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Anthracobunidae
Anthracobunidae is an extinct family of stem perissodactyls that lived in the early to middle Eocene period. They were originally considered to be a paraphyletic family of primitive proboscideans possibly ancestral to the Moeritheriidae and the desmostylians. The family has also thought to be ancestral to the Sirenia. They superficially resemble the Moeritheriidae in both size and cheek tooth morphology, but lack their characteristic tusks. They were relatively small, ranging in size from 1 to 2 m in length. They are known only from fragmentary remains (mainly teeth) from Eocene deposits of the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista .... Recently excavated fossils with well-preserved jaws and teeth demonstrate that these a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishatherium
''Ishatherium'' is an extinct genus of ungulate from the early Eocene of the Subathu formation in northwestern India. It is only known from a partial upper molar and was formerly classified as a sirenian. It was placed in Anthracobunidae in 1983N.A. Wells and P.D. Gingerich. 1983. Review of Eocene Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) with a new genus and species, ''Jozaria palustris'', from the Kuldana Formation The Kuldana Formation is a fossil-bearing geological formation of Lutetian (Early Eocene) age which outcrop, crops out in northern Pakistan. The abundant fossil remains were deposited by rivers and estuaries crossing an arid to semi-arid enviro ... of Kohat (Pakistan). Contrib. Mus. Pal. Univ. Michigan 26(7): 117–139. but this placement was rejected in a 2014 cladistic analysis. References * {{Taxonbar, from=Q16983057 Prehistoric Perissodactyla Eocene Perissodactyla Prehistoric placental genera Fossils of India ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indobune
''Indobune'' is an extinct genus of ungulate endemic to Asia during the Eocene from 55.8—48.6 Ma, living for approximately . Taxonomy ''Indobune'' was named by Rose ''et al.'' (2006). Its type is '' Indobune vastanensis''. It was assigned to Anthracobunidae by Rose ''et al.'' (2006). However, in a 2014 cladistic analysis it was suggested to more likely be a member of Cambaytheriidae. Fossil distribution Indobune fossil distribution is restricted to Gujarat state, India (Vastan lignite Lignite (derived from Latin ''lignum'' meaning 'wood'), often referred to as brown coal, is a soft, brown, combustible sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat. It has a carbon content around 25–35% and is considered the lowest ... mine). References {{Taxonbar, from=Q6025644 Eocene Perissodactyla Eocene mammals of Asia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lammidhania
''Lammidhania'' is an extinct genus of anthracobunids, which lived from the early to middle Eocene period. Its fossil remains were discovered in 1940 in the Chorlakki locality of the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is the smallest known anthracobunid, and was formerly classified with proboscidea Proboscidea (; , ) is a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family (Elephantidae) and several extinct families. First described by J. Illiger in 1811, it encompasses the elephants and their close relatives. Three l ...ns. Cooper ''et al.'' (2014) regard most specimens referred to the genus as belonging to '' Anthracobune''. References * N.A. Wells and Philip D. Gingerich. 1983. Review of Eocene Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) with a new genus and species, ''Jozaria palustris'', from the Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan). Contrib. Mus. Pal. Univ. Michigan 26(7): 117–139. * Philip D. Gingerich. 1977. A small collection of fossil verte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthracobune
''Anthracobune'' ("coal mound") is an extinct genus of stem perissodactyl from the middle Eocene of the Upper Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Punjab, Pakistan. The size of a small tapir, it lived in a marshy environment and fed on soft aquatic plants. It is the largest-known anthracobunid. This group was formerly classified with proboscidea Proboscidea (; , ) is a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family (Elephantidae) and several extinct families. First described by J. Illiger in 1811, it encompasses the elephants and their close relatives. Three l ...ns. Notes References * * * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q4773836 Anthracobunidae Prehistoric Perissodactyla Eocene Perissodactyla Paleogene mammals of Asia Prehistoric placental genera Fossil taxa described in 1940 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jozaria
''Jozaria'' is an extinct genus of stem perissodactyl from the Early to Middle Eocene of the Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Pakistan. It and other anthracobunids were formerly classified with proboscideans. Only one specimen belonging to the species ''Jozaria palustris'' has been discovered so far. Geological evidences from the place of discovery indicate that the animal lived in a brackish marsh Brackish marshes develop from salt marshes where a significant freshwater influx dilutes the seawater to brackish levels of salinity. This commonly happens upstream from salt marshes by estuaries of coastal rivers or near the mouths of coastal riv ... environment. It probably fed on soft aquatic vegetation. References * N.A. Wells and P.D. Gingerich. 1983. Review of Eocene Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) with a new genus and species, ''Jozaria palustris'', from the Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan). Contrib. Mus. Pal. Univ. Michigan 26(7): 117–139. {{Taxonbar, from=Q11 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panperissodactyla
Panperissodactyla ("all perissodactyls", alternatively spelled Pan-Perissodactyla) is a clade of ungulates containing living order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) and all extinct ungulates more closely related to Perissodactyla than to Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates). Groups thought to belong to this clade include Anthracobunia (including the families Anthracobunidae and Cambaytheriidae) known from the Paleogene of the Indian subcontinent, as well as the South American native ungulate groups Litopterna and Notoungulata, both of which went extinct approximately 12,000 years ago. Other South American native ungulate groups also possibly belong to the clade, but their placement is uncertain. The enigmatic aquatic Desmostylia have also been suggested to be related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover them as members of afrotherian clade Tethytheria. The Northern Hemisphere "condylarth" group Phenacodontidae has been placed as closely related to perissodac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perissodactyl
Perissodactyla (, ), or odd-toed ungulates, is an order of Ungulate, ungulates. The order includes about 17 living species divided into three Family (biology), families: Equidae (wild horse, horses, Asinus, asses, and zebras), Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses), and Tapiridae (tapirs). They typically have reduced the weight-bearing toes to three or one of the five original toes, though tapirs retain four toes on their front feet. The nonweight-bearing toes are either present, absent, Vestigiality, vestigial, or positioned posteriorly. By contrast, Artiodactyl, artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) bear most of their weight equally on four or two (an even number) of the five toes: their third and fourth toes. Another difference between the two is that perissodactyls digest plant cellulose in their intestines, rather than in one or more stomach chambers as artiodactyls, with the exception of Suina, do. The order was considerably more diverse in the past, with notable extinct groups inclu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hsanotherium
''Hsanotherium'' is an extinct genus of early ungulate from the middle Eocene, described in 2000 in the Pondaung Formation, Myanmar. It was originally assigned to Anthracobunidae (formerly considered proboscideans, now perissodactyls) making it the first of that family to be discovered outside India and Pakistan and also the smallest. However, the authors of a 2014 cladistic study regard it as more similar to medium-sized bunodont artiodactyl Artiodactyls are placental mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla ( , ). Typically, they are ungulates which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes (the third and fourth, often in the form of a hoof). The other t ...s, such as '' Haqueina''. References * DUCROCQ S.; AUNG NAING SOE; BO B.; BENAMMI M.; CHAIMANEE Y.; TUN T.; THEINE T.; JAEGER J.-J.; First record of an Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, ?Tethytheria) from the Eocene of the Pondaung Formation, Myanmar, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Sé ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nakusia
''Nakusia'' is an extinct genus of ungulate from the early Eocene epoch, described in 1999 in the Ghazij formation of Baluchistan, Pakistan. It was classified as an anthracobunid in 1999Ginsburg L.; Durrani, K. H.; Kassi, A. M.; Welcomme J.-L., Discovery of a new Anthracobunidae (Tethytheria, Mammalia) from the Lower Eocene lignite of the Kach-Harnai Area in Baluchistan (Pakistan), Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série 2. Sciences de la terre et des planètes (C. r. Acad. sci., Sér. 2, Sci. terre planet.), 1999, vol. 328, no3, pp. 209-213 but was suggested in a 2014 cladistic analysis to be more likely to belong to Quettacyonidae or Cambaytheriidae Cambaytheriidae is a family of primitive four or five-toed ungulates native to the Indian subcontinent. They lived during the Early Eocene The Eocene ( ) is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years a .... References Extinct mammals of Asia Prehistoric Perissodact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obergfellia
''Obergfellia'' is an extinct genus of stem perissodactyl from the middle Eocene, discovered in 1980. Its known range includes northern India and Pakistan. Cooper ''et al.'' (2014) erected the genus using specimens formerly assigned to ''Anthracobune'' and ''Pilgrimella''. It is named in honor of the late married vertebrate paleontologists Friedlinde Obergfell and A. Ranga Rao. The suite of features that distinguish it from other anthracobunids are broad lower Molar (tooth), molars, short lower Third molar, m3, and a fairly long angular process of the mandible, but not as long as in ''Anthracobune''. References Anthracobunidae Prehistoric Perissodactyla Eocene Perissodactyla Eocene mammals of Asia Fossils of India Fossils of Pakistan Fossil taxa described in 2014 Prehistoric placental genera {{paleo-oddtoedungulate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian Subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. (subscription required) Although the terms "Indian subcontinent" and "South Asia" are often also used interchangeably to denote a wider region which includes, in addition, Bhutan, the Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka, the "Indian subcontinent" is more of a geophysical term, whereas "South Asia" is more geopolitical. "South Asia" frequently also includes Afghanistan, which is not considered part of the subcontinent even in extended usage.Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, ''The Third World: states of mind and being'', pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, Quote: ""The term "South Asia" also signifies the Indian Subcontinent""Raj S. Bhopal, ''Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies'', pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ; Q ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
