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Antiplatelet Drug
An antiplatelet drug (antiaggregant), also known as a platelet agglutination inhibitor or platelet aggregation inhibitor, is a member of a class of pharmaceuticals that decrease platelet aggregation and inhibit thrombus formation. They are effective in the arterial circulation where classical Vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants have minimal effect. Antiplatelet drugs are widely used in primary and secondary prevention of thrombotic disease, especially myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Antiplatelet therapy with one or more of these drugs decreases the ability of blood clots to form by interfering with the platelet activation process in primary hemostasis. Antiplatelet drugs can reversibly or irreversibly inhibit the process involved in platelet activation resulting in decreased tendency of platelets to adhere to one another and to damaged blood vessels' endothelium. Choice Antiplatelet medications are one of the primary recommendations for treatment of both stable a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, functions, sources, synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, chemical biology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The two main areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on biological systems, and pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug. In broad terms, pharmacod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prasugrel
Prasugrel, sold under the brand names Effient and Efient, is a medication used to prevent formation of blood clots. It is a platelet inhibitor and an irreversible antagonist of P2Y12 ADP receptors and is of the thienopyridine drug class. It was developed by Daiichi Sankyo Co. and produced by Ube and marketed in the United States in cooperation with Eli Lilly and Company. Prasugrel was approved for use in the European Union in February 2009, and in the US in July 2009, for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events (including stent thrombosis) in people with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who are to be managed with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Medical uses Prasugrel is used in combination with low-dose aspirin to prevent thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome, including unstable angina pectoris, non- ST elevation myocardial infarction ( NSTEMI), and ST elevation myocardial infarction ( STEMI), who are planned for treatment with PCI. Pras ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA Inhibitor
In medicine, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, also GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors, is a class of antiplatelet agents. Several GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors exist: * abciximab (abcixifiban) (ReoPro) * eptifibatide (Integrilin) * tirofiban (Aggrastat) * roxifiban * orbofiban Use Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are frequently used during percutaneous coronary intervention (angioplasty with or without intracoronary stent placement). They work by preventing platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. They do so by inhibition of the GpIIb/IIIa receptor on the surface of the platelet Platelets or thrombocytes () are a part of blood whose function (along with the coagulation#Coagulation factors, coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping to form a thrombus, blood clot. Platelets have no ...s. They may also be used to treat acute coronary syndromes, without percutaneous coronary intervention, depending on TIMI risk. They should be given intravenou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dipyridamole
Dipyridamole, sold under the brand name Persantine among others, is an antiplatelet drug of the nucleoside transport inhibitor and PDE3 inhibitor class that inhibits blood clot formation when given chronically and causes blood vessel dilation when given at high doses over a short time. Medical uses * Dipyridamole is used to dilate blood vessels in people with peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease. * Dipyridamole has been shown to lower pulmonary hypertension without significant drop of systemic blood pressure. * It inhibits proliferation of smooth muscle cells in vivo and modestly increases unassisted patency of synthetic arteriovenous hemodialysis grafts. * Cyclic adenosine monophosphate impairs platelet aggregation and also causes arteriolar smooth muscle relaxation. Chronic therapy did not show significant drop of systemic blood pressure. * It inhibits the replication of mengovirus RNA. * It can be used for myocardial stress testing as an alternative t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenosine Reuptake Inhibitor
An adenosine reuptake inhibitor (AdoRI) is a type of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor for the purine nucleoside and neurotransmitter adenosine by blocking the action of one or more of the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of adenosine and therefore an increase in adenosinergic neurotransmission. List of AdoRIs * Acadesine * Acetate * Barbiturates * Benzodiazepines * Calcium channel blockers * Carbamazepine * Carisoprodol * Cilostazol * Cyclobenzaprine * Dilazep * Dipyridamole * Estradiol * Ethanol * Flumazenil * Hexobendine * Hydroxyzine * Indomethacin * Inosine * KF24345 * Meprobamate * Nitrobenzylthioguanosine * Nitrobenzylthioinosine * Papaverine * Pentoxifylline * Phenothiazines * Phenytoin * Progesterone * Propentofylline * Propofol * Puromycin * R75231 * RE 102 BS * Soluflazine * Toyocamycin * Tracazolate * Tricyclic antidepressant Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ticlopidine
Ticlopidine, sold under the brand name Ticlid, is a medication used to reduce the risk of thrombotic strokes. It is an antiplatelet drug in the thienopyridine family which is an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor. Research initially showed that it was useful for preventing strokes and coronary stent occlusions. However, because of its rare but serious side effects of neutropenia and thrombotic microangiopathy it was primarily used in patients in whom aspirin was not tolerated, or in whom dual antiplatelet therapy was desirable. With the advent of newer and safer antiplatelet drugs such as clopidogrel and ticagrelor, its use remained limited. It was patented in 1973 and approved for medical use in 1978. Medical uses Ticlopidine is indicated for the prevention of strokes and when combined with aspirin, for people with a new coronary stent to prevent closure. Stroke Ticlopidine is considered a second-line option for the prevention of thrombotic strokes among p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ticagrelor
Ticagrelor, sold under the brand name Brilinta among others, is a medication used for the prevention of stroke, heart attack and other events in people with acute coronary syndrome, meaning problems with blood supply in the coronary arteries. It acts as a platelet aggregation inhibitor by antagonising the P2Y12 receptor. The drug is produced by AstraZeneca. The most common side effects include dyspnea (difficulty breathing), bleeding and raised uric acid level in the blood. It was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2010, and in the United States in July 2011. In 2022, it was the 203rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions. Medical uses In the US, ticagrelor is indicated to reduce the risk of stroke in people with acute ischemic stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack. In the EU, ticagrelor, co-administered with acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), is indicated for the prevention of atherothro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prasugrel
Prasugrel, sold under the brand names Effient and Efient, is a medication used to prevent formation of blood clots. It is a platelet inhibitor and an irreversible antagonist of P2Y12 ADP receptors and is of the thienopyridine drug class. It was developed by Daiichi Sankyo Co. and produced by Ube and marketed in the United States in cooperation with Eli Lilly and Company. Prasugrel was approved for use in the European Union in February 2009, and in the US in July 2009, for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events (including stent thrombosis) in people with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who are to be managed with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Medical uses Prasugrel is used in combination with low-dose aspirin to prevent thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome, including unstable angina pectoris, non- ST elevation myocardial infarction ( NSTEMI), and ST elevation myocardial infarction ( STEMI), who are planned for treatment with PCI. Pras ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel, sold under the brand name Plavix among others, is an antiplatelet drug, antiplatelet medication used to reduce the risk of Cardiovascular disease, heart disease and stroke in those at high risk. It is also used together with aspirin in myocardial infarction, heart attacks and following the placement of a Coronary stent, coronary artery stent (management of acute coronary syndrome#Antiplatelet drugs, dual antiplatelet therapy). It is taken Oral administration, by mouth. Its effect starts about two hours after intake and lasts for five days. Common side effects include headache, nausea, easy bruising, itching, and heartburn. More severe side effects include bleeding and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. While there is no evidence of harm from use during pregnancy, such use has not been well studied. Clopidogrel is in the thienopyridine-class of antiplatelets. It works by irreversibly inhibiting a receptor called P2Y12, P2Y12 on platelets. Clopidogrel was paten ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cangrelor
Cangrelor, sold under the brand name Kengreal among others, is a P2Y12 inhibitor FDA approved as of June 2015 as an antiplatelet drug for intravenous application. Some P2Y12 inhibitors are used clinically as effective inhibitors of adenosine diphosphate-mediated platelet activation and aggregation. Unlike clopidogrel (Plavix), which is a prodrug, cangrelor is an active drug not requiring metabolic conversion. Poor interim results led to the abandonment of the two CHAMPION clinical trials in mid-2009. The BRIDGE study, for short term use prior to surgery, continues. The CHAMPION PHOENIX trial was a randomized study of over 11,000 patients published in 2013. It found usefulness of cangrelor in patients getting cardiac stents. Compared with clopidogrel given around the time of stenting, intravenous ADP-receptor blockade with cangrelor significantly reduced the rate of stent thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Reviewers have questioned the methodology of the trial. Medical use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) Receptor Inhibitor
Adenosine diphosphate (Adenosine diphosphate, ADP) receptor inhibitors are a drug class of antiplatelet agents, used in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or in preventive treatment for patients who are in risk of thromboembolism, myocardial infarction or a stroke. These drugs antagonize the P2Y12, P2Y12 platelet receptors and therefore prevent the binding of ADP to the P2Y12 receptor. This leads to a decrease in aggregation of platelets, prohibiting thrombus formation. The P2Y12, P2Y12 receptor is a surface bound protein found on blood platelets. They belong to G protein–coupled receptor, G protein-coupled purinergic receptors (GPCR) and are chemoreceptors for ADP. The first drug introduced in this class was ticlopidine but due to adverse effects it is not much used today. Ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel (Efient) are all thienopyridines that cause irreversible inhibition of P2Y12 receptor. They are all prodrugs which need to be converte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bleeding
Bleeding, hemorrhage, haemorrhage or blood loss, is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels. Bleeding can occur internally, or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, vagina, or anus, or through a puncture in the skin. Hypovolemia is a massive decrease in blood volume, and death by excessive loss of blood is referred to as exsanguination. Typically, a healthy person can endure a loss of 10–15% of the total blood volume without serious medical difficulties (by comparison, blood donation typically takes 8–10% of the donor's blood volume). The stopping or controlling of bleeding is called hemostasis and is an important part of both first aid and surgery. Types * Upper head ** Intracranial hemorrhage — bleeding in the skull. ** Cerebral hemorrhage — a type of intracranial hemorrhage, bleeding within the brain tissue itself. ** Intracerebral hemorrhage — bleeding in the brain caused by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
