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Majority Bonus
A majority bonus system (MBS, also called a minority-friendly majoritarian system) is a mixed-member, partly-proportional electoral system that gives extra seats in a legislature to the party with a plurality or majority of seats. Typically, this is done with the aim of providing government stability, particularly in parliamentary systems. The size of the majority bonus can vary substantially, is usually a fixed number of seats, and may be conditional on the number of votes for each party. However, a relatively small majority bonus (such as in the reinforced proportionality system of Greece) may not always guarantee that a single party can form a government. At the same time, as the majority bonus is allocated in a non- compensatory manner, if the majority bonus is as high as 50%, and the largest party which has 50% of the popular vote receives it, this party may win as many as 75% of all seats available. This differentiates it from the similar majority jackpot system. It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonus Vs Jackpot Mixed
Bonus commonly means: * Bonus, a Commonwealth term for a distribution of profits to a with-profits insurance policy * Bonus payment, an extra payment received as a reward for doing one's job well or as an incentive Bonus may also refer to: Places * Bonus, Pennsylvania * Bonus, Texas * 10028 Bonus, a main belt asteroid People * Bonus (patrician) (6th-century–627), Byzantine statesman and general, active in the reign of Heraclius * Bonus (Sirmium), a Byzantine general, active in the reign of Justin II (r. 565–578) * Petrus Bonus, a physician Brands and enterprises * Bónus, an Icelandic supermarket * TeST TST-14 Bonus, a Czech glider * Bofors/Nexter Bonus, an artillery round Energy * Bonus Energy A/S, a Danish wind turbine manufacturer, later called Siemens Wind Power * Boiling Nuclear Superheater (BONUS), a decommissioned nuclear facility in Puerto Rico Games and sports * Bonus (basketball), a situation wherein one team accumulates a certain number of fouls * Bonus ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land border, as well as List of islands of Italy, nearly 800 islands, notably Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares land borders with France to the west; Switzerland and Austria to the north; Slovenia to the east; and the two enclaves of Vatican City and San Marino. It is the List of European countries by area, tenth-largest country in Europe by area, covering , and the third-most populous member state of the European Union, with nearly 59 million inhabitants. Italy's capital and List of cities in Italy, largest city is Rome; other major cities include Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, and Venice. The history of Italy goes back to numerous List of ancient peoples of Italy, Italic peoples—notably including the ancient Romans, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mixed-member Majoritarian Representation
Mixed-member majoritarian representation (MMM) is type of a mixed electoral system combining winner-take-all and proportional methods, where the disproportional results of the winner-take-all part are dominant over the ''proportional'' component. Mixed member majoritarian systems are therefore categorized under ''semi-proportional'' representation, and are usually contrasted with mixed-member ''proportional'' representation (MMP) which aims to provide proportional representation compensation ("top-up") seats. The most common type of MMM system is the ''supplementary member'' (SM) system (a form of parallel voting), whereby representatives are voted into a chamber using at least two different systems independently of each other. Most commonly this combines first-past-the-post (single member plurality) voting (FPTP/SMP) with party-list proportional representation (list-PR). The system has been applied in the election of national parliaments as well as local governments in va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First-past-the-post Voting
First-past-the-post (FPTP)—also called choose-one, first-preference plurality (FPP), or simply plurality—is a single-winner voting rule. Voters mark one candidate as their favorite, or first-preference, and the candidate with more first-preference votes than any other candidate (a ''plurality'') is elected, even if they do not have more than half of votes (a '' majority''). FPP has been used to elect part of the British House of Commons since the Middle Ages before spreading throughout the British Empire. Throughout the 20th century, many countries that previously used FPP have abandoned it in favor of other electoral systems, including the former British colonies of Australia and New Zealand. FPP is still officially used in the majority of US states for most elections. However, the combination of partisan primaries and a two-party system in these jurisdictions means that most American elections behave effectively like two-round systems, in which the first round ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Winner-take-all System
A winner-take-all (or winner-takes-all) electoral system is one where a voting bloc can win all seats in a legislature or electoral district, denying representation to any political minorities. Such systems are used in many major democracies. Such systems are sometimes called "majoritarian representation", though this term is a misnomer, as most such systems do not always elect majority preferred candidates and do not always produce winners who received majority of votes cast in the district, and they allow parties to take a majority of seats in the chamber with just a minority of the vote. Any election with only a single seat is a winner-take-all system (as it is impossible for the winner to take less than one seat). As a result, legislatures elected by single-member districts are often described as using "winner-take-all". However, winner-take-all systems do not necessarily mean the majority of voters are represented properly. A minority of voters across the country may take all ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Party-list Proportional Representation
Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered Political party, political parties, with each party being Apportionment (politics), allocated a certain number of seats Apportionment (politics), roughly proportional to their share of the vote. In these systems, parties provide lists of candidates to be elected, or candidates may declare their affiliation with a political party (in some open-list systems). Seats are distributed by election authorities to each party, in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may cast votes for parties, as in Spain, Turkey, and Israel (Closed list, closed lists); or for candidates whose vote totals are pooled together to parties, as in Finland, Brazil, and the Netherlands (mixed single vote or panachage). Voting In most party list systems, a voter will only support one party (a Choose-one voting, choose-one ballot). Open list systems may allow voters to suppor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral Threshold
The electoral threshold, or election threshold, is the minimum share of votes that a candidate or political party requires before they become entitled to representation or additional seats in a legislature. This limit can operate in various ways; for example, in party-list proportional representation systems where an electoral threshold requires that a party must receive a specified minimum percentage of votes (e.g. 5%), either nationally or in a particular electoral district, to obtain seats in the legislature. In single transferable voting, the election threshold is called the quota, and it is possible to achieve it by receiving first-choice votes alone or by a combination of first-choice votes and votes transferred from other candidates based on lower preferences. In mixed-member-proportional (MMP) systems, the election threshold determines which parties are eligible for top-up seats in the legislative chamber. Some MMP systems still allow a party to retain the seats the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supermajority
A supermajority is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of one-half used for a simple majority. Supermajority rules in a democracy can help to prevent a majority from eroding fundamental rights of a minority, but can also hamper efforts to respond to problems and encourage corrupt compromises at times when action is taken. Changes to constitutions, especially those with entrenched clauses, commonly require supermajority support in a legislature. In consensus democracy the supermajority rule is applied in most cases. __TOC__ History The first known use of a supermajority rule was in juries during the 100s BC in ancient Rome. In some cases, two thirds of jurors had to confirm they were ready to take a decision before the matter went to a simple majority vote. Pope Alexander III introduced the use of supermajority rule for papal elections at the Third Lateran Council in 1179. In the Democratic Party of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sicilian Regional Assembly
The Sicilian Regional Assembly () is the legislative body of Sicily. While it has a long history as an autonomous entity, the modern Region of Sicily was established by Royal Decree on 15 May 1946, before the Italian Republic. The Regional Assembly has the widest legislative power in Italy and is the only regional assembly to have the title of "parliament" whose members are called " deputies" as are those in Rome. Seventy deputies are elected every five years in the nine provinces. History The Sicilian Parliament is arguably considered the oldest parliament in the world (together with that Icelandic and Faroese, which, however, had no decision-making powers, a fact that makes the Sicilian Parliament the first in the modern sense). In 1097 came the first conference in Mazara del Vallo was convened by Roger I the Great Count of an initially itinerant parliament. Since 1130 the House seat has been the Palazzo dei Normanni in Palermo. Post-war The election of a democratic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greek Parliament
The Parliament of the Hellenes (), commonly known as the Hellenic Parliament (), is the unicameral legislature of Greece, located in the Old Royal Palace, overlooking Syntagma Square in Athens. The parliament is the supreme democratic institution that represents the citizens through an elected body of Members of Parliament (MPs). It is a unicameral legislature of 300 members, elected for a four-year term. From 1844–1863 and from 1927–1935, the parliament was bicameral with an upper house (the Senate; ) and a lower house (the Chamber of Deputies; ). Several important Greek statesmen have served as the speaker of the Hellenic Parliament. History Semi-constitutional monarchy, 1843–1862 The first national parliament of the independent Greek state was established in 1843, after the 3 September Revolution, which forced King Otto to grant a constitution. The constitution of 1844 established a semi-constitutional monarchy under the decisive power of the monarch, who exerc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legislature Of Entre Ríos
The Legislature of Entre Ríos () is the local legislature of the Argentinian province of Entre Ríos. It is a bicameral body, comprising the Chamber of Deputies of Entre Ríos (34 members), and the Senate of Entre Ríos (17 members). It is one of eight bicameral legislatures in the country. It is elected by a general provincial first-past-the-post voting (Senate), mixed bonus system and proportional representation for the Chamber, and renewed fully every 4 years. The Provincial Constitution denotes its legislative powers. The Legislature meets in the provincial capital. See also * List of provincial legislatures in Argentina The provincial legislatures of Argentina are the organs of the legislative power of each Provinces of Argentina, province. There are provinces with a chamber of deputies and senate, and others with a unicameral system. The total number of provinc ... * Parliament of Argentina References {{authority control Bicameral legislatures Government of Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legislature Of Chubut
The Legislature of Chubut Province () is the unicameral legislative body of Chubut Province, in Argentina. It convenes in the provincial capital, Rawson. It comprises 27 legislators, 16 of whom are elected in a single province-wide multi-member district through proportional representation, while the remaining 11 seats are distributed through the majority bonus system. Its powers and responsibilities are established in the provincial constitution. The legislature is presided by the Vice Governor of Chubut (presently Ricardo Sastre of the We Are All Chubut/Chubut Forward alliance), who is elected alongside the governor. History The Legislature of Chubut was established after the National Territory of Chubut became an official province of Argentina in 1955. The first provincial constitution was adopted in 1957, and the first legislature convened in February 1958, on the same day the first constitutional governor of the province took office. Seat The Legislature has its seat on M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
