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Afghan Arabs
Afghan Arabs (also known as Arab-Afghans) are Arab and other Muslim Islamist mujahideen who came to Afghanistan during and following the Soviet–Afghan War to help fellow Muslims fight Soviets and pro-Soviet Afghans. Estimates of the volunteers number are 8,000 to 35,000.Rashid, Ahmed, ''Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia'' (New Haven, 2000), p. 129. The late Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi, the first Arab journalist from a major Arabic media organization to cover the Afghan jihad, estimated their numbers to be at around 10,000.Peter Bergen, '' The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader'', Simon and Schuster (2006), p. 41 Within the Muslim Arab world they achieved near hero-status for their association with the defeat of the Soviet Union, and on returning home had considerable significance waging jihad against their own and other governments. Their name notwithstanding, none were Afghans and some were not Arabs, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inter-Services Intelligence
The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI; ur, , bayn khadamatiy mukhabarati) is the premier intelligence agency of Pakistan. It is responsible for gathering, processing, and analyzing any information from around the world that is deemed relevant to Pakistan's national security. As one of the principal members of the Pakistani intelligence community, the ISI reports to its Director-General and is primarily focused on providing intelligence to the Pakistani government. The ISI primarily consists of serving military officers drawn on secondment from the three service branches of the Pakistan Armed Forces (i.e. the Pakistan Army, Pakistan Navy, and Pakistan Air Force), hence the name "Inter-Services"; however, the agency also recruits many civilians. Since 1971, it has been formally headed by a serving three-star general of the Pakistan Army, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan on the recommendation of the Chief of Army Staff, who recommends three officers for the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bukhara
Bukhara ( Uzbek: /, ; tg, Бухоро, ) is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan, with a population of 280,187 , and the capital of Bukhara Region. People have inhabited the region around Bukhara for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on the Silk Road, the city has long served as a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. The mother tongue of the majority of people of Bukhara is Tajik, a dialect of the Persian language, although Uzbek is spoken as a second language by most residents. Bukhara served as the capital of the Samanid Empire, Khanate of Bukhara, and Emirate of Bukhara and was the birthplace of scholar Imam Bukhari. The city has been known as "Noble Bukhara" (''Bukhārā-ye sharīf''). Bukhara has about 140 architectural monuments. UNESCO has listed the historic center of Bukhara (which contains numerous mosques and madrasas) as a World Heritage Site. Names The exact name of the city of Bukhara in anci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Of Palestine
Palestine ( ar, فلسطين, Filasṭīn), officially the State of Palestine ( ar, دولة فلسطين, Dawlat Filasṭīn, label=none), is a state located in Western Asia. Officially governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), it claims the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip as its territory, though the entirety of that territory has been occupied by Israel since the 1967 Six-Day War. As a result of the Oslo Accords of 1993–1995, the West Bank is currently divided into 165 Palestinian enclaves that are under partial Palestinian National Authority (PNA) rule; the remainder, including 200 Israeli settlements, is under full Israeli control. The Gaza Strip has been ruled by the militant Islamic group Hamas and has been subject to a long-term blockade by Egypt and Israel since 2007. After World War II, in 1947, the United Nations (UN) adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine, which recommended the creation of independent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wahhabism
Wahhabism ( ar, ٱلْوَهَّابِيَةُ, translit=al-Wahhābiyyah) is a Sunni Islamic revivalist and fundamentalist movement associated with the reformist doctrines of the 18th-century Arabian Islamic scholar, theologian, preacher, and activist Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (). He established the ''Muwahhidun'' movement in the region of Najd in central Arabia as well as South Western Arabia, a reform movement that emphasised purging of rituals related to the veneration of Muslim saints and pilgrimages to their tombs and shrines, which were widespread amongst the people of Najd. Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and his followers were highly inspired by the influential thirteenth-century Hanbali scholar Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328 C.E/ 661 – 728 A.H) who called for a return to the purity of the first three generations (''Salaf'') to rid Muslims of inauthentic outgrowths (''bidʻah''), and regarded his works as core scholarly references in theology. While being influenced by their Han ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdul Rasul Sayyaf
Abdulrab Rasul Sayyaf ( ; ps, عبدالرسول سیاف; born 1946) is an exiled Afghan politician and former mujahideen commander. He took part in the war against the Marxist–Leninist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) government in the 1980s, leading the Afghan mujahideen faction ''Ittehad-al-Islami'' (Islamic Union). Compared to other Afghan mujahideen leaders, Sayyaf was closely tied with international mujahideen from the Arab world.https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1154721/1226_1369733568_ppig1.pdf During the Soviet-Afghan War he had close relations with Saudi Arabia and helped mobilize Arab jihadist volunteers for the mujahideen forces. Internally, Sayyaf was allied with the Rabbani government in the 1990s until the rise of the Taliban militia; this led to him joining the Northern Alliance in opposition of the Taliban,Layden-Stevenson, Justice. This Party youngest member is Maiwand Safa and general secretary of the party. "Hassan Almrei and the M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar ( ps, ګلب الدين حكمتيار; born 1 August 1949) is an Afghan politician, former mujahideen leader and drug trafficker. He is the founder and current leader of the Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin political party, so called after Mohammad Yunus Khalis split from Hezbi Islami in 1979 to found Hezb-i Islami Khalis. He has twice served as Prime Minister during the 1990s. Hekmatyar joined the Muslim Youth organization as a student in the early 1970s, where he was known for his Islamic radicalism rejected by much of the organization. He spent time in Pakistan before returning to Afghanistan when the Soviet–Afghan War began in 1979, at which time the CIA began funding his rapidly growing Hezb-e Islami organization through the Pakistani intelligence service, ISI, one of the largest of the Afghan mujahideen. He received more CIA funding than any other mujahideen leader during the Soviet-Afghan War. In the late 1980s, Hekmatyar and his organization used the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maktab Al-Khadamat
The ''Maktab al-Khidamat'' () was an Arab charitable organization founded in 1984 by Abdullah Azzam, Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri and other volunteers during the Soviet–Afghan War, It raised funds and recruited foreign mujahideen for the war against the Soviets in Afghanistan. The group became the forerunner to al-Qaeda and was instrumental in creating the fundraising and recruitment network that benefited al-Qaeda during the 1990s. During the Soviet–Afghan War, MAK played a minimal role, training a small group of 100 mujahideen for the war and disbursing approximately $1 million in donations from Muslims sourced via a network of global offices in Arab and Western countries, allegedly including approximately thirty in the United States. MAK maintained a close liaison with Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency through which the intelligence agency of Saudi Arabia, Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah, funneled money to the Mujaheddin. The MAK paid the airfare for new r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Al-Aziz Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Baaz
Sheikh Abd al Aziz ibn Abdullah ibn Baz ( ar, عبد العزيز بن عبد الله بن باز, ʿAbd al ʿAzīz bin ʿAbdullāh bin Bāz, 21 November 1912 – 13 May 1999) was a Saudi Arabian Islamic ulama, scholar who served as the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 until his death in 1999. According to French political scientist Gilles Kepel, ibn Baz was a "figurehead" whose "immense religious erudition and his reputation for intransigence" gave him prestige among the population of Saudi Arabia. He "could reinforce the Saud family's policies through his influence with the masses of believers". His death left the government without a comparable figure from amongst Salafi scholars to "fill his shoes". He was a leading proponent of the Wahhabism school of thought. Ibn Baz issued a fatwa authorising a zakat, wealth tax to support the Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan war, anti-Soviet jihad. His endorsement of ''In Defence of Muslim Lands'', principally written by Abdullah A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Mufti
The Grand Mufti (also called Chief Mufti, State Mufti and Supreme Mufti) is the head of regional muftis, Islamic jurisconsults, of a state. The office originated in the early modern era in the Ottoman empire and has been later adopted in a number of modern countries. Muftis are Islamic jurists qualified to issue a nonbinding opinion (''fatwa'') on a point of Islamic law (''sharia''). In the 15th century, muftis of the Ottoman empire, who had acted as independent scholars in earlier times, began to be integrated into a hierarchical bureaucracy of religious institutions and scholars. By the end of the 16th century, the government-appointed mufti of Istanbul came to be recognized under the title ''Shaykh al-Islam'' (Turkish: ''şeyhülislam'') as the Grand Mufti in charge of this hierarchy. The Ottoman Grand Mufti performed a number of functions, including advising the sultan on religious matters, legitimizing government policies, and appointing judges. After the dissolution the O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fard Al-kifāya
' ( ar, wikt:فرض, فرض) or ' () or fardh in Islam is a religious duty commanded by God in Islam, God. The word is also used in Turkish language, Turkish, Persian language, Persian, Pashto, Urdu (''spelled farz''), and Malay language, Malay (''spelled fardu or fardhu'') in the same meaning. Muslims who obey such commands or duties are said to receive ''hasanat'' (), ''ajr'' () or ''thawab'' () each time for each good deed. ''Fard'' or its synonym ''wājib'' () is one of the five types of ahkam () into which fiqh categorizes acts of every Muslim. The Hanafi fiqh, however, does not consider both terms to be synonymous, and makes a distinction between ''wajib'' and ''fard'', the latter being obligatory and the former slightly lesser degree than being obligatory. Individual duty and sufficiency The Fiqh distinguishes two sorts of duties: * Individual duty or ''farḍ al-'ayn'' () relates is required to perform, such as daily prayer (''salat''), and the pilgrimage to Mecca at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fard
' ( ar, فرض) or ' () or fardh in Islam is a religious duty commanded by God. The word is also used in Turkish, Persian, Pashto, Urdu (''spelled farz''), and Malay (''spelled fardu or fardhu'') in the same meaning. Muslims who obey such commands or duties are said to receive ''hasanat'' (), ''ajr'' () or ''thawab'' () each time for each good deed. ''Fard'' or its synonym ''wājib'' () is one of the five types of ahkam () into which fiqh categorizes acts of every Muslim. The Hanafi fiqh, however, does not consider both terms to be synonymous, and makes a distinction between ''wajib'' and ''fard'', the latter being obligatory and the former slightly lesser degree than being obligatory. Individual duty and sufficiency The Fiqh distinguishes two sorts of duties: * Individual duty or ''farḍ al-'ayn'' () relates is required to perform, such as daily prayer (''salat''), and the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if the person can afford the journey (''hajj''). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
