(ClO4)6 centers, with tridentate perchlorate ligands. On the other hand, the orthorhombic hexahydrate consists of isolated o(H2O)6sup>2+ octahedrons and perchlorate A perchlorate is a chemical compound containing the perchlorat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nickel(II) Perchlorate
Nickel(II) perchlorate is a collection of inorganic compounds with the chemical formula of . Its colors of these solids vary with the degree of hydration. For example, the hydrate forms cyan crystals, the pentahydrate forms green crystals, but the hexahydrate (Ni(ClO4)2·6H2O) forms blue crystals. Nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate is highly soluble in water and soluble in some polar organic solvents. Preparation Aqueous solutions of nickel(II) perchlorate can be obtained by treating nickel(II) hydroxide, nickel(II) chloride or nickel(II) carbonate with perchloric acid. :Ni(OH)2 + 2HClO4 + 4H2O → Ni(ClO4)2·6H2O Two hydrates have been characterized by X-ray crystallography: the hexahydrate and the octahydrate. Several other hydrates are mentioned including the pentahydrate, which is claimed to crystallize at room temperature, the nonahydrate, which is claimed to crystallize at −21.3 °C, a tetrahydrate, and a monohydrate. The yellow anhydrous product is obtained by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygroscopic
Hygroscopy is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules via either absorption (chemistry), absorption or adsorption from the surrounding Natural environment, environment, which is usually at normal or room temperature. If water molecules become suspended among the substance's molecules, adsorbing substances can become physically changed, e.g. changing in volume, boiling point, viscosity or some other physical characteristic or property of the substance. For example, a finely dispersed hygroscopic powder, such as a salt, may become clumpy over time due to collection of moisture from the surrounding environment. ''Deliquescent'' materials are sufficiently hygroscopic that they dissolve in the water they absorb, forming an aqueous solution. Hygroscopy is essential for many plant and animal species' attainment of hydration, nutrition, reproduction and/or seed dispersal. Biological evolution created hygroscopic solutions for water harvesting, filament tensile strength, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manganese
Manganese is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese was first isolated in the 1770s. It is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear. Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent, as a rubber additive, and in glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics. Manganese sulfate can be used as a fungicide. Manganese is also an essential human dietary element, important in macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. It is found mostly in the bones, but also the liver, kidneys, and brain. In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese metalloproteins, most notably glutamine synthetase in astrocytes. Manganese is commonly found in labo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manganese(II) Carbonate
Manganese carbonate is a compound with the chemical formula Mn CO3. Manganese carbonate occurs naturally as the mineral rhodochrosite but it is typically produced industrially. It is a pale pink, water-insoluble solid. Approximately 20,000 metric tonnes were produced in 2005. Structure and production 180px, left, Manganese carbonate crystallizes in the same dense motif as calcium carbonate. Color code: red = O, green = Mn. MnCO3 adopts a structure like calcite, consisting of manganese(II) ions in an octahedral coordination geometry. Treatment of aqueous solutions of manganese(II) nitrate with ammonia and carbon dioxide leads to precipitation of this faintly pink solid. The side product, ammonium nitrate is used as fertilizer. Reactions and uses The carbonate is insoluble in water but, like most carbonates, hydrolyses upon treatment with acids to give water-soluble salts. Manganese carbonate decomposes with release of carbon dioxide, i.e. calcining, at 200 °C to g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perchloric Acid
Perchloric acid is a mineral acid with the formula H Cl O4. It is an oxoacid of chlorine. Usually found as an aqueous solution, this colorless compound is a stronger acid than sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. It is a powerful oxidizer when hot, but aqueous solutions up to approximately 70% by weight at room temperature are generally safe, only showing strong acid features and no oxidizing properties. Perchloric acid is useful for preparing perchlorate salts, especially ammonium perchlorate, an important rocket fuel component. Perchloric acid is dangerously corrosive and readily forms potentially explosive mixtures. History Perchloric acid was first synthesized (together with potassium perchlorate) by Austrian chemist and called "oxygenated chloric acid" in mid-1810s. French pharmacist Georges-Simon Serullas introduced the modern designation along with discovering its solid monohydrate, which he mistook for an anhydride. Berzelius produced dilute perchloric acid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manganese Dioxide
Manganese dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula . This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese and a component of manganese nodules. The principal use for is for dry-cell batteries, such as the alkaline battery and the zinc–carbon battery, although it is also used for other battery chemistries such as aqueous zinc-ion batteries.. is also used as a pigment and as a precursor to other manganese compounds, such as . It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, for example, for the oxidation of allylic alcohols. has an α- polymorph that can incorporate a variety of atoms (as well as water molecules) in the "tunnels" or "channels" between the manganese oxide octahedra. There is considerable interest in as a possible cathode for lithium-ion batteries. Structure Several polymorphs of are claimed, as well as a hydrated form. Like many other dioxides, crystallizes in the rutile crystal structure (t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manganese(II) Nitrate
Manganese(II) nitrate refers to the inorganic compounds with formula Mn( NO3)2·(H2O)n. These compounds are nitrate salts containing varying amounts of water. A common derivative is the tetrahydrate, Mn(NO3)2·4H2O, but mono- and hexahydrates are also known as well as the anhydrous compound. Some of these compounds are useful precursors to the oxides of manganese. Typical of a manganese(II) compound, it is a paramagnetic pale pink solid. Structure Manganese(II) compounds, especially with oxygenated ligands, are typically octahedral. Following this trend, the tetrahydrate features four aquo ligands bound to Mn as well as two mutually cis, unidentate nitrate ligands. The hexaaquo salt features octahedral n(H2O)6sup>2+. Preparation, reactions, uses Manganese(II) nitrate is prepared from manganese dioxide and nitrogen dioxide: : In this redox reaction, two moles of the reductant (gas) donate each one electron to (black solid), the oxidant, which is reduced from its oxi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dichlorine Hexoxide
Dichlorine hexoxide is the chemical compound with the molecular formula or , which is correct for its gaseous state. However, in liquid or solid form, this chlorine oxide ionizes into the dark red ionic compound chloryl perchlorate or dioxochloronium(V) perchlorate , which may be thought of as the mixed anhydride of chloric and perchloric acids. This compound is a notable perchlorating agent. It is produced by reaction between chlorine dioxide and excess ozone: : Molecular structure It was originally reported to exist as the monomeric chlorine trioxide in gas phase, but was later shown to remain an oxygen-bridged dimer after evaporation and until thermal decomposition into chlorine perchlorate, , and oxygen. The compound was then rediscovered. It is a dark red fuming liquid at room temperature that crystallizes as a red ionic compound, chloryl perchlorate, . The red color shows the presence of chloryl ions. Thus, chlorine's formal oxidation state in this compound remain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitronium
The nitronium ion, , is a cation. It is an onium ion because its nitrogen atom has +1 charge, similar to ammonium ion . It is created by the removal of an electron from the paramagnetic nitrogen dioxide molecule A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by Force, attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemi ... , or the protonation of nitric acid (with removal of ). It is stable enough to exist in normal conditions, but it is generally reactive and used extensively as an electrophile in the nitration of other substances. The ion is generated '' in situ'' for this purpose by mixing concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid according to the equilibrium: : Structure The nitronium ion is isoelectronic with carbon dioxide and has the same linear structure and bond angle of 180°. For this reason it has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cobalt(II) Perchlorate
Cobalt(II) perchlorate is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula Co(ClO4)2·''n''H2O (''n'' = 0,6). The pink anhydrous and red hexahydrate forms are both hygroscopic solids. Preparation and reactions Cobalt(II) perchlorate hexahydrate is produced by reacting cobalt metal or cobalt(II) carbonate with perchloric acid, followed by the evaporation of the solution: :CoCO3 + 2 HClO4 → Co(ClO4)2 + H2O + CO2 The anhydrous form cannot be produced from the hexahydrate by heating, as it instead decomposes to cobalt(II,III) oxide at 170 °C. Instead, anhydrous cobalt(II) perchlorate is produced from the reaction of dichlorine hexoxide and cobalt(II) chloride, followed by heating in a vacuum at 75 °C. Structure The anhydrous form consists of octahedral Co(ClO4)6 centers, with tridentate perchlorate ligands. On the other hand, the orthorhombic hexahydrate consists of isolated o(H2O)6sup>2+ octahedrons and perchlorate A perchlorate is a chemical compound containing the perchlorat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
