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DOTB
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-''tert''-butylamphetamine (DOTB or DOtBu) is a non-hallucinogenic serotonin receptor modulator of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and DOx families. Dosage and effects According to Alexander Shulgin and colleagues, DOTB has been found to be inactive in humans at oral doses of up to 25mg. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics DOTB binds with high affinity to the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors, including to the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors and, to about a 10-fold lesser extent, to the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor. It has been found to act as a partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, with an intrinsic efficacy of about 30% for phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and about half of the efficacy of (''R'')-DOB. DOTB has also been assessed and found to act as a partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor ( = 69%). The drug appeared to be inactive in animals in the conditioned avoidance test in rodents. DOTB only partially substituted for DOM in rodent dru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine
4-Substituted-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamines (DO''x'') is a chemical class of substituted amphetamine derivatives featuring methoxy groups at the 2- and 5- positions of the phenyl ring, and a substituent such as alkyl or halogen at the 4- position of the phenyl ring. They are 4-substituted derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (2,5-DMA, DOH) and are structurally related to the naturally occurring phenethylamine psychedelic mescaline. The most well-known DOx drugs are DOM, DOI, DOB, DOET, and DOC. DOI is widely used in scientific research. DOM has been used as a recreational drug, while DOET was an experimental pharmaceutical drug. Most compounds of this class are potent and long-lasting psychedelic drugs, and act as selective 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor agonists. A few bulkier derivatives such as DOAM have similarly high affinity for 5-HT2 receptors but have reduced activational efficacy and do not produce psychedelic effects. DOI has been found to have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oral Administration
Oral administration is a route of administration whereby a substance is taken through the Human mouth, mouth, swallowed, and then processed via the digestive system. This is a common route of administration for many medications. Oral administration can be easier and less painful than other routes of administration, such as Injection (medicine), injection. However, the onset of action is relatively low, and the effectiveness is reduced if it is not absorbed properly in the digestive system, or if it is broken down by digestive enzymes before it can reach the bloodstream. Some medications may cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea or vomiting, when taken orally. Oral administration can also only be applied to conscious patients, and patients able to swallow. Terminology ''Per os'' (; ''P.O.'') is an adverbial phrase meaning literally from Latin "through the mouth" or "by mouth". The expression is used in medicine to describe a treatment that is taken orally (but not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Affinity (pharmacology)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. The etymology stems from Latin ''ligare'', which means 'to bind'. In protein-ligand binding, the ligand is usually a molecule which produces a signal by binding to a site on a target protein. The binding typically results in a change of conformational isomerism (conformation) of the target protein. In DNA-ligand binding studies, the ligand can be a small molecule, ion, or protein which binds to the DNA double helix. The relationship between ligand and binding partner is a function of charge, hydrophobicity, and molecular structure. Binding occurs by intermolecular forces, such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces. The association or docking is actually reversible through dissociation. Measurably irreversible covalent bonding between a ligand and target molecule is atypical in biological systems. In contrast to the definition o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Locomotor Activity
Locomotor activity is a measure of animal behavior which is employed in scientific research. Hyperlocomotion, also known as locomotor hyperactivity, hyperactivity, or increased locomotor activity, is an effect of certain drugs in animals in which locomotor activity (locomotion) is increased. It is induced by certain drugs like psychostimulants and NMDA receptor antagonists and is reversed by certain other drugs like antipsychotics and certain antidepressants. Stimulation of locomotor activity is thought to be mediated by increased signaling in the nucleus accumbens, a major brain area involved in behavioral activation and motivated behavior. Hypolocomotion, also known as locomotor hypoactivity, hypoactivity, and decreased locomotor activity, is an effect of certain drugs in animals in which locomotor activity is decreased. It is a characteristic effect of many sedative agents and general anesthetics. Antipsychotics, which are dopamine receptor antagonists, and many serotonerg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5-MeO-DMT
5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine), also known as ''O''-methylbufotenin or mebufotenin (), is a naturally occurring psychedelic of the tryptamine family. It is found in a wide variety of plant species, and is also secreted by the glands of at least one toad species, the Colorado River toad. It may occur naturally in humans as well. Like its close relatives dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and bufotenin (5-HO-DMT), it has been used as an entheogen in South America. Slang terms include ''five-methoxy'', ''the power'', ''bufo'', and ''toad venom''. The drug has been described as the most powerful psychedelic and, by journalist Michael Pollan, as the "Mount Everest of psychedelics". Adverse effects of 5-MeO-DMT include sickness, vomiting, headache, chest pressure, fatigue, anxiety, fear, terror, confusion, paranoia, crying, loss of awareness and motor control, and reactivations. The drug acts as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, including of the sero ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potency (pharmacology)
In pharmacology, potency or biological potency is a measure of a drug's biological activity expressed in terms of the dose required to produce a pharmacological effect of given intensity. A highly potent drug (e.g., fentanyl, clonazepam, risperidone, benperidol, bumetanide) evokes a given response at low concentrations, while a drug of lower potency (e.g. morphine, alprazolam, ziprasidone, haloperidol, furosemide) evokes the same response only at higher concentrations. Higher potency does not necessarily mean greater effectiveness nor more side effects nor less side effects. Types of potency The International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) has stated that "potency is an imprecise term that should always be further defined", and lists of types of potency as follows: Miscellaneous Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most potent psychoactive drug A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, mind-altering drug, consciousness-altering drug, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drug Discrimination
Drug discrimination (DD) is a technique in behavioral neuroscience used to evaluate the discriminative stimulus properties or interoceptive cues of psychoactive drugs. In drug discrimination, a subject is trained on a training drug, and then it is tested with novel drugs to see if the novel drugs are experienced as similar to the training drug. In essence, the drug discrimination paradigm has the subject "tell" the experimenter "I think you gave me the training drug" or "I don't think you gave me anything". The discriminative stimulus properties of drugs are believed to reflect their subjective effects. When partial or full stimulus generalization of a test drug to a training drug occurs, the test drug can be assumed to have effects that are subjectively similar to those of the training drug. Drug discrimination tests are usually performed in animals, but have also been conducted in humans. Drug discrimination assays have been employed to assess whether drugs have stimulant- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DOM (drug)
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), also known as STP (standing for "Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace" and/or other phrases), is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and DOx families. It is generally taken orally. DOM was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and later described in his book '' PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story'' (1991). It is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, and is similarly controlled in other parts of the world. Internationally, it is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Effects Effects of this drug include substantial perceptual changes such as blurred vision, multiple images, vibration of objects, visual alterations, distorted shapes, enhancement of details, slowed passage of time, increased sexual drive and pleasure, and increased contrasts. It may cause mystical experiences and changes in consciousness. It may also cause pupillary dilation and a rise in systolic bloo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conditioned Avoidance Test
The conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test, also known as the active avoidance test, is an animal test used to identify drugs with antipsychotic-like effects. It is most commonly employed as a two-way active avoidance test with rodents. The test assesses the conditioned ability of an animal to avoid an unpleasant stimulus. Drugs that selectively suppress conditioned avoidance responses without affecting escape behavior are considered to have antipsychotic-like activity. Variations of the test, like testing for enhancement of avoidance and escape responses, have also been used to assess other drug effects, like pro-motivational and antidepressant-like effects. Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists, like most classical antipsychotics, are active in the CAR test once occupancy of the dopamine D2 receptor reaches around 70%. Dopamine D2 receptor partial agonists like aripiprazole are likewise active in the test. Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonists can enhance suppression of co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DOB (drug)
Dimethoxybromoamphetamine (DOB), also known as brolamfetamine () and bromo-DMA, is a psychedelic drug and substituted amphetamine of the phenethylamine class of compounds. DOB was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1967. Its synthesis and effects are documented in Shulgin's book '' PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story''. The drug acts as a serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist. Side effects Excessively high doses of DOB may cause diffuse arterial spasm. The vasospasm responded readily to intra-arterial and intravenous vasodilators, such as tolazoline. Interactions Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics DOB is a serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor agonist. Its psychedelic effects are mediated by its agonistic properties at the 5-HT2A receptor. Due to its selectivity, DOB is often used in scientific research when studying the 5-HT2 receptor subfamily. It is a very weak agonist of the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and a weak agonist of the rhesus monk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution reaction, substitution, elimination reaction, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile. Biological hydrolysis is the cleavage of Biomolecule, biomolecules where a water molecule is consumed to effect the separation of a larger molecule into component parts. When a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis (e.g., sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose), this is recognized as saccharification. Hydrolysis reactions can be the reverse of a condensation reaction in which two molecules join into a larger one and eject a water molecule. Thus hydrolysis adds water to break down, whereas condensation builds up by removing water. Types Usually hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Sometimes this addition causes both the su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylinositol or inositol phospholipid is a biomolecule. It was initially called "inosite" when it was discovered by Léon Maquenne and Johann Joseph von Scherer in the late 19th century. It was discovered in bacteria but later also found in eukaryotes, and was found to be a signaling molecule. The biomolecule can exist in 9 different isomers. It is a lipid which contains a phosphate group, two fatty acid chains, and one inositol sugar molecule. Typically, the phosphate group has a negative charge (at physiological pH values). As a result, the molecule is amphiphilic. The production of the molecule is limited to the endoplasmic reticulum. History of phospatidylinositol Phosphatidylinositol (PI) and its derivatives have a rich history dating back to their discovery by Johann Joseph von Scherer and Léon Maquenne in the late 19th century. Initially known as " inosite" based on its sweet taste, the isolation and characterization of inositol laid the groundwork for und ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
