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Excessive Fines
The Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) to the United States Constitution protects against imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments. This amendment was adopted on December 15, 1791, along with the rest of the United States Bill of Rights. The amendment serves as a limitation upon the state or federal government to impose unduly harsh penalties on criminal defendants before and after a conviction. This limitation applies equally to the price for obtaining pretrial release and the punishment for crime after conviction. The phrases in this amendment originated in the English Bill of Rights of 1689. The prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments has led courts to hold that the Constitution totally prohibits certain kinds of punishment, such as drawing and quartering. Under the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause, the Supreme Court has struck down the application of capital punishment in some instances, but capital punishment is still permi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cruel Snippet Red
Cruelty is the intentional infliction of suffering or the inaction towards another's suffering when a clear remedy is readily available. Everyday sadism, Sadism can also be related to this form of action or concept. Cruel ways of inflicting suffering may involve violence, but affirmative violence is not necessary for an act to be cruel. Etymology The term comes from Middle English, via the Old French term "crualte", which is based on Latin "crudelitas", from "crudelis". The word has metaphorical uses, for example, "Emyn Muil, The cliffs remained cruel." (i.e., unclimbable when they desperately needed to be climbed) in ''The Lord of the Rings''. Usage in law The term ''cruelty'' is often used in law and criminology with regard to the treatment of animals, children, spouses, and prisoners. When cruelty to animals is discussed, it often refers to ''unnecessary suffering.'' In criminal law, it refers to punishment, torture, victimology, victimization, wikt:draconian, draconian meas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James II Of England
James II and VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Monarchy of Ireland, Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II of England, Charles II, on 6 February 1685, until he was deposed in the 1688 Glorious Revolution. The last Catholic monarch of Kingdom of England, England, Kingdom of Scotland, Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland, Ireland, his reign is now remembered primarily for conflicts over religion. However, it also involved struggles over the principles of Absolute monarchy, absolutism and divine right of kings, with his deposition ending a century of political and civil strife by confirming the primacy of the English Parliament over the Crown. James was the second surviving son of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, and was created Duke of York at birth. He succeeded to the throne aged 51 with widespread support. The general public were reluctant to undermine the principle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Declaration Of Right, 1689
The Declaration of Right, or Declaration of Rights, is a document produced by the English Parliament, following the 1688 Glorious Revolution. It sets out the wrongs committed by the exiled James II, the rights of English citizens, and the obligation of their monarch. On 13 February 1689, it was read out to James' daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, when they were jointly offered the throne, although not made a condition of acceptance. The Declaration itself was a tactical compromise between Whigs and Tories; it put forth a set of grievances, without agreeing to their cause or solution. Background The first Stuart monarch, James VI and I, sought to combine the three separate kingdoms of Scotland, Ireland, and England into a centralised British state, under a monarch whose authority came from God, and the duty of Parliament and his subjects was to obey. This premise was continued under his son and successor Charles I. Their attempts to enforce this led t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mary II Of England
Mary II (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) was List of English monarchs, Queen of England, List of Scottish monarchs, Scotland, and Monarchy of Ireland, Ireland with her husband, King William III and II, from 1689 until her death in 1694. She was also List of Princesses of Orange by marriage, Princess of Orange following her marriage on 4 November 1677. Her joint reign with William over Britain is known as that of William and Mary. Mary was born during the reign of her uncle Charles II of England, King Charles II. She was the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York (the future James II of England), and his first wife, Anne Hyde. Mary and her sister Anne, Queen of Great Britain, Anne were raised as Anglicans at the behest of Charles II, although their parents both converted to Roman Catholicism. Charles lacked legitimate children, making Mary second in the Succession to the British throne, line of succession. At the age of 15, she Cousin marriage, married her cousin William of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William III Of England
William III (William Henry; ; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702), also known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of County of Holland, Holland, County of Zeeland, Zeeland, Lordship of Utrecht, Utrecht, Guelders, and Lordship of Overijssel, Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from 1672, and List of English monarchs, King of England, Monarchy of Ireland, Ireland, and List of Scottish monarchs, Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702. He ruled Great Britain and Ireland with his wife, Queen Mary II, and their joint reign is known as that of William and Mary. William was the only child of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, Mary, Princess Royal, the daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His father died a week before his birth, making William III the prince of Orange from birth. In 1677, he Cousin marriage, married his first cousin Mary, the elder daughter of his maternal u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harmelin V Michigan
''Harmelin v. Michigan'', 501 U.S. 957 (1991), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Court ruled that the Eighth Amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause allowed a state to impose a life sentence without the possibility of parole for the possession of of cocaine. The Court's narrow ruling left a major question of Eighth Amendment law unresolved. Since the Court's decision in ''Gregg v. Georgia'',. the Court had incorporated a detailed proportionality analysis into the cruel and unusual punishment analysis required in capital cases. The defendant Ronald Harmelin directly asked the Court to extend the reach of that analysis to noncapital cases such as his. Although five Justices agreed that Harmelin's sentence was not unconstitutionally cruel and unusual, six Justices agreed that the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause bore ''some kind'' of proportionality analysis. Yet among those six, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Chitty (the Elder)
Joseph Chitty (12 March 1776 – 17 February 1841) was an England, English lawyer and legal writer, author of some of the earliest practitioners' texts and founder of an important dynasty of lawyers. Life and practice He was himself the son of a Joseph Chitty (1729–1795), and his wife, Sarah (''née'' Cartwright). He initially practised as a special pleader before being called to the bar by the Middle Temple on 28 June 1816. He never became a King's Counsel, KC but built a huge junior practice at 1 Pump Court and published many books. Chitty was also pupillage, pupil master to a generation of lawyers, including: *John Walter Hulme, his co-author and son-in-law, and the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong, Chief Justice of Hong Kong *Thomas StarkieLobban (2004) *Edward Alderson (judge), Edward Hall Alderson *Thomas Noon Talfourd *Henry Havelock. In fact, at the time, the Inns of Court were in decline and Chitty organised lectures and moot court, moots, in 1810 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Death Penalty
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct. The sentence ordering that an offender be punished in such a manner is called a death sentence, and the act of carrying out the sentence is an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and awaits execution is ''condemned'' and is commonly referred to as being "on death row". Etymologically, the term ''capital'' (, derived via the Latin ' from ', "head") refers to execution by beheading, but executions are carried out by many methods, including hanging, shooting, lethal injection, stoning, electrocution, and gassing. Crimes that are punishable by death are known as ''capital crimes'', ''capital offences'', or ''capital felonies'', and vary depending on the jurisdiction, but commonly include serious crimes against a person, such as murder, assassination, mass murder, child ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Weems V
Weems may refer to: People: * Anna Maria Weems (c. 1840–after 1863), born a slave in Maryland, escaped to British North America disguised as a coachman * Avery Weems (born 1997), American baseball player * Capell Lane Weems (1860-1913), Republican Congressman from Ohio *Carrie Mae Weems (born 1953), American photographer * Clarence N. Weems Jr. (born 1907), American scholar and military officer * Debbie Weems (1951-1978), American actress *Donald Weems, birth name of Kuwasi Balagoon (1946-1986), American Black Panther, member of the Black Liberation Army, and New Afrikan anarchist * Eric Weems (born 1985), American National Football League player * John Crompton Weems (1778-1862), American politician * Jordan Weems (born 1992), American baseball player * Katherine Lane Weems (1899-1989), American sculptor * Kimberly Weems, American statistician *Mason Locke Weems, generally known as Parson Weems (1759-1825), American book agent and author * P. V. H. Weems (1889-1979), inventor o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Furman V
Furman may refer to: Places * Furman, Alabama, an unincorporated community in Wilcox County, United States * Furman, South Carolina, a town in Hampton County, United States * Furman, Alberta, Canada * Furman, Poland * Furman Bluffs, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica * Furman Historic District, a historic district in the community of Furman, Alabama, United States Other * Furman (surname), including a list of people with the name * Furman, a unit of angular measure equal to (2−16) of a circle and named for Alan T. Furman * '' Furman v. Georgia'', a United States Supreme Court decision that temporarily abolished capital punishment in the U.S. * Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy, a joint center at New York University School of Law and the NYU Wagner School of Public Service * Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina See also * Forman (other) * Foreman (other) * Fuhrman, a surname * Furmanov (other) * {{disambiguation, g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ingraham V
Ingraham may refer to: People * Albert Ingraham Paine (1874–1949), English soldier * Andrew Ingraham (1841–1905), philologist and schoolmaster * Chrys Ingraham (born 1947), American sociologist * Duncan Ingraham (1802–1891), officer in the United States Navy and Confederate States Navy * Edward Sturgis Ingraham (1852–1926), first superintendent of the Seattle Public Schools and mountaineer * Elizabeth Wright Ingraham (1922–2013), American architect and educator * George Landon Ingraham (1847–1931), American lawyer and judge * Hubert Ingraham (born 1947), second prime minister of the Bahamas * Joseph Ingraham (1762–1800), American sailor and fur trader * Joseph Holt Ingraham (writer) (1809–1860), American author * Laura Ingraham (born 1963), American television and talk radio host * Lloyd Ingraham (1874–1956), American actor and director * Mary Ingraham (1901–1982), Bahamian suffragist * Melissa Ingraham (born 1997), Bahamian model * Oswald Ingraham (1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harmelin V
Harmelin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Alison Harmelin, American journalist, daughter of Stephen * Stephen Harmelin (1939–2025), American lawyer * Yossef Harmelin (1922–1994), Israeli civil servant, and ambassador See also * Harmelin v. Michigan, a United States Supreme Court case * Hamelin (other) {{surname Surnames of Jewish origin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
