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Kunrei-shiki
, also known as the Monbusho system (named after the endonym for the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) or MEXT system, is the Cabinet-ordered romanization system for transcribing the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet. Its name is rendered ''Kunreisiki rômazi'' in the system itself. It is taught in the Monbushō-approved elementary school curriculum. The ISO has standardized Kunrei-shiki under ISO 3602. ''Kunrei-shiki'' is based on the older ''Nihon-shiki'' romanization, which was modified for modern standard Japanese. For example, the word かなづかい, romanized ''kanadukai'' in ''Nihon-shiki'', is pronounced ''kanazukai'' in modern standard Japanese and is romanized as such in ''Kunrei-shiki''. The system competes with the older Hepburn romanization system, which was promoted by the SCAP during the Allied occupation of Japan after World War II. History In 1930, the Ministry of Education appointed a board of inquiry to determine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepburn Romanization
is the main system of Romanization of Japanese, romanization for the Japanese language. The system was originally published in 1867 by American Christian missionary and physician James Curtis Hepburn as the standard in the first edition of his Japanese–English dictionary. The system is distinct from other romanization methods in its use of English orthography to phonetically transcribe sounds: for example, the syllable () is written as ' and () is written as ', reflecting their spellings in English (compare to ' and ' in the more systematic Nihon-shiki romanization, Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki romanization, Kunrei-shiki systems). In 1886, Hepburn published the third edition of his dictionary, codifying a revised version of the system that is known today as "traditional Hepburn". A version with additional revisions, known as "modified Hepburn", was published in 1908. Although Kunrei-shiki romanization is the style favored by the Japanese government, Hepburn remains the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nihon-shiki Romanization
, romanized as in the system itself, is a romanization system for transliterating the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet. Among the major romanization systems for Japanese, it is the most regular one and has an almost one-to-one relation to the kana writing system. History It was invented by physicist Aikitsu Tanakadate (田中館 愛橘) in 1885, with the intention to replace the Hepburn system of romanization. Tanakadate's intention was to replace the traditional kanji and kana system of writing Japanese completely by a romanized system, which he felt would make it easier for Japan to compete with Western countries. Since the system was intended for Japanese people to use to write their own language, it is much more regular than Hepburn romanization, and unlike Hepburn's system, it makes no effort to make itself easier to pronounce for English-speakers. Nihon-shiki was followed by Kunrei-shiki, which was adopted in 1937, after a political debate over whether ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JSL Romanization
JSL is a romanization system for transcribing the Japanese language into the Latin script. It was devised by Eleanor Jorden for (and named after) her 1987 book '' Japanese: The Spoken Language''. The system is based on Kunrei-shiki romanization.Jorden 1987: 21 Japanese Yale is a less well-known alternative name for the JSL system. It is designed for teaching spoken Japanese, and so, it follows Japanese phonology fairly closely. For example, different conjugations of a verb may be achieved by changing the final vowel (as in the chart on the right), thus "bear nga direct relation to Japanese structure" (in Jorden's words), whereas the common Hepburn romanization may require exceptions in some cases, to more clearly illustrate pronunciation to native English speakers. JSL differs from Hepburn, particularly in that it uses doubled vowels, rather than macrons, to represent the long vowels and . Tokyo () and Osaka (), for instance, would be written () and () in JSL. Also, JSL repre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanization
In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Latin script, Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription (linguistics), transcription, for representing the spoken word, and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into ''phonemic orthography, phonemic transcription'', which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict ''phonetic transcription'', which records speech sounds with precision. Methods There are many consistent or standardized romanization systems. They can be classified by their characteristics. A particular system's characteristics may make it better-suited for various, sometimes contradictory applications, including document retrieval, linguistic analysis, easy readability, faithful representation of pronunciation. * Source, or donor language – A system may be tai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cultural Affairs Agency
The is a special body of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). It was set up in 1968 to promote Japanese arts and culture. The agency's budget for FY 2018 rose to ¥107.7 billion. Overview The agency's Cultural Affairs Division disseminates information about the arts within Japan and internationally, and the Cultural Properties Protection Division protects the nation's cultural heritage. The Cultural Affairs Division is concerned with such areas as art and culture promotion, art copyrights, and improvements in the national language. It also supports both national and local arts and cultural festivals, and it funds traveling cultural events in music, theater, dance, art exhibitions, and film-making. Special prizes are offered to encourage young artists and established practitioners, and some grants are given each year to enable them to train abroad. The agency funds national museums of modern art in Kyoto and Tokyo and The Nationa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American National Standards Institute
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI ) is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards. The organization's headquarters are in Washington, D.C. ANSI's operations office is located in New York City. The ANSI annual operating ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yomiuri Shimbun
The is a Japanese newspaper published in Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, and other major Japanese cities. It is one of the five major newspapers in Japan; the other four are ''The Asahi Shimbun'', the ''Chunichi Shimbun'', the ''Mainichi Shimbun'', and the ''The Nikkei, Nihon Keizai Shimbun''. It is headquartered in Ōtemachi, Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo.'' It is a newspaper that represents Tokyo and generally has a Conservatism, conservative orientation. It is one of Japan's leading newspapers, along with the Osaka-based Liberalism, liberal (Third Way) ''Asahi Shimbun'' and the Nagoya-based Social democracy, social democratic ''Chunichi Shimbun''. This newspaper is well known for its pro-American stance among major Japanese media. It is published by regional bureaus, all of them subsidiaries of #Yomiuri Group, The Yomiuri Shimbun Holdings, Japan's largest media conglomerate by revenue and the second largest media conglomerate by size behind Sony,The Yomiuri Shimbun H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eleanor Jorden
Eleanor Harz Jorden (December 28, 1920 – February 18, 2009) was an American linguistics scholar and an influential Japanese language educator and expert. Born Eleanor Harz, she married William Jorden, reporter and diplomat; the marriage ended in divorce. Jorden earned her Ph.D. at Yale University under the direction of Bernard Bloch in 1950.J. Marshall Unger, ''Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan'' (Oxford University Press US, 1996: ), p. 100. She was best known for her seminal textbooks on the Japanese language, including ''Beginning Japanese'' and '' Japanese: The Spoken Language''. The latter text included Jorden's JSL system of rōmaji for transcribing Japanese into Roman script. Her explanations of the subtleties of Japanese grammar and usage are still widely referenced today. Jorden taught Japanese at many educational institutions, including Cornell University, Bryn Mawr College, Johns Hopkins University, Williams College, the University of Hawaii, Internat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kyodo News
is a nonprofit cooperative news agency based in Minato, Tokyo. It was established in November 1945 and it distributes news to almost all newspapers, and radio and television networks in Japan. The newspapers using its news have about 50 million subscribers. K. K. Kyodo News is Kyodo News' business arm, established in 1972.Shrivastava, K. M. (2007). ''News agencies from pigeon to internet.'' Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 208. . The subdivision Kyodo News International, founded in 1982, provides over 200 reports to international news media and is located in Rockefeller Center, New York City. Their online news site is in Japanese language, Japanese, Chinese language, Chinese (Simplified Chinese, Simplified and Traditional Chinese, Traditional), Korean language, Korean, and English language, English. The agency employs over 1,000 journalists and photographers, and maintains news exchange agreements with over 70 international media outlets. Satoshi Ishikawa is the news agency's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JTB Corporation
(aka JTB), is the largest travel agency in Japan and one of the largest travel agencies in the world. It specializes in tourism. There are branches all over the world to help Japanese and non-Japanese guests in both private leisure and corporate / business fields. It was formerly owned by the Japanese government. It is headquartered in the JTB Building in Shinagawa, Tokyo. Due to COVID-19, JTB planned to reduce its group headcount by 7,200 and close 115 domestic outlets by September 2021. History The company was established as "" in 1912, primarily serving foreign visitors to Japan. In 1941, the company was renamed as , and in the following year changed its status from corporation to foundation, while still retaining its travel agency functions. After World War II, the company was renamed as "". In 1963, Japan Travel Bureau was divided into two separate entities, with the travel agency arm becoming an independent corporation while the foundation remained a non-profit organiz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Japan Times
''The Japan Times'' is Japan's largest and oldest English-language daily newspaper. It is published by , a subsidiary of News2u Holdings, Inc. It is headquartered in the in Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo. History ''The Japan Times'' was launched by on 22 March 1897, with the goal of giving Japanese people an opportunity to read and discuss news and current events in English to help Japan participate in the international community. In 1906, Zumoto was asked by Japanese Resident-General of Korea Itō Hirobumi to lead the English-language newspaper '' The Seoul Press''. Zumoto closely tied the operations of the two newspapers, with subscriptions of ''The Seoul Press'' being sold in Japan by ''The Japan Times'', and vice versa for Korea. Both papers wrote critically of Korean culture and civilization, and advocated for Japan's colonial control over the peninsula in order to civilize the Koreans. The newspaper was independent of government control, but from 1931 onward, the pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
