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Buran (spacecraft)
''Buran'' (, , ; GRAU index serial number: 11F35 1K, construction number: 1.01) was the first spaceplane to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran programme, Buran program. The Buran orbiters were similar in design to the Space Shuttle, U.S. Space Shuttle. Buran completed one uncrewed spaceflight in 1988, and was destroyed in 2002 due to the collapse of its storage hangar. The Buran-class orbiters used the Expendable launch system, expendable Energia (rocket), Energia rocket, a class of super heavy-lift launch vehicle. Besides describing the first operational Soviet/Russian shuttle orbiter, "Buran" was also the designation for the entire Soviet/Russian spaceplane project and its flight articles, which were known as "Buran-class orbiters". Construction The construction of the Buran spacecraft began in 1980, and by 1984 the first full-scale orbiter was rolled out. Over 1,000 companies all over the Soviet Union were involved in construction and development. The Buran s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buran Programme
The ''Buran'' programme (, , "Snowstorm", "Blizzard"), also known as the "VKK Space Orbiter programme" (), was a Soviet and later Russian reusable spacecraft project that began in 1974 at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute in Moscow and was formally suspended in 1993. In addition to being the designation for the whole Soviet/Russian reusable spacecraft project, ''Buran'' was also the name given to orbiter 1K, which completed one uncrewed spaceflight in 1988 and was the only Soviet reusable spacecraft to be launched into space. The Buran-class orbiters used the expendable Energia rocket as a launch vehicle. The Buran programme was started by the Soviet Union as a response to the United States Space Shuttle program and benefited from extensive espionage undertaken by the KGB of the unclassified US Space Shuttle program, resulting in many superficial and functional similarities between American and Soviet Shuttle designs. Although the Buran class was similar in appearance ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quartz Fiber
Quartz fiber is a fiber created from high-purity quartz crystals. It is made by first softening quartz rods (in an oxyhydrogen flame) and then creating filaments from the rods. Since the creation of high-purity quartz crystals is an energy intensive process, quartz fiber is more expensive than alternatives (glass fiber and high-silica fiber) and has limited applications. Manufacture Quartz fiber is made from heating quartz rods with an oxyhydrogen flame. Then, filaments are drawn out of the quartz rod, creating quartz fibers. For optical fibers, germanium and phosphorus can be added to increase the refractive index. Properties A single quartz fiber can have a tensile strength of . Quartz fibers are chemically stable as they are not affected by halogens (for the most part). Quartz fibers also have a higher thermal resistance than S-glass or E-glass. Applications Since quartz fiber is expensive, it has limited applications. It is used mainly for producing composite mat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OK-GLI
The OK-GLI (), also known as Buran Analog BTS-02 (), was a Soviet Union, Soviet atmospheric Flight test, test vehicle ("Buran aerodynamic analogue") of the orbital spaceflight, orbital Buran (spacecraft), Buran spacecraft. It was constructed for the Buran programme in 1984, and was used for 25 test flights between 1985 and 1988 before being retired. The aircraft was subsequently put on exhibit in Australia (2000), Bahrain (2002) and since 2008 has been on exhibit at the Technik Museum Speyer in Germany. Construction The development of the Buran programme, Buran vehicles by the Soviet Union began in the late 1970s as a response to the Space Shuttle program of the United States. The construction of the orbiters began in 1980, and by 1984 the first full-scale Buran was rolled out. The first sub-orbital flight, suborbital test flight of a scale-model took place as early as July 1983. As the project progressed, five additional scale-model flights were performed. The OK-GLI (Buran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saturn AL-31
The Saturn AL-31 (originally Lyulka) is a family of axial flow turbofan engines, developed by the NPO Saturn, Lyulka-Saturn design bureau in the Soviet Union, now UEC Saturn, NPO Saturn in Russia, originally as a 12.5-tonne (122.6 kN, 27,560 lbf) powerplant for the Sukhoi Su-27 long range air superiority fighter. The AL-31 currently powers the Su-27 family of combat aircraft and some variants of the Chengdu J-10 multirole fighter aircraft, jet fighter. Assembly of the engine is also performed under license in India by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, HAL, for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. Improved variants power the fifth-generation Sukhoi Su-57 and Chengdu J-20. Development and design The design of the AL-31 turbofan began in the 1970s under the designation ''izdeliye'' 99The Russian term , Romanization of Russian, translit. ''izdeliye'' literally means "manufactured article" or "product". by the Lyulka design bureau, also known as Lyulka-Saturn. With an emphasis on greater fuel e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buran Partial Rear View (Le Bourget 1989)
Buran may refer to: Places * Buran, Ardabil, a village in Ardabil Province, Iran * Buran, Mazandaran, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran * Buran, Ukraine, an urban-type settlement in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, also known as Enhelsove Other uses * Buran programme, the Soviet space shuttle project, counterpart of the U.S. space shuttle ** ''Buran'' (spacecraft), a Soviet shuttle launched in 1988. * Buran (wind), a wind that blows across eastern Asia * An alternate spelling of Boran, queen of Iran from 629 to 632 * Buran bint al-Hasan ibn Sahl, consort of Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun * RSS-40 Buran, a Soviet cruise missile * Buran eavesdropping device See also * Burang (other) * Burren (other) * Buraan, a town in the northern Sanaag region of Somalia * Buranji Buranjis (Ahom language: ''ancient writings'') are a class of historical chronicles and manuscripts associated with the Ahom kingdom. There were written initially in the Ahom Language and later in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kvant-1
Kvant-1 (; English: Quantum-I/1) (37KE) was the first module to be attached in 1987 to the Mir Core Module, which formed the core of the Soviet space station ''Mir''. It remained attached to ''Mir'' until the entire space station was deorbited in 2001. The Kvant-1 module contained scientific instruments for astrophysical observations and materials science experiments. It was used to conduct research into the physics of active galaxies, quasars and neutron stars and it was uniquely positioned for studies of the Supernova SN 1987A. Furthermore, it supported biotechnology experiments in anti-viral preparations and fractions. Some additions to Kvant-1 during its lifetime were solar arrays and the ''Sofora'' and ''Rapana'' girders. The Kvant-1 module was based on the TKS spacecraft and was the first, experimental version of a planned series of '37K' type modules. The 37K modules featured a jettisonable TKS-E type propulsion module, also called the Functional Service Module (FSM). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spacelab
Spacelab was a reusable laboratory developed by European Space Agency (ESA) and used on certain spaceflights flown by the Space Shuttle. The laboratory comprised multiple components, including a pressurized module, an unpressurized carrier, and other related hardware housed in the Shuttle's cargo bay. The components were arranged in various configurations to meet the needs of each spaceflight. Spacelab components flew on a total of about 32 Shuttle missions, depending on how such hardware and missions are tabulated. Spacelab allowed scientists to perform experiments in micro-g environment , microgravity in geocentric orbit. There was a variety of Spacelab-associated hardware, so a distinction can be made between the major Spacelab program missions with European scientists running missions in the Spacelab habitable module, missions running other Spacelab hardware experiments, and other Space Transportation System (STS) missions that used some component of Spacelab hardware. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian State Scientific Center For Robotics And Technical Cybernetics
The Russian State Scientific Center for Robotics and Technical Cybernetics (RTC; ) is one of the leading research institutes in Russia. Located in St. Petersburg, it specializes in software and hardware development, and in robotics and technical cybernetics. Special design bureau for technical cybernetics was formed on the base of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University on January 29, 1968. In June 1981, the bureau was transformed into the RTC. RTC participated in the development of the soft landing control system for the spacecraft Soyuz and the robotic probe Luna 16. In 1986–1987, the institute created mobile robots for radiation reconnaissance and liquidation of Chernobyl Chernobyl, officially called Chornobyl, is a partially abandoned city in Vyshhorod Raion, Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine. It is located within the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, to the north of Kyiv and to the southwest of Gomel in neighbouring Belarus. ... accident consequences. In the early 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canadarm
Canadarm or Canadarm1 (officially Shuttle Remote Manipulator System or SRMS, also SSRMS) is a series of robotic arms that were used on the Space Shuttle orbiters to deploy, manoeuvre, and capture payloads. After the Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disaster, the Canadarm was always paired with the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS), which was used to inspect the exterior of the shuttle for damage to the thermal protection system. Development In 1969, Canada was invited by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to participate in the Space Shuttle program. At the time what that participation would entail had not yet been decided but a manipulator system was identified as an important component. Canadian company DSMA ATCON had developed a robot to load fuel into CANDU nuclear reactors; this robot attracted NASA's attention. In 1975, NASA and the Canadian National Research Council (NRC) signed a memorandum of understanding that Canada would develop and constru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kristall
The Kristall () (77KST, TsM-T, 11F77T) module was the fourth module and the third major addition to ''Mir''. As with previous modules, its configuration was based on the 77K (TKS) module, and was originally named "Kvant 3". It was launched on May 31, 1990 on Proton-K. It docked to Mir autonomously on June 10, 1990. Description Kristall had several materials processing furnaces. They were called Krater 5, Optizon 1, Zona 2, and Zona 3. It also had a biotechnology experiment called the Aniur electrophoresis unit. These experiments were capable of generating 100 kg of raw materials for use on Earth. Located in the docking node was the Priroda 5 camera which was used for Earth resources experiments. Kristall also had several astronomy and astrophysics experiments which were designed to augment experiments that were already located in Kvant-1. Kristall's solar panels were also different from others on Mir. They were designed to be "collapsible" which means that they could be de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
