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Liquidity Consortium Bank
The Liquidity Consortium Bank (, also known as LiKo-Bank) was a specialized financial institution in Germany. It was established in 1974 at the initiative of the Deutsche Bundesbank following the collapse of Herstatt Bank. It lost its purpose as a consequence of European monetary union, and was eventually liquidated in 2014-2015. Overview LiKo-Bank's purpose was to provide liquidity to solvent banks that found themselves in situations of liquidity stress, in order to support stability to the domestic and international payments system. The liquidity was provided by buying high-quality claims held by the bank that would not be eligible as collateral for central bank liquidity, in exchange for central bank-eligible bills of exchange. The LiKo-Bank had access to a rediscount line at the Bundesbank of up to 1.1 billion Deutsche Mark. The Bundesbank held 30 percent of the LiKo-Bank's capital, with the rest owned by the three main German banking associations ( BdB, BVR and DSGV) and sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GmbH
(; ) is a type of Juridical person, legal entity in German-speaking countries. It is equivalent to a (Sàrl) in the Romandy, French-speaking region of Switzerland and to a (Sagl) in the Ticino, Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. It is an entity broadly equivalent to the private limited company (PLC) in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth countries, and the limited liability company (LLC) in the United States. The name of the GmbH form emphasizes that the owners (, also known as members) of the entity are not personally liable for the company's debts. GmbHs are considered legal persons under German, Swiss, and Austrian law. Other variations include mbH (used when the term is part of the company name itself), and gGmbH () for non-profit companies. The GmbH has become the most common corporation form in Germany because the AG (), the other major company form corresponding to a stock corporation, was much more complicated to form and operate un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total population of over 84 million in an area of , making it the most populous member state of the European Union. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The Capital of Germany, nation's capital and List of cities in Germany by population, most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr. Settlement in the territory of modern Germany began in the Lower Paleolithic, with various tribes inhabiting it from the Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts. Various Germanic peoples, Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deutsche Bundesbank
The Deutsche Bundesbank (, , colloquially Buba, sometimes alternatively abbreviated as BBk or DBB) is the National central bank (Eurosystem), national central bank for Germany within the Eurosystem. It was the German central bank from 1957 to 1998, issuing the Deutsche Mark (DM). It succeeded the Bank deutscher Länder, which had introduced the DM on 20 June 1948. The Bundesbank was the first central bank to be given full independence, leading this form of central bank to be referred to as the "Bundesbank model", as opposed, for instance, to the "New Zealand model", which has a goal (i.e. inflation target) set by the government. The Bundesbank was greatly respected for its control of inflation through the second half of the 20th century. This made the German Mark one of the most respected currencies, and the Bundesbank gained substantial indirect influence in many European countries. As of 2023, its balance sheet total was €2.516 trillion, making it the 4th largest central bank ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herstatt Bank
Herstatt Bank (Bankhaus I.D. Herstatt K.G.a.A.) was a privately owned bank in the German city of Cologne. It went bankruptcy, bankrupt on 26 June 1974, an event widely referred to as the Herstatt crisis. Herstatt's failure specifically highlighted the importance of settlement risk in foreign-exchange markets, which became correspondingly known as Herstatt risk. The Herstatt crisis had important policy consequences. In the subsequent months of 1974, Germany established the Liquidity Consortium Bank and, at the international level, central bankers created the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. With considerably more delay, concerns about Herstatt risk were revived in the late 1980s and 1990s and resulted in the creation of CLS Bank, operational since 2002 as a global foreign exchange market settlement utility. Background Herstatt Bank was founded in 1955 by Ivan David Herstatt, with financial assistance from Herbert Quandt, Emil Bührle and Hans Gerling, the head of an insura ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economic And Monetary Union Of The European Union
The economic and monetary union (EMU) of the European Union is a group of policies aimed at converging the economies of member states of the European Union at three stages. There are three stages of the EMU, each of which consists of progressively closer economic integration. Only once a state participates in the third stage it is permitted to adopt the euro as its official currency. As such, the third stage is largely synonymous with the eurozone. The euro convergence criteria are the set of requirements that needs to be fulfilled in order for a country to be approved to participate in the third stage. An important element of this is participation for a minimum of two years in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism ("ERM II"), in which candidate currencies demonstrate economic convergence by maintaining limited deviation from their target rate against the euro. The EMU policies cover all European Union member states. All new EU member states must commit to participate in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deutsche Mark
The Deutsche Mark (; "German mark (currency), mark"), abbreviated "DM" or "D-Mark" (), was the official currency of West Germany from 1948 until 1990 and later of unified Germany from 1990 until the adoption of the euro in 2002. In English, it was typically called the "Deutschmark" ( ). One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100 pfennigs. It was first issued under Bizone, Allied occupation in 1948 to replace the Reichsmark and served as the Federal Republic of Germany's official currency from its founding the following year. On 31 December 1998, the Council of the European Union fixed the irrevocable exchange rate, effective 1 January 1999, for German mark to euros as DM 1.95583 = €1. In 1999, the Deutsche Mark was replaced by the euro; its coins and banknotes remained in circulation, defined in terms of euros, until the introduction of euro notes and coins on 1 January 2002. The Deutsche Mark ceased to be legal tender immediately upon the introduction of the euro—in contr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bundesverband Deutscher Banken
The ''Bundesverband deutscher Banken'' (BdB, also branded as Bankenverband and in English as Association of German Banks) is the representative body of profit-oriented banks in Germany and a key lobby group for Germany's financial sector. The BdB is a member of the German Banking Industry Committee that brings it together with its peers representing the other segments or "pillars" of German banking, namely the BVR for cooperative banks, the DSGV for savings banks, the VÖB mainly for public promotional banks, and VdP for specialized mortgage banks. The BdB is also a member of the European Banking Federation (EBF) together with the VÖB, Germany being the only country represented in the EBF by more than one member. History The BdB was founded in 1951 in Cologne as an Eingetragener Verein, succeeding the pre-war (1901-1945), which was based in Berlin. In 1999 it moved back to Berlin, while its the publishing subsidiary ''Bankverlag'' remained in Cologne. The association al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bundesverband Der Deutschen Volksbanken Und Raiffeisenbanken
The National Association of German Cooperative Banks (, BVR) is the umbrella association for the German Cooperative Financial Group. Its origins go back to 1864 as . As of 2015 it had 1,021 members, which represents all the cooperative banks in Germany, including local cooperative banks, PSD banks, Sparda banks, Church banks and Cooperative financial institutions, managing around 1.200 trillion euros. The BVR represents the interests of the German Cooperative Financial Institutions at both national and international levels and coordinates and develops the joint strategy within the Network. The BVR advises and supports its members on legal, taxation, and business management issues. The Cooperative Financial Group's institutional protection scheme is Germany's oldest deposit guarantee scheme for banks and is run by the BVR. The BVR informs its member banks on economic and political developments and publishes the “Bank-Information” newsletter. European affairs are dealt wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deutscher Sparkassen- Und Giroverband
The Deutscher Sparkassen- und Giroverband (DSGV, ) is the association of German savings banks () and the apex entity of the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe, the European Union's second-largest financial services group (after BNP Paribas) with 2.5 trillion euros combined assets as of end-2023. Germany's savings banks, owned by local governments, play a major role in the country's economy, together operating some 15,860 branches and employing about 284,800 people. History German savings banks started organizing on a regional basis in the 1870s and early 1880s, e.g. the , est. 1881. The first national conference of savings banks () was held in 1882. on , the first national umbrella organization was established as the in Dortmund. In 1892, it was agreed that the would be an "association of associations" whose members would not be individual savings banks, but rather regional associations thereof (). By 1911, fifteen such had been established, covering all the country's savings banks. on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lender Of Last Resort
In public finance, a lender of last resort (LOLR) is a financial entity, generally a central bank, that acts as the provider of liquidity to a financial institution which finds itself unable to obtain sufficient liquidity in the interbank lending market when other facilities or such sources have been exhausted. It is, in effect, a government guarantee to provide liquidity to financial institutions. Since the beginning of the 20th century, most central banks have been providers of lender of last resort facilities, and their functions usually also include ensuring liquidity in the international markets in general. The objective is to prevent economic disruption as a result of financial panics and bank runs spreading from one bank to the others due to a lack of liquidity in the first one. There are varying definitions of a lender of last resort, but a comprehensive one is that it is "the discretionary provision of liquidity to a financial institution (or the market as a wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Central Bank
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central component of the Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union. It is one of the world's Big Four (banking)#International use, most important central banks with a balance sheet total of around 7 trillion. The Governing Council of the European Central Bank, ECB Governing Council makes monetary policy for the Eurozone and the European Union, administers the foreign exchange reserves of EU member states, engages in foreign exchange operations, and defines the intermediate monetary objectives and key interest rate of the EU. The Executive Board of the European Central Bank, ECB Executive Board enforces the policies and decisions of the Governing Council, and may direct the national central banks when doing so. The ECB has the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the volume must be approved by the EC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SoFFin
The SoFFin (Sonderfonds Finanzmarktstabilisierung - Special Financial Market Stabilization Funds) is a program of the Cabinet of Germany, German government with the purpose to stabilize and restore confidence in the financial system. It was created during the 2008 financial crisis on October 17, 2008 by the Bundestag, German Parliament and enacted on October 20, 2008. As of December 31, 2010, it stopped offering new services but continued managing existing guarantees. In November 2011, it was announced that it would be revived for potential new issues if necessary. Initially it was established as an agency of the Deutsche Bundesbank and was supervised by the Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany), federal ministry of finance. The fund was managed by Dr. Hannes Rehm (speaker), Dr. Christopher Pleister and Gerhard Strattthaus. Operations were conducted through three tasks: * Providing Liquidity by means of guarantees for specially issued debt by eligible financial institutions * I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
