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Adam Czerniaków
Adam Czerniaków (30 November 1880 – 23 July 1942) was a Polish engineer and senator who was head of the Warsaw Ghetto Jewish Council ('' Judenrat'') during World War II. He committed suicide on 23 July 1942 by swallowing a cyanide pill, a day after the commencement of mass extermination of Jews known as the Grossaktion Warsaw.Israel Gutman, ''Resistance''. Houghton Mifflin. p.&nbs200Gutman, ''Resistance'', p.&nbs203 Life and career Czerniaków was born on 30 November 1880 in Warsaw, Poland (then part of the Congress Poland). He studied engineering in Warsaw and Dresden and taught in the Jewish community's vocational school in Warsaw. From 1927 to 1934 he served as member of the Warsaw Municipal Council, and in May 1930 was elected to the Polish Senate. On 4 October 1939, a few days after Warsaw surrendered to Nazi Germany, Czerniaków was made head of the 24 member Jewish Council ('' Judenrat''), responsible for implementing German orders in the new Jewish ghetto. The Wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warsaw
Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at 1.86 million residents within a Warsaw metropolitan area, greater metropolitan area of 3.27 million residents, which makes Warsaw the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, 6th most-populous city in the European Union. The city area measures and comprises List of districts and neighbourhoods of Warsaw, 18 districts, while the metropolitan area covers . Warsaw is classified as an Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha 2, alpha global city, a major political, economic and cultural hub, and the country's seat of government. It is also the capital of the Masovian Voivodeship. Warsaw traces its origins to a small fishing town in Masovia. The city rose to prominence in the late 16th cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marek Lichtenbaum
Marek Lichtenbaum (28 November 1876 – 23 April 1943) was a Polish construction engineer of Jewish origin who was the last chairman of the Jewish Council (''Judenrat'') in the Warsaw Ghetto during World War II. Before World War II Marek Lichtenbaum was born on November 28, 1876, in Warsaw. Before World War II, he worked as a construction engineer. He was actively involved in the life of the Warsaw Jewish community. In January 1937, when the Sanation authoritarian government decided to dissolve the authorities of the Jewish Religious Community of Warsaw, he was one of nine respected social activists invited to join the “Temporary Adjunct Council” under the commissioner president of the community, . As part of his duties related to serving on the commissioner authorities, he was, among other responsibilities, a member of the commission examining the community's budget situation. In addition, he served as chairman of the economic department and deputy chairman of the cemetery ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chaim Rumkowski
Chaim Mordechaj Rumkowski (February 27, 1877 – August 28, 1944) was the head of the Jewish Council of Elders in the Łódź Ghetto appointed by Nazi Germany during the German occupation of Poland. Rumkowski accrued much power by transforming the ghetto into an industrial base manufacturing war supplies for the in the mistaken belief that productivity was the key to Jewish survival beyond the Holocaust. The Germans liquidated the ghetto in 1944. All remaining prisoners were sent to death camps in the wake of military defeats on the Eastern Front. As the head of the , Rumkowski is remembered for his speech ''Give Me Your Children'', delivered at a time when the Germans demanded his compliance with the deportation of 20,000 children to Chełmno extermination camp. In August 1944, Rumkowski and his family joined the last transport to Auschwitz, and he was murdered there on August 28, 1944, by Jewish inmates who beat him to death as revenge for his role in the Holocaust. This ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julian Tuwim
Julian Tuwim (13 September 1894 – 27 December 1953), known also under the pseudonym Oldlen as a lyricist, was a Jewish-Polish poet, born in Łódź, then part of the Russian Partition. He was educated in Łódź and in Warsaw where he studied law and philosophy at Warsaw University. After Poland's return to independence in 1918, Tuwim co-founded the Skamander group of experimental poets with Antoni Słonimski and Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz. He was a major figure in Polish literature, admired also for his contribution to children's literature. He was a recipient of the prestigious Golden Laurel of the Polish Academy of Literature in 1935.Julian Tuwim (1894-1953) ''Qlturka.pl.'' Europejski Fundusz Rozwoju Regionalnego. Retrieved December 12, 2011. Life and work Tuwim was born into ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Central Asia
Soviet Central Asia () was the part of Central Asia administered by the Russian SFSR and then the Soviet Union between 1918 and 1991, when the Central Asian Soviet republics declared independence. It is nearly synonymous with Russian Turkestan in the Russian Empire. Soviet Central Asia went through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s. Administrative divisions Former divisions Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic By the end of the 19th century, Russian tsars effectively ruled over most of the territory that later would constitute Soviet Central Asia. Russia annexed Lake Issyk Kul in north east Kyrgyzstan from China in the early 1860s, lands of Turkmens, Khanate of Khiva, Emirate of Bukhara in the second half of 1800s. Emerging from the Russian Empire following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War of 1918–1921, the USSR was a union of several Soviet republics, but the synecdoche Russia � ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kirghiz SSR
The Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirghiz SSR), also known as the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyz SSR), KySSR or Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirgiz SSR), was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991. It was also known by the names Kyrgyzstan and Soviet Kyrgyzstan in the Kyrgyz language, and as Kirghizia and Soviet Kirghizia in the Russian language. Landlocked and mountainous, it bordered Tajikistan and China to the south, Uzbekistan to the west and Kazakhstan to the north. The Kirghiz branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union governed the republic from 1936 until 1990. On 30 October 1990, the Kirghiz SSR was renamed to the Socialist Republic of Kyrgyzstan; on 15 December, after declaring its state sovereignty, it was renamed again to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. On 31 August 1991, it transformed into independent Kyrgyzstan. Etymology The name ''Kyrgyz'' is believed to have been derived from the Turkic word for '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Invasion Of Poland
The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Second Polish Republic, Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union had approved the pact. The Soviet invasion of Poland, Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty. The aim of the invasion was to disestablish Poland as a sovereign country, with its citizens destined for The Holocaust, extermination. German and Field Army Bernolák, Slovak forces ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Amos
David (; , "beloved one") was a king of ancient Israel and Judah and the third king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament. The Tel Dan stele, an Aramaic-inscribed stone erected by a king of Aram-Damascus in the late 9th/early 8th centuries BCE to commemorate a victory over two enemy kings, contains the phrase (), which is translated as "House of David" by most scholars. The Mesha Stele, erected by King Mesha of Moab in the 9th century BCE, may also refer to the "House of David", although this is disputed. According to Jewish works such as the ''Seder Olam Rabbah'', ''Seder Olam Zutta'', and ''Sefer ha-Qabbalah'' (all written over a thousand years later), David ascended the throne as the king of Judah in 885 BCE. Apart from this, all that is known of David comes from biblical literature, the historicity of which has been extensively challenged,Writing and Rewriting the Story of Solomon in Ancient Israel; by Isaac Kalimi; page 32; Cambr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnold Rosner
Arnold Rosner (November 8, 1945 in New York City – November 8, 2013) was an American composer of classical music. Biography Rosner got his training at State University of New York at Buffalo, New York. According to his own account, he "learned practically nothing" there. Rosner developed an individual style that fused elements of Renaissance music with the heightened drama and rich sonorities of late romanticism. He composed three operas, eight symphonies, six string quartets, chamber music and songs. Many of his compositions were influenced by his Jewish background, but also by Catholicism The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid .... Most of his music is available on recording. Principal works Operas * ''Chronicle of Nine: The Tragedy of Queen Jane'', Op. 81 (1984) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A Film Unfinished
''A Film Unfinished'' (Hebrew title: ''שתיקת הארכיון'' ''Shtikat haArkhion'', German title: ''Geheimsache Ghettofilm'') is a 2010 documentary film by Yael Hersonski. Summary The film re-examines the making of an unfinished 1942 German propaganda film (titled ''Das Ghetto'', "The Ghetto") depicting the Warsaw Ghetto two months before the mass extermination of its inhabitants in the German operation known as the Grossaktion Warsaw. The documentary features interviews with surviving ghetto residents and a re-enactment of testimony from Willy Wist, one of the camera operators who filmed scenes for ''Das Ghetto''. Release It premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the "World Cinema Documentary Editing Award". At the Hot Docs festival in Toronto, the film won the Best International Feature Documentary award. The film was released theatrically in the US on 18 August 2010. The film's distributor, Oscilloscope, appealed to the MPAA over the film's R r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Donald Sutherland
Donald McNichol Sutherland (17 July 1935 – 20 June 2024) was a Canadian actor. With a career spanning six decades, he received List of awards and nominations received by Donald Sutherland, numerous accolades, including a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards as well as a BAFTA Award nomination. Considered one of the best actors never nominated for an Academy Award, he was given an Academy Honorary Award in 90th Academy Awards, 2017. Sutherland rose to fame after roles in the war films ''The Dirty Dozen'' (1967), ''M*A*S*H (film), M*A*S*H'' (1970), and ''Kelly's Heroes'' (1970). He subsequently appeared in many leading and supporting roles, including ''Klute'' (1971), ''Don't Look Now'' (1973), ''The Day of the Locust (film), The Day of the Locust'' (1975), ''1900 (film), 1900'' (1976), ''Fellini's Casanova'' (1976), ''Animal House'' (1978), ''Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978 film), Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' (1978), ''Ordinary People'' (1980), ''Max Dugan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uprising (2001 Film)
''Uprising'' is an American 2001 war drama television film about the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising during the Holocaust. The film was directed by Jon Avnet and written by Avnet and Paul Brickman. It was first aired on the NBC television network over two consecutive nights in November 2001. Plot On 1 September 1939, Germany invades Poland, after which a regulation was promulgated that all Polish Jews should move to the new Warsaw Ghetto. As in all the ghettos, a '' Judenrat'' was appointed and was responsible for the administration of the ghetto. The film tells the moral dilemmas faced by Adam Czerniaków, head of the ''Judenrat'' in the Warsaw Ghetto, who had to carry out orders of the German authorities, including sending Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. A group of Polish Jews decide to rebel against the Germans and not to lend a hand to the murder of their brethren. They begin to organize their people to protect the honor of the Jewish people. Czerniaków, as the leader ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
