Zosterops Borbonicus
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''Zosterops'' (meaning "eye-
girdle A belt without a buckle, especially if a cord or rope, is called a girdle in various contexts, especially historical ones, where girdles were a very common part of everyday clothing from antiquity until perhaps the 15th century, especially for w ...
") is a
genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
passerine A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped') which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines generally have an anisodactyl arrangement of their ...
birds containing the typical white-eyes in the white-eye family
Zosteropidae The white-eyes are a family, Zosteropidae, of small passerine birds native to tropical, subtropical and temperate Sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia, and Australasia. White-eyes inhabit most tropical islands in the Indian Ocean, the ...
. The genus has the largest number of
species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
in the white-eye family. They occur in the
Afrotropical The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopi ...
,
Indomalayan The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia. Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Ind ...
, and
Australasian realm The Australasian realm is one of eight biogeographic realms that is coincident with, but not (by some definitions) the same as, the geographical region of Australasia. The realm includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (comprising Papua Ne ...
s. Typical white-eyes have a length of between . Their most characteristic feature is a conspicuous white feather
ring (The) Ring(s) may refer to: * Ring (jewellery), a round band, usually made of metal, worn as ornamental jewelry * To make a sound with a bell, and the sound made by a bell Arts, entertainment, and media Film and TV * ''The Ring'' (franchise), a ...
around the eye, though some species lack it. The species in this group vary in the structural adaptations of the tongue. The ''Zosterops'' 'griseotinctus''group is an example of a "great speciator" inhabiting a vast area and showing a remarkable morphological differentiation on islands, some of which may be as close as apart.


Systematics

The genus ''Zosterops'' was introduced by the naturalists Nicholas Vigors and
Thomas Horsfield Thomas Horsfield (May 12, 1773 – July 24, 1859) was an American physician and natural history, naturalist who worked extensively in Indonesia, describing numerous species of plants and animals from the region. He was later a curator of the Eas ...
in 1827. The name combines the
Ancient Greek Ancient Greek (, ; ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the classical antiquity, ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Greek ...
words ''zōstēros'' "belt" or "girdle" and ''ōpos'' "eye". The
type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
was designated as the Malagasy white-eye by
René Lesson René Primevère Lesson (20 March 1794 – 28 April 1849) was a French surgery, surgeon, natural history, naturalist, ornithologist, and herpetologist. Biography Lesson was born at Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, Rochefort, and entered the Naval ...
in 1828. The results of a series of molecular phylogenetic studies of the
Zosteropidae The white-eyes are a family, Zosteropidae, of small passerine birds native to tropical, subtropical and temperate Sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia, and Australasia. White-eyes inhabit most tropical islands in the Indian Ocean, the ...
published between 2014 and 2018 prompted a major revision of species limits, in which 10 new genera were introduced. In the reorganisation, the English names of three of the existing genera were replaced. Additionally, a study on Sri Lanka white-eyes (''Zosterops ceylonensis'') and Indian white-eyes (''Zosterops palpebrosus'') suggests that the Sri Lanka white-eye is the root species and the origin of all ''Zosterops species''. This raises questions upon the former theory of Southeast Asian origin.


Species

There are over 100 species in the genus. This includes three species (denoted by a dagger in the list below) that have become extinct since the 16th century. * Sri Lanka white-eye (''Zosterops ceylonensis'') * Yellowish white-eye (''Zosterops nigrorum'') * Black-capped white-eye (''Zosterops atricapilla'') * Abyssinian white-eye (''Zosterops abyssinicus'') * Pale white-eye (''Zosterops flavilateralis'') * Mbulu white-eye (''Zosterops mbuluensis'') – split from ''Z. poliogastrus'' * Chestnut-flanked white-eye (''Zosterops erythropleurus'') * Swinhoe's white-eye (''Zosterops simplex'') – split from ''Z. japonicus'' * Mountain blackeye (''Zosterops emiliae'') *
Warbling white-eye The warbling white-eye (''Zosterops japonicus'') is a small passerine bird in the white-eye family. The specific epithet is occasionally written ''japonica'', but this is incorrect due to the gender of the genus. Its native range includes much of ...
(''Zosterops japonicus'') – includes Japanese white-eye and mountain white-eye * Indian white-eye (''Zosterops palpebrosus'') – formerly oriental white-eye * Lowland white-eye (''Zosterops meyeni'') * Marianne white-eye (''Zosterops semiflavus'') * Karthala white-eye (''Zosterops mouroniensis'') * Réunion olive white-eye (''Zosterops olivaceus'') * Mauritius olive white-eye (''Zosterops chloronothos'') * Réunion grey white-eye (''Zosterops borbonicus'') * Mauritius grey white-eye (''Zosterops mauritianus'') *
Mount Cameroon speirops The Mount Cameroon speirops or Cameroon speirops (''Zosterops melanocephalus'') is a species of bird in the disputed family Zosteropidae, which might be included in the Timaliidae. It is endemic to Cameroon. Its natural habitats are subtropical ...
(''Zosterops melanocephalus'') * Forest white-eye (''Zosterops stenocricotus'') *
Green white-eye The green white-eye (''Zosterops stuhlmanni'') is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is found in Tanzania, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The green white-eye was formerly treated as a subspecies of the African yello ...
(''Zosterops stuhlmanni'') – split from ''Z. poliogastrus'' * Broad-ringed white-eye (''Zosterops eurycricotus'') – split from ''Z. poliogastrus'' * Fernando Po speirops (''Zosterops brunneus'') * Ethiopian white-eye (''Zosterops poliogastrus'') – formerly montane white-eye and Heuglin's white-eye * Kafa white-eye, (''Zosterops kaffensis'') – split from ''Z. poliogastrus'' * Kikuyu white-eye (''Zosterops kikuyuensis'') *
Socotra white-eye The Socotra white-eye (''Zosterops socotranus'') is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is found on the island of Socotra and in Somaliland. This species was formerly treated as a subspecies of the Abyssinian white-eye (''Zosterops ab ...
(''Zosterops socotranus'') – split from ''Z. abyssinicus'' *
Príncipe white-eye The Príncipe white-eye (''Zosterops ficedulinus'') is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. The species was described by Gustav Hartlaub in 1866. It is endemic to the islands of Príncipe and São Tomé, where it is restricted to the hi ...
(''Zosterops ficedulinus'') * Annobón white-eye (''Zosterops griseovirescens'') * São Tomé white-eye (''Zosterops feae'') * Black-capped speirops (''Zosterops lugubris'') *
Príncipe speirops The Príncipe speirops (''Zosterops leucophaeus'') is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to the island of Príncipe in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and ...
(''Zosterops leucophaeus'') * Taita white-eye (''Zosterops silvanus'') *
Northern yellow white-eye The northern yellow white-eye (''Zosterops senegalensis''), formerly the African yellow white-eye, is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is found across sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal in the west across to southern Sudan in the eas ...
(''Zosterops senegalensis'') – formerly African yellow white-eye * Angola white-eye (''Zosterops kasaicus'') – split from ''Z. senegalensis'' * Orange River white-eye (''Zosterops pallidus'') * South Pare white-eye (''Zosterops winifredae'') – split from ''Z. poliogastrus'' * Cape white-eye (''Zosterops virens'') * Southern yellow white-eye (''Zosterops anderssoni'') – split from ''Z. senegalensis'' * Pemba white-eye (''Zosterops vaughani'') * Seychelles white-eye (''Zosterops modestus'') * Anjouan white-eye (''Zosterops anjuanensis'') * Moheli white-eye (''Zosterops comorensis'') * Malagasy white-eye (''Zosterops maderaspatanus'') * Meratus white-eye (''Zosterops meratusensis'') * Aldabra white-eye (''Zosterops aldabrensis'') – split from ''Z. maderaspatanus'' *
Kirk's white-eye Kirk's white-eye (''Zosterops kirki'') is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to the Comoros Islands. It was previously considered a subspecies of the Malagasy white-eye. Its common and binomial name are in honour of exp ...
(''Zosterops kirki'') * Mayotte white-eye (''Zosterops mayottensis'') * Lemon-bellied white-eye (''Zosterops chloris'') * Wakatobi white-eye (''Zosterops flavissimus'') – split from ''Z. chloris'' * Black-crowned white-eye (''Zosterops atrifrons'') * Sangihe white-eye(''Zosterops nehrkorni'') * Pale-bellied white-eye (''Zosterops consobrinorum'') * Togian white-eye (''Zosterops somadikartai'') * Black-ringed white-eye (''Zosterops anomalus'') *
Green-fronted white-eye The green-fronted white-eye (''Zosterops minor'') is a songbird species. It is closely related to the Old World babblers, and its family (biology), family Zosteropidae might better be included in the Tiimalidae. Some sources include this species ...
(''Zosterops minor'') * Black-fronted white-eye (''Zosterops chrysolaemus'') – split from ''Z. minor'' * Tagula white-eye (''Zosterops meeki'') * Morotai white-eye (''Zosterops dehaani'') – split from ''Z. atriceps'' * Cream-throated white-eye (''Zosterops atriceps'') * Buru white-eye (''Zosterops buruensis'') * Seram white-eye (''Zosterops stalkeri'') * Javan white-eye (''Zosterops flavus'') * Ashy-bellied white-eye (''Zosterops citrinella'') * Canary white-eye (''Zosterops luteus'') *
Silvereye The silvereye or wax-eye (''Zosterops lateralis''), also known by its Māori name tauhou, is a very small omnivorous passerine bird of the south-west Pacific. In Australia and New Zealand its common name is sometimes white-eye, but this name is ...
(''Zosterops lateralis'') * Hume's white-eye (''Zosterops auriventer'') – split from ''Z. poliogastrus'' * Sangkar white-eye (''Zosterops melanurus'') – split from ''Z. palpebrosus'' * Everett's white-eye (''Zosterops everetti'') * Vella Lavella white-eye (''Zosterops vellalavella'') * Santa Cruz white-eye (''Zosterops sanctaecrucis'') * Capped white-eye (''Zosterops fuscicapilla'') * Oya Tabu white-eye (''Zosterops crookshanki'') – split from ''Z. fuscicapilla'' * Vanuatu white-eye (''Zosterops flavifrons'') * Bare-eyed white-eye (''Zosterops superciliosus'') * Sanford's white-eye (''Zosterops lacertosus'') * Vanikoro white-eye (''Zosterops gibbsi'') * Fiji white-eye (''Zosterops explorator'') * Bismarck white-eye (''Zosterops hypoxanthus'') * Biak white-eye (''Zosterops mysorensis'') * Bougainville white-eye (''Zosterops hamlini'') – split from ''Z. rendovae'' * Guadalcanal white-eye (''Zosterops oblitus'') – split from ''Z. rendovae'' * Makira white-eye (''Zosterops rendovae'') * Olive-colored white-eye (''Zosterops oleagineus'') * Dusky white-eye (''Zosterops finschii'') * Grey-brown white-eye (''Zosterops ponapensis'') * Kosrae white-eye (''Zosterops cinereus'') * Rota white-eye (''Zosterops rotensis'') * Yellow-throated white-eye (''Zosterops metcalfii'') * Malaita white-eye (''Zosterops stresemanni'') * Papuan white-eye (''Zosterops novaeguineae'') * Ambon white-eye (''Zosterops kuehni'') * Kai Besar white-eye (''Zosterops grayi'') * Gizo white-eye (''Zosterops luteirostris'') * Kai Kecil white-eye (''Zosterops uropygialis'') * Ranongga white-eye (''Zosterops splendidus'') * Solomons white-eye (''Zosterops kulambangrae'') * Dark-eyed white-eye (''Zosterops tetiparius'') * Christmas white-eye (''Zosterops natalis'') * Bridled white-eye (''Zosterops conspicillatus'') * Citrine white-eye (''Zosterops semperi'') *
Plain white-eye The plain white-eye (''Zosterops hypolais'') is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to Yap. The indigenous name in the Yapese language is "Alingithngith", which applies to both species of Zosterops found in Yap. Its natur ...
(''Zosterops hypolais'') * Wangi Wangi white eye (''Zosterops paruhbesar'') * Louisiade white-eye (''Zosterops griseotinctus'') * Kolombangara white-eye (''Zosterops murphyi'') * Large Lifou white-eye (''Zosterops inornatus'') * White-chested white-eye (''Zosterops albogularis'') * Samoan white-eye (''Zosterops samoensis'') *
Robust white-eye The robust white-eye (''Zosterops strenuus''), also known as the Lord Howe white-eye or robust silvereye and locally as the "big grinnell", is an extinct species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It was endemic to the lowland forests of Lord H ...
(''Zosterops strenuus'') *
Slender-billed white-eye The slender-billed white-eye (''Zosterops tenuirostris'') is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to Norfolk Island. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. It is threatened by habitat loss. ...
(''Zosterops tenuirostris'') * Small Lifou white-eye (''Zosterops minutus'') * Green-backed white-eye (''Zosterops xanthochroa'') * Rennell white-eye (''Zosterops rennellianus'')


References


External links


Zosterops photos & videos
on the Internet Bird Collection {{Authority control Bird genera Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors