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Cistales
Violales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants and takes its name from the included family Violaceae; it was proposed by Lindley (1853). The name has been used in several systems, although some systems used the name Parietales for similar groupings. In the 1981 version of the influential Cronquist system, order Violales was placed in subclass Dilleniidae with a circumscription consisting of the families listed below. Some classifications such as that of Dahlgren placed the Violales in the superorder Violiflorae (also called Violanae). The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system does not recognize order Violales; Violaceae is placed in order Malpighiales and the other families are reassigned to various orders as indicated. * order Violales Perleb 1826 *: family Achariaceae → order Malpighiales *: family Ancistrocladaceae → order Caryophyllales *: family Begoniaceae → order Cucurbitales *: family Bixaceae → order Malvales *: family Caricaceae → order Bra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viola Tricolor11
; german: Bratsche , alt=Viola shown from the front and the side , image=Bratsche.jpg , caption= , background=string , hornbostel_sachs=321.322-71 , hornbostel_sachs_desc=Composite chordophone sounded by a bow , range= , related= *Violin family (violin, cello, double bass) *List of violists , articles= , sound sample = The viola ( , also , ) is a string instrument that is bowed, plucked, or played with varying techniques. Slightly larger than a violin, it has a lower and deeper sound. Since the 18th century, it has been the middle or alto voice of the violin family, between the violin (which is tuned a perfect fifth above) and the cello (which is tuned an octave below). The strings from low to high are typically tuned to C3, G3, D4, and A4. In the past, the viola varied in size and style, as did its names. The word viola originates from the Italian language. The Italians often used the term viola da braccio meaning literally: 'of the arm'. "Brazzo" was another Italian word ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancistrocladaceae
''Ancistrocladus'' is a genus of woody lianas in the monotypic family ''Ancistrocladaceae''. The branches climb by twining other stems or by scrambling with hooked tips. They are found in the tropics of the Old World. Classification The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), also recognizes this family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots. Recent molecular and biochemical evidence (see thAP-Website suggests the carnivorous taxa in the order Caryophyllales (the families Droseraceae and Nepenthaceae and the species ''Drosophyllum lusitanicum'' and '' Triphyophyllum peltatum'') all belong to the same clade. This family Ancistrocladaceae would belong to this same clade, although the plants in the family are not carnivorous. A close relationship between this family and the family Dioncophyllaceae (containing the carnivorous species ''T. peltatum'') is supported by similar pollen and petiole structure. The Cronquist system ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salicaceae
The Salicaceae is the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwoods. Genetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) have greatly expanded the circumscription of the family to contain 56 genera and about 1220 species, including the Scyphostegiaceae and many of the former Flacourtiaceae. In the Cronquist system, the Salicaceae were assigned to their own order, Salicales, and contained three genera (''Salix'', ''Populus'', and '' Chosenia''). Recognized to be closely related to the Violaceae and Passifloraceae, the family is placed by the APG in the order Malpighiales. Under the new circumscription, all members of the family are trees or shrubs that have simple leaves with alternate arrangement and temperate members are usually deciduous. Most members have serrate or dentate leaf margins, and those that have such toothed margins all exhibit salicoid teeth; a sali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flacourtiaceae
The Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various families, mostly to the Achariaceae and Salicaceae. It was so vaguely defined that hardly anything seemed out of place there and it became a dumping ground for odd and anomalous genera, gradually making the family even more heterogeneous. In 1975, Hermann Sleumer noted that "Flacourtiaceae as a family is a fiction; only the tribes are homogeneous." In Cronquist's classification, the Flacourtiaceae included 79–89 genera and 800–1000 species. Of these, many, including the type genus ''Flacourtia'', have now been transferred to the Salicaceae in the molecular phylogeny-based classification, known as the APG IV system, established by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. In the list below, the Salicaceae are circumscribed broadly. Some taxonomists further divide the Salicaceae '' sensu lato'' into three families: Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'', Scyphostegiaceae, and Samyd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dioncophyllaceae
The Dioncophyllaceae are a family of flowering plants consisting of three species of lianas native to the rainforests of western Africa. Their closest relatives are Ancistrocladaceae. Both families lie within a clade of mostly carnivorous plants which, since 1998 or so, have been moved to the order Caryophyllales. This clade also includes the families Droseraceae (sundews and Venus' flytrap) and Nepenthaceae (an Old World genus of pitcher plants), as well as Drosophyllaceae. All species in the family are lianas at some point in their lifecycles, and climb by the use of pairs of hooks or tendrils formed by the end of the leaf midribs. The best-known member is the carnivorous '' Triphyophyllum peltatum'', although the family contains two other species: ''Habropetalum dawei'' and ''Dioncophyllum thollonii''. History of classification The Cronquist system (1981) had placed the family in order Violales. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), does ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Datiscaceae
The Datiscaceae are a family of dicotyledonous plants, containing two species of the genus ''Datisca''. Two other genera, ''Octomeles'' and ''Tetrameles'', are now classified in the family Tetramelaceae. Datiscaceae are large herbaceous plants, with alternate and pinnate leaves. They are actinorhizal plants, that host nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots, and are the only ones that are non-woody, although non-actinorrhizal plants also fix nitrogen, such as the legumes. Species The genus ''Datisca'' contains two or three species; two from Asia and one from North America. The species ''Datisca cannabina'' is found in Crete and Turkey, and closely related ''Datisca nepalensis'' is found in the Himalayas, and is sometimes included in ''D. cannabina''. It grows to about 2.0 m tall, and in May to August it produces small greenish-yellow flowers. This species is strictly dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cucurbitaceae
The Cucurbitaceae, also called cucurbits or the gourd family, are a plant family consisting of about 965 species in around 95 genera, of which the most important to humans are: *'' Cucurbita'' – squash, pumpkin, zucchini, some gourds *'' Lagenaria'' – calabash, and others that are inedible *'' Citrullus'' – watermelon (''C. lanatus'', ''C. colocynthis'') and others *'' Cucumis'' – cucumber (''C. sativus''), various melons and vines *'' Momordica'' – bitter melon *'' Luffa'' – the common name is also luffa, sometimes spelled loofah (when fully ripened, two species of this fibrous fruit are the source of the loofah scrubbing sponge) *'' Cyclanthera'' – Caigua The plants in this family are grown around the tropics and in temperate areas, where those with edible fruits were among the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. The family Cucurbitaceae ranks among the highest of plant families for number and percentage of species used as human food ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cistaceae
The Cistaceae are a small family of plants (rock-rose or rock rose family) known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in nine genera that are not very distinct, distributed primarily in the temperate areas of Europe and the Mediterranean basin, but also found in North America; a limited number of species are found in South America. Most Cistaceae are subshrubs and low shrubs, and some are herbaceous. They prefer dry and sunny habitats. Cistaceae grow well on poor soils, and many of them are cultivated in gardens. They often have showy yellow, pink or white flowers, which are generally short-lived. The flowers are bisexual, regular, solitary or borne in cymes; they usually have five, sometimes three, petals ('' Lechea''). The petals are free, usually crumpled in the bud, and sometimes in the open flower (e. g. '' Cistus incanus''). It has five sepals, the inner three of whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brassicales
The Brassicales (or Cruciales) are an order of flowering plants, belonging to the eurosids II group of dicotyledons under the APG II system. One character common to many members of the order is the production of glucosinolate (mustard oil) compounds. Most systems of classification have included this order, although sometimes under the name Capparales (the name chosen depending on which is thought to have priority). The order typically contains the following families: * Akaniaceae – two species of turnipwood trees, native to Asia and eastern Australia * Bataceae – salt-tolerant shrubs from America and Australasia * Brassicaceae – mustard and cabbage family; may include the Cleomaceae * Capparaceae – caper family, sometimes included in Brassicaceae * Caricaceae – papaya family * Cleomaceae * Gyrostemonaceae – several genera of small shrubs and trees endemic to temperate parts of Australia * Koeberliniaceae – one species of thorn bush native to Mexico and the US Southw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caricaceae
The Caricaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, found primarily in tropical regions of Central and South America and Africa. They are usually short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small to medium-sized trees growing to 5–10 m tall. One species, '' Vasconcellea horovitziana'' is a liana and the three species of the genus '' Jarilla'' are herbs. Some species, such as the papaya, bear edible fruit and produce papain. Based on molecular analyses, this family has been proposed to have originated in Africa in the early Cenozoic era, ~66 million years ago (mya). The dispersal from Africa to Central America occurred ~35 mya, possibly via ocean currents from the Congo delta. From Central America, the family reached South America 19-27 mya. The family comprises six genera and about 34-35 species: *'' Carica'' – one species, ''Carica papaya'' (papaya), Americas *'' Cylicomorpha'' – two species, Africa *''Horovitzia ''Horovitzia cnidoscoloi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malvales
The Malvales are an order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by APG II-system, the order includes about 6000 species within 9 families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, which are part of the eudicots. The plants are mostly shrubs and trees; most of its families have a cosmopolitan distribution in the tropics and subtropics, with limited expansion into temperate regions. An interesting distribution occurs in Madagascar, where three endemic families of Malvales (Sphaerosepalaceae, Sarcolaenaceae and Diegodendraceae) occur. Many species of Malvaceae ''sensu lato'' are known for their wood, with that of '' Ochroma'' (balsa) being known for its lightness, and that of ''Tilia'' (lime, linden, or basswood) as a popular wood for carving. Fruit of the cacao tree (''Theobroma cacao'') are used as an ingredient for chocolate. Kola nuts (genus ''Cola'') are notable for their high content of caffeine and, in past, were commonly used for preparing of various cola drinks. Other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bixaceae
The Bixaceae are a family of dicotyledonous plants commonly called the achiote family. Under the Cronquist system, the family was traditionally placed in the order Violales. However, newer arrangements move it, with some other families previously in the Violales, into the Malvales. Although small, this family includes trees, herbs, and shrubs. The plants are bisexual, and all species have five sepals. All plants within the Bixaceae produce a red, orange, or yellow latex. Genera The Bixaceae include three genera and a total of 25 species, although ''Cochlospermum'' is sometimes placed into its own family Cochlospermaceae. The best-known species is the source of annatto, the achiote, which belongs to the type genus of the family. *'' Bixa'' *'' Cochlospermum'' ('' Amoreuxia'' is now a synonym) *''Diegodendron ''Diegodendron'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Bixaceae. The only known species is ''Diegodendron humbertii''. Its native range i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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