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Hawwara
The Hawwara () is a Berber tribal confederation in the Maghreb, primarily in Tripolitania, with descendants in Upper Egypt and Sudan. Hawwara are amongst the most prominent tribes in Upper Egypt, with branches found mainly in Qena. They are also found in Morocco and Algeria. In Sudan, they are labelled as ''Hawwaweer'' () (plural of Hawwara), and have a significant political presence. The Hawwara are the heirs of the ancient western Bavares. During the Arab Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, the Hawwara tribe was subdued by Musa ibn Nusayr and Arabised. In the 10th century, a fraction of the Hawwara were part the Fatimid army that conquered Egypt, Syria, Palestine and Jordan. In the 11th century, families originating from the Hawwara founded and ruled small Islamic kingdoms in al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula), including the Dhulnunid dynasty, which ruled the Taifa of Toledo and the Banu Razin, who ruled the Taifa of Albarracín. Branches The Hawwara are composed of num ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dhulnunid Dynasty
The Dhulnunid dynasty or Dhunnunid dynasty, known in Arabic sources as ''Banū Dhī n-Nūn'' () was a Muslim Berber dynasty that reigned over the Taifa of Toledo in al-Andalus in the 11th century. According to ibn 'Idhari, the family’s original name was ''Dhannūn'', a common Berber name. Origins The Dhulnunids were a Berber family from the Hawwara tribe who came to the Iberian Peninsula at the time of the Islamic conquest. They settled in the heart of Santabariyya or Shant Bariya (Santaver in the Province of Cuenca) and through a process of cultural Arabization between the 8th-10th centuries changed their name from the Berber Zennún to the Arabised form dhi-l-Nun. During the second half of the 9th century they came to control a large territory that included Uclés, Huete, Cuenca, Huélamo, Las Valeras, Alarcón and Iniesta. Due to the geographic isolation of the area, they were in continuous revolt against the Caliphate of Córdoba, maintaining a certain independence, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taifa Of Toledo
The Taifa of Toledo () was an Islamic polity (''taifa'') located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula in the High Middle Ages. It was ruled by the Dhulnunids, a Hawwara Berber clan. It emerged after 1018 upon the fracturing of the Caliphate of Córdoba, when the Dhulnunids, already strong in the lands of Santaver, Cuenca, Huete and Uclés, seized control over the city of Toledo, the capital of the Middle March of Al-Andalus. Upon later territorial conquest, the taifa also expanded to the land of Calatrava. It lasted until the Christian conquest of Toledo in 1085. History Toledo had been the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom shattered by the Islamic conquest of Iberia in the 8th century. Despite the Umayyad capital being established in Córdoba, Toledo kept a strategic importance as capital of the Middle March, maintaining a relative autonomy under Cordobese rule in spite of repeated rebellion. When the caliphate fell, the ensuing civil wars of the early 11th century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Bank
The West Bank is located on the western bank of the Jordan River and is the larger of the two Palestinian territories (the other being the Gaza Strip) that make up the State of Palestine. A landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the Levant region of West Asia, it is bordered by Jordan and the Dead Sea to the east and by Israel (via the Green Line (Israel), Green Line) to the south, west, and north. Since 1967, the territory has been under Israeli occupation of the West Bank, Israeli occupation, which has been Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine, regarded illegal under the law of the international community. The territory first emerged in the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War as a region occupied and subsequently Jordanian annexation of the West Bank, annexed by Jordan. Jordan ruled the territory until the 1967 Six-Day War, when it was occupied by Israel. Since then, Israeli Civil Administration, Israel has administered the West Bank (ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabised
Arabization or Arabicization () is a sociological process of cultural change in which a non-Arab society becomes Arab, meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the Arabic language, culture, literature, art, music, and ethnic identity as well as other socio-cultural factors. It is a specific form of cultural assimilation that often includes a language shift. The term applies not only to cultures, but also to individuals, as they acclimate to Arab culture and become "Arabized". Arabization took place after the Muslim conquest of the Middle East and North Africa, as well as during the more recent Arab nationalist policies toward non-Arabic speaking minorities in modern Arab states, such as Algeria, Iraq,''Iraq, Claims in Conflict: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq''/ref> Syria, Egypt, Bahrain, and Sudan. After the rise of Islam in the Hejaz and subsequent Muslims conquests, Arab culture and language spread outside the Arabian Peninsula throug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waddan, Libya
Waddan (, ) is an oasis town of the Sahara Desert in the northeast Fezzan region of southwest Libya, in the Jufra District. It was an important town on the ancient trade routes across the Sahara. Geography Waddan is the oldest city in Jufra District located south of Sirte, and northeast of Hun. The town is at the crossroads of the Sirte-Waddan Road and the Fezzan Road. The natural springs support native date palm (''Phoenix dactylifera'') groves. History In the Seventh Century C.E., Waddan was the primary town among the oasis settlements in the al-Jufra area. It was captured for Islam during the southern excursion of Amr ibn al-As in 642 C.E. by commander Busr ibn Artat, although he only extracted tribute and didn't garrison the town. However, the nephew of Amr ibn al-As, Uqba ibn Nafi, reconquered Waddan in 666-667, and established a military post there. During the Libyan Civil War, NATO forces bombed an ammunition store in the town. On 8 September 2011, the tow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tawergha
Tawergha (Berber: ⵜⴰⵡⴻⵔⵖⴰ, ), also transliterated ''Tawargha'', ''Tawarga'', ''Tauorga'', ''Taworgha'', ''Tawurgha'' or ''Torghae'', is, as of May 2021,Murray, Rebecca"One Year Later, Still Suffering for Loyalty to Gaddafi" ''Inter Press Service'' Retrieved 24 August 2012. a former ghost town in Libya that is under administrative jurisdiction of the city of Misrata, which is 38 kilometers away. It was the site of intense fighting during the Libyan Civil War before it was captured and forcibly evacuated by anti-Gaddafi forces in August 2011. By the end of the war in October 2011, the town was largely cleared of its population by NTC militias. During Libya's political transition period, members of the General National Congress reportedly indicated they would like to see Tawerghan refugees restored to their homes, but expressed concern over their safety. There have been numerous reports of militias acting outside the authority of the Tripoli-based government threat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
M'Sila Province
M'sila ( ) is a province () of northern Algeria. It has a population of 958361 people and an area of , with a density of 74/square kilometers while its capital, also called M'sila, home to M'sila University, has a population of about 100,000. Localities include Bou Saada and Maadid. Chott El Hodna, a salt lake, crosses into M'sila. However, most of the region is semi-arid and undeveloped. Additionally, M'sila was the location of the first village constructed as part of a government-run program to transition nomadic Algerians to sedentary life using local materials. The village, now complete, was dubbed Maader and consists of houses, public and trading areas, and a mosque. History The province was created from parts of Batna (département), Médéa (département) and Sétif (département) in 1974. Administrative divisions The province is divided into 15 districts (''daïras''), which are further divided into 47 ''communes'' or municipalities. Districts # Aïn El Hadj ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aurès
Aurès () is a natural region located in the mountainous area of the Aurès Mountains, Aurès range, in eastern Algeria. The region includes the provinces of Algeria, Algerian provinces of Batna Province, Batna, Tebessa Province, Tebessa, Constantine Province, Constantine, Khenchela Province, Khenchela, Oum El Bouaghi Province, Oum El Bouaghi, Souk Ahras Province, Souk Ahras and Biskra Province, Biskra. History The Aurès region is characterized by its montaneous terrain and by the Berber Chaoui ethnic group, which historically has inhabited the area. The rugged terrain of the Aurès has made the region one of the least developed areas in the Maghreb. Traditionally, the women of the region wore tattoos. It was in the Aurès region that the Algerian War of Independence was started by Berber people, Berber independence fighters such as Mustapha Benboulaïd, Mostefa Ben Boulaïd, who operated from the area.''Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History'', p. A district of Algeria that exist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quodvultdeus
Quodvultdeus (Latin for "what God wills", died 450 AD) was a fifth-century Church Father and Bishop of Carthage who was exiled to Naples. He was known to have been living in Carthage around 407 and became a deacon in 421 AD. He corresponded with Augustine of Hippo, who served as Quodvultdeus' spiritual teacher.Patron Saints Index: Saint Quodvultdeus Augustine also dedicated some of his writings to Quodvultdeus. Quodvultdeus was exiled when was captured by the led by King |
Masaesyli
The Masaesyli were a Berber tribe of western Numidia (central and western Algeria) and the main antagonists of the Massylii in eastern Numidia. During the Second Punic War the Masaesyli initially supported the Roman Republic and were led by Syphax against the Massylii, who were led by Masinissa, as an ally of the Carthaginian Republic. After Masinissa and the Massylii switched sides to Rome, the Masaesyli turned against Rome and allied with Hasdrubal Gisco Hasdrubal Gisco (died 202BC), a latinization of the name ʿAzrubaʿal son of Gersakkun (),. was a Carthaginian general who fought against Rome in Iberia (Hispania) and North Africa during the Second Punic War. Biography Hasdrubal Gisco was sen .... Syphax was defeated, however, and spent the remainder of his days in Roman captivity, while his tribe was assimilated into the kingdom of Masinissa. Notes * Numidia Ancient African people {{Berber-stub Berber peoples and tribes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Classical Antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural History of Europe, European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin. It is the period during which ancient Greece and Rome flourished and had major influence throughout much of Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. Classical antiquity was succeeded by the period now known as late antiquity. Conventionally, it is often considered to begin with the earliest recorded Homeric Greek, Epic Greek poetry of Homer (8th–7th centuries BC) and end with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. Such a wide span of history and territory covers many disparate cultures and periods. ''Classical antiquity'' may also refer to an idealized vision among later people of what was, in Ed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warfalla
Warfalla () is a tribal confederation of Arab origin that resides in Tripolitania, western Libya, mainly in their stronghold of Bani Walid. Warfalla historically inhabited the area bounded by the cities of Bani Walid and Sirte, as well as the town of Sabha. The Warfalla tribe, along with the Qadhadhfa and Magarha, were the backbone of Muammar Gaddafi's regime. The Warfalla tribe is considered a confederacy of 52 sub-tribes that consist of individual ''bayt''s or clans. Warfalla is estimated to be Libya's largest tribe with approximately one million members. Origin The Warfalla tribal confederation chiefly consists of Arab Bedouin tribes descended from Banu Hilal. Arab tribes have then joined the tribal confederation in a sort of tribal brotherhood (''muwakhah''), until 52 sub-tribes emerged, establishing the tribal confederation of Warfalla. History Italian colonization During the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911, the Warfalla tribe, under the leadership of 'Abd a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
