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''Zanthoxylum'' is a
article
) Hydroxy-alpha sanshool is a bioactive component of plants from the genus ''Zanthoxylum'', including the Sichuan pepper. It provides the characteristic numbness.
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''Zanthoxylum'' is a genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of about 250 species of deciduous
In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed Leaf, leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...
and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the family Rutaceae
The Rutaceae () is a family (biology), family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in Bo ...
that are native to warm in Bo ...
temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of the Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ran ...
and subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxyleae in the subfamily Rutoideae. Several of the species have yellow heartwood, to which their generic name alludes. Several species are cultivated for their use as spices, notably including Sichuan pepper
Sichuan pepper (, also known as Sichuanese pepper, Szechuan pepper, Chinese prickly ash, Chinese pepper, Mountain pepper, and ''mala'' pepper, is a spice commonly used in Sichuan cuisine in China, Bhutan and in northeast India. It is called mej ...
.
Description
Plants in the genus ''Zanthoxylum'' are typically dioecious shrubs, trees or woody climbers armed with trichomes. The leaves are arranged alternately and are usually pinnate or trifoliate. The flowers are usually arranged in panicles and usually function as male or female flowers with foursepal
A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106
Etymology
The term ''sepalum'' ...
s and four petals, the sepals remaining attached to the fruit. Male flowers have four stamen
The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10
Morphology and terminology
A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...
s opposite the sepals. Female flowers have up to five, more or less free carpels with the styles free or sometimes fused near the tip. The fruit is usually of up to four follicles fused at the base, each containing a single seed almost as large as the follicle.
Taxonomy
The genus ''Zanthoxylum'' was first formally described in 1753 byCarl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
in the first volume of ''Species Plantarum
' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genus, genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial nomenclature ...
''.
The generic name is derived from Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (, ; ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the classical antiquity, ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Greek ...
words (), meaning 'yellow', and (), meaning 'wood'. It is technically misspelled, as the ''z'' should be ''x'', but botanical nomenclature does not allow for spelling corrections. It refers to a yellow dye made from the roots of some species. The first species that Linnaeus described was ''Zanthoxylum trifoliatum'', now regarded as a synonym of '' Eleutherococcus trifoliatus''. The once separate genus ''Fagara'' is now included in ''Zanthoxylum''.
Fossil record
28fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserve ...
seeds of the extinct ''Zanthoxylum kristinae'', from the early Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...
, have been found in the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, the Czech Republic.
Uses
Many ''Zanthoxylum'' species make excellent bonsai and in temperate climates they can be grown quite well indoors. '' Zanthoxylum beecheyanum'' and ''Zanthoxylum piperitum
''Zanthoxylum piperitum'', also known as Japanese pepper or Japanese prickly-ash, is a deciduous aromatic spiny shrub or small tree of the citrus and rue family Rutaceae, native to Japan and Korea.
It is called () in Japan and () in Korea. Bo ...
'' are two species commonly grown as bonsai.Wilbur, C. Keith, MD. ''Revolutionary Medicine 1700-1800''. The Globe Pequot Press. Page 23. 1980.
Culinary use
Spice
In the culinary arts, a spice is any seed, fruit, root, Bark (botany), bark, or other plant substance in a form primarily used for flavoring or coloring food. Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of pl ...
s are made from a number of species in this genus, including:
* '' Zanthoxylum acanthopodium'' – Andaliman
* '' Zanthoxylum armatum'' – "green" or "vine" Sichuan pepper
Sichuan pepper (, also known as Sichuanese pepper, Szechuan pepper, Chinese prickly ash, Chinese pepper, Mountain pepper, and ''mala'' pepper, is a spice commonly used in Sichuan cuisine in China, Bhutan and in northeast India. It is called mej ...
* '' Zanthoxylum bungeanum'' – "red" or common Sichuan pepper
* '' Zanthoxylum gilletii'' - Uzazi
* ''Zanthoxylum piperitum
''Zanthoxylum piperitum'', also known as Japanese pepper or Japanese prickly-ash, is a deciduous aromatic spiny shrub or small tree of the citrus and rue family Rutaceae, native to Japan and Korea.
It is called () in Japan and () in Korea. Bo ...
'' – ,
* '' Zanthoxylum nitidum''
* '' Zanthoxylum rhetsa'' – teppal, tirphal
* '' Zanthoxylum schinifolium'' – , "green" Sichuan pepper
* '' Zanthoxylum simulans'' – "red" or wild Sichuan pepper
Andaliman
InIndonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
's North Sumatra
North Sumatra () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Its capital and largest city is Medan on the east coast of the island. It borders Aceh to the northwest, Riau to the sou ...
province, '' Zanthoxylum acanthopodium'' is harvested for ''andaliman''. In Indonesian Batak cuisine, '' andaliman'' is ground and mixed with chilies and seasonings into a green sambal or chili paste. Arsik is a typical Indonesian dish containing ''andaliman''.
and
''Zanthoxylum piperitum
''Zanthoxylum piperitum'', also known as Japanese pepper or Japanese prickly-ash, is a deciduous aromatic spiny shrub or small tree of the citrus and rue family Rutaceae, native to Japan and Korea.
It is called () in Japan and () in Korea. Bo ...
'' is harvested in Japan and Korea to produce () or (), which has numbing properties similar to those of Chinese Sichuan peppercorns.
In Korean cuisine, is often used to accompany fish soups such as , whereas the plant's seeds are separated and used to make oil, and the oil is used as a medicine.
Sancho
The Korean is made from '' Zanthoxylum schinifolium'', which is slightly less bitter than . In Korean cuisine, is often used to accompany fish soups such as .Sichuan pepper
Thefruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propaga ...
of '' Zanthoxylum armatum'' and '' Zanthoxylum bungeanum'' species is used to make Sichuan pepper
Sichuan pepper (, also known as Sichuanese pepper, Szechuan pepper, Chinese prickly ash, Chinese pepper, Mountain pepper, and ''mala'' pepper, is a spice commonly used in Sichuan cuisine in China, Bhutan and in northeast India. It is called mej ...
by grinding the husks that surround the berries.
Triphal and teppal
In the states ofMaharashtra
Maharashtra () is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. It is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to th ...
, Karnataka
Karnataka ( ) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed as Mysore State on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, States Re ...
, and Goa in Western India, the dried berries of '' Zanthoxylum rhetsa'' are known as teppal or tirphal in Marathi are added to foods such as legumes and fish. The name in both languages means 'three fruits' or 'three pods'. Because the trees bear fruit during the monsoon season, the berries are associated with the concurrent Krishna Janmashtami festival.
The fresh fruits are parrot green in color and are used as a flavouring agent in many curries made with a paste of coconut, chilis, and other spices. When dried, the flesh of the fruit hardens, turns a brownish black color and opens up to show the black seeds within. The seeds are discarded and the dried fruit is stored in containers for use around the year. Mostly used in fish preparations and a few vegetarian dishes, with coconut masala, this spice has a very strong woody aroma and is discarded at the time of eating the curry.
Chemistry
Plants in the genus ''Zanthoxylum'' contain the lignan sesamin. Species identified in Nigeria contains several types of alkaloids including benzophenanthridines ( nitidine, dihydronitidine, oxynitidine, fagaronine, dihydro avicine, chelerythrine, dihydrochelerythrine, methoxychelerythrine, norchelerythrine, oxychelerythrine, decarine and fagaridine), furoquinolines ( dictamine, 8-methoxydictamine, skimmianine, 3-dimethylallyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolone), carbazoles (3-methoxycarbazole, glycozoline), aporphines (berberine
Berberine is a Quaternary ammonium cation, quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, occurring naturally as a secondary metabolite in some plants including species of ''Berberis'', from which its name ...
, tembetarine, magnoflorine, M-methyl- corydine), canthinones (6-canthinone), acridones (1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-10-methylacridon-9-one, 1-hydroxy-10-methylacridon-9-one, zanthozolin), and aromatic and aliphatic amides.The Nigerian Zanthoxylum; Chemical and biological values. S. K. Adesina, Afr. J. Trad. CAM, 2005, volume 2, issue 3, pages 282-301article
) Hydroxy-alpha sanshool is a bioactive component of plants from the genus ''Zanthoxylum'', including the Sichuan pepper. It provides the characteristic numbness.
Ecology
''Zanthoxylum'' species are used as food plants by thelarvae
A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect developmental biology, development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typical ...
of some Lepidoptera species including the engrailed (''Ectropis crepuscularia'').
Species
The following is a list of species accepted byPlants of the World Online
Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
History
Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...
as of August 2020:
* '' Zanthoxylum acanthopodium'' D.R.Simpson (southern Asia)
* '' Zanthoxylum aculeatissimum'' Engl. (Bolivia)
* '' Zanthoxylum acuminatum'' Sw. (Cuba, Jamaica)
* '' Zanthoxylum ailanthoides'' Siebold & Zucc. – ailanthus-like prickly ash
* '' Zanthoxylum albiflorum'' Baker f. (New Caledonia)
* '' Zanthoxylum albuquerquei'' D.C. (Peru)
* '' Zanthoxylum amamiense'' Ohwi ( Ryukyu Islands)
* '' Zanthoxylum amapaense'' (Albuq.) P.G.Waterm. (Brazil, Venezuela)
* '' Zanthoxylum americanum'' Mill. – northern prickly ash, prickly ash, toothache tree (Canada, United States)
* '' Zanthoxylum anadenium'' ( Urb. & Ekman) J.Jiménez Alm. (Haiti)
* '' Zanthoxylum andamanicum'' Kurz ( Andaman Islands)
* '' Zanthoxylum andinum'' Reynel (Ecuador)
* '' Zanthoxylum anison'' L.O.Williams (Guatemala)
* '' Zanthoxylum anthyllidifolium'' Guillaumin (Vietnam)
* '' Zanthoxylum apiculatum'' ( Sandwith) P.G.Waterman (South America)
* '' Zanthoxylum arborescens'' Rose (Mexico, Nicaragua)
* '' Zanthoxylum armatum'' DC. – winged prickly ash (Indian subcontinent to temperate east Asia and Malesia)
* '' Zanthoxylum atchoum'' ( Aké Assi) P.G.Waterman (Côte d'Ivoire
Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital city of Yamoussoukro is located in the centre of the country, while its largest city and ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum austrosinense'' C.C.Huang (southern China)
* '' Zanthoxylum avicennae'' ( Lam.) DC. (southern China to western and central Malesia)
* '' Zanthoxylum backeri'' ( Bakh.f.) T.G.Hartley
* '' Zanthoxylum beechyanum'' K.Koch (Bonin Islands, Ryukya Islands)
* '' Zanthoxylum bifoliolatum'' Leonard – Maricao prickly ash (Hispaniola to Puerto Rico)
* '' Zanthoxylum bissei'' Beurton (Cuba)
* '' Zanthoxylum bonifaziae'' Cornejo & Reynel (Ecuador)
* '' Zanthoxylum bouetense'' ( Pierre ex Letouzey) P.G.Waterman (Congo, Gabon)
* '' Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum'' F.Muell. – thorny yellowwood (New South Wales, Queensland)
* '' Zanthoxylum brisasanum'' ( Cuatrec.) P.G.Waterman (Colombia to Peru)
* '' Zanthoxylum buesgenii'' ( Engl.) P.G.Waterman (southern Nigeria to west central tropical Africa)
* '' Zanthoxylum bungeanum'' Maxim. – Chinese/Sichuan pepper (Himalaya to China)
* '' Zanthoxylum burkillianum'' Babu
* '' Zanthoxylum calcicola'' C.C.Huang (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum campicola'' Reynel (Colombia)
* '' Zanthoxylum canalense'' (Guillaumin) P.G.Waterman
* '' Zanthoxylum capense'' ( Thunb.) Harv. (southern Africa)
* '' Zanthoxylum caribaeum'' Lam. – yellow prickly ash (Mexico to tropical America)
* '' Zanthoxylum caudatum'' Alston (Sri Lanka)
* '' Zanthoxylum celebicum'' Koord. (Sulawesi)
* '' Zanthoxylum chalybeum'' Engl. (Belize
Belize is a country on the north-eastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a maritime boundary with Honduras to the southeast. P ...
, Guatemala
Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico, to the northeast by Belize, to the east by Honduras, and to the southeast by El Salvador. It is hydrologically b ...
, Honduras
Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum chevalieri'' P.G.Waterman (western tropical Africa)
* '' Zanthoxylum chuquisaquense'' Reynel (Bolivia)
* '' Zanthoxylum ciliatum'' Engl. (Mexico to northern Venezuela)
* '' Zanthoxylum claessensii'' ( De Wild.) P.G.Waterman (west central tropical Africa)
* '' Zanthoxylum clava-herculis'' L. – Hercules' club, pepperbark, southern prickly ash, West Indian yellowwood (central and southeastern United States to eastern Mexico)
* '' Zanthoxylum coco'' Gillies ex Hook.f. f. & Arn. – coco, cochucho, smelly sauco (Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...
, Bolivia
Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in central South America. The country features diverse geography, including vast Amazonian plains, tropical lowlands, mountains, the Gran Chaco Province, w ...
, Paraguay
Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the Argentina–Paraguay border, south and southwest, Brazil to the Brazil–Paraguay border, east and northeast, and Boli ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum collinsiae'' Craib (China to Indochina)
* '' Zanthoxylum comosum'' ( Herzog) P.G.Waterman (central Bolivia)
* '' Zanthoxylum compactum'' ( Huber ex Albuq.) P.G.Waterman (Venezuela to western South America)
* '' Zanthoxylum conspersipunctatum'' Merr. & Perry (New Guinea)
* '' Zanthoxylum cucullatipetalum'' Guillaumin (Vietnam)
* '' Zanthoxylum davyi'' ( I.Verd.) P.G.Waterman – forest knobwood (Zimbabwe to South Africa)
* '' Zanthoxylum decaryi'' H.Perrier (Madagascar)
* '' Zanthoxylum delagoense'' P.G.Waterman (southern Mozambique)
* '' Zanthoxylum deremense'' (Engl.) Kokwaro ( Malawi, Tanzania
Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to t ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum'' Hemsl. (southern China to Indochina, Taiwan)
* '' Zanthoxylum dinklagei'' (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (southern Nigeria to western central tropical Africa)
* '' Zanthoxylum dipetalum'' H.Mann – Kāwau (Hawaii)
* '' Zanthoxylum dissitum'' Hemsl. (central and southern China to Hainan)
* '' Zanthoxylum diversifolium'' Warb. (New Guinea)
* '' Zanthoxylum djalma-batistae'' (Albuq.) P.G.Waterman (Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum domingense'' ( Krug & Urb.) J.Jiménez Alm. (Haiti)
* '' Zanthoxylum dumosum'' A.Rich. (Cuba)
* '' Zanthoxylum echinocarpum'' Hemsl. (southern China)
* '' Zanthoxylum ekmanii'' (Urb.) Alain (southern Mexico to southern tropical America, western Cuba)
* '' Zanthoxylum eliasii'' D.M.Porter (Panama to Peru)
* '' Zanthoxylum engleri'' Waterm.
* '' Zanthoxylum esquirolii'' H.Lév. (southern central China)
* '' Zanthoxylum fagara'' (L.) Sarg. – Lime prickly ash (tropical and subtropical America)
* '' Zanthoxylum fauriei'' ( Nakai) Ohwi – lesser ailanthus-like prickly ash (South Korea, Japan)
* '' Zanthoxylum finlaysonianum'' Wall. (Thailand)
* '' Zanthoxylum flavum'' Vahl – West Indian satinwood (Caribbean
The Caribbean ( , ; ; ; ) is a region in the middle of the Americas centered around the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, mostly overlapping with the West Indies. Bordered by North America to the north, Central America ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum foliolosum'' Donn.Sm. (Mexico to Nicaragua)
* '' Zanthoxylum forbesii'' T.G.Hartley (Sumatra)
* '' Zanthoxylum formiciferum'' ( Cuatrec.) P.G.Waterman (Colombia to northern Peru)
* '' Zanthoxylum gardneri'' Engl. (Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum gentryi'' Reynel (western Colombia)
* '' Zanthoxylum ghisbreghtii'' Turcz. (Gulf of Mexico)
* '' Zanthoxylum gillespieanum'' (A.C.Sm) A.C.Sm. (Fiji)
* '' Zanthoxylum gilletii'' (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman (tropical Africa)
* '' Zanthoxylum glomeratum'' C.C.Huang (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum grandifolium'' Tul. (Colombia)
* '' Zanthoxylum haitiense'' (Urb.) J.Jiménez Alm. (Haiti)
* '' Zanthoxylum hamadryadicum'' Pirani (north-eastern Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum harrisii'' P.Wilson (Jamaica)
* '' Zanthoxylum hartii'' Krug & Urb.) P.Wilson (Jamaica)
* ''Zanthoxylum hawaiiense'' William Hillebrand">Hillebr. – a'e, Hawai'i prickly ash (Hawaii)
* ''Zanthoxylum heitzii'' (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) P.G.Waterm. (west central tropical Africa
* ''Zanthoxylum heterophyllum'' ( Lam.) Sm. ( Mascarenes)
* '' Zanthoxylum holtzianum'' (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (southern Somalia to northern Mozambique)
* ''Zanthoxylum huberi
''Zanthoxylum'' is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the family Rutaceae that are native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxylea ...
'' P.G.Waterman (South America)
* '' Zanthoxylum humile'' ( E.A.Bruce P.G.Waterman (Zimbabwe to Mozambique and Mpumalanga
Mpumalanga () is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. The name means "East", or literally "The Place Where the Sun Rises" in the Nguni languages. Mpumalanga lies in eastern South Africa, bordering Eswatini and Mozambique. It shares bor ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum impressinervium'' Reynel (Colombia)
* '' Zanthoxylum integrifoliolum'' Elmer (Taiwan to the Philippines)
* '' Zanthoxylum iwahigense'' Reynel (the Philippines)
* '' Zanthoxylum jamaicense'' P.Wilson (Jamaica)
* '' Zanthoxylum juniperinum'' Poepp. (Central America)
* ''Zanthoxylum kauaense
''Zanthoxylum kauaense'', commonly known as ''ae'' or Kauai pricklyash, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae, that is Endemism, endemic to Hawaii. It usually inhabits Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Mixed mesic forests, mixed mesi ...
'' A.Gray – Kauai prickly ash (Hawaii)
* '' Zanthoxylum khasianum'' Hook.f. (Assam to China (W. Yunnan))
* '' Zanthoxylum kleinii'' ( R.S.Cowan) P.G.Waterman (Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum kwangsiense'' ( Hand.-Mazz.) Chun ex C.C.Huang (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum laetum'' Drake (China to Vietnam)
* '' Zanthoxylum laurentii'' (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman (Congo to Democratic Republic of Congo)
* '' Zanthoxylum leiboicum'' C.C.Huang (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum lemairei'' (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman (western tropical Africa to Uganda)
* '' Zanthoxylum lenticellosum'' (Urb. & Ekman) J.Jiménez Alm. (Dominican Republic)
* '' Zanthoxylum lenticulare'' Reynel (Colombia to Venezuela)
* '' Zanthoxylum lepidopteriphilum'' Reynel (Ecuador to Peru, north-west Venezuela)
* '' Zanthoxylum leprieurii'' Guill. & Perr. (tropical and southern Africa)
* '' Zanthoxylum leratii'' Guillaumin (New Caledonia)
* '' Zanthoxylum liboense'' C.C.Huang (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum limoncello'' Planch. & Oerst. (Mexico to Colombia)
* '' Zanthoxylum lindense'' (Engl.) Kokwaro (Tanzania)
* '' Zanthoxylum macranthum'' (Hand.-Mazz.) C.C. Huang (south-east Tibet to southern China)
* '' Zanthoxylum madagascariense'' Baker (Madagascar)
* '' Zanthoxylum magnifasciculatum'' Reynel (Venezuela)
* '' Zanthoxylum mananarense'' H.Perrier (Madagascar)
* '' Zanthoxylum mantaro'' (J.F.Macbr.) J.F.Macbr. (Peru)
* '' Zanthoxylum maranionense'' Reynel (Peru)
* '' Zanthoxylum martinicense'' ( Lam.) DC. – white prickly ash
* '' Zanthoxylum mayu'' Bertero (Juan Fernández Islands
The Juan Fernández Islands () are a sparsely inhabited series of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, reliant on tourism and fishing. Situated off the coast of Chile, they are composed of three main volcanic islands: Robinson Crusoe Island, R ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum megistophyllum'' (B.L.Burtt) T.G.Hartley (Solomon Islands)
* '' Zanthoxylum melanostictum'' Schltdl. & Cham. (Mexico to north-west Venezuela and Peru)
* '' Zanthoxylum mezoneurispinosum'' ( Aké Assi) W.D.Hawth. (Liberia to Ivory Coast)
* '' Zanthoxylum micranthum'' Hemsl. (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum mildbraedii'' (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (east central tropical Africa to south-west Kenya
* '' Zanthoxylum minahassae'' Koord. (Sulawesi)
* '' Zanthoxylum molle'' Rehder (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum mollissimum'' (Engl.) P.Wilson (Mexico to Colombia)
* '' Zanthoxylum monogynum'' A.St.-Hil. (eastern Bolivia to Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum motuoense'' C.C.Huang
* '' Zanthoxylum multijugum'' Franch. (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum myriacanthum'' Wall. ex Hook.f. (eastern Himalaya to southern China and western and central Malesia)
* '' Zanthoxylum myrianthum'' (A.C.Sm.) P.G.Waterman (Fiji)
* '' Zanthoxylum nadeaudii'' Drake (French Polynesia
French Polynesia ( ; ; ) is an overseas collectivity of France and its sole #Governance, overseas country. It comprises 121 geographically dispersed islands and atolls stretching over more than in the Pacific Ocean, South Pacific Ocean. The t ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum nashii'' P.Wilson (Cuba to Hispaniola)
* '' Zanthoxylum nebuletorum'' (Herzog) P.G.Waterman (Bolivia)
* '' Zanthoxylum nemorale'' Mart. (eastern Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum neocaledonicum'' Baker f. (New Caledonia)
* '' Zanthoxylum nigrum'' Mart. (Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum nitidum'' ( Roxb.) DC. – shiny-leaf prickly ash (tropical and subtropical Asia, Queensland)
* '' Zanthoxylum novoguineense'' T.G.Hartley (New Guinea)
* '' Zanthoxylum oahuense'' Hillebr. – Oahu prickly ash (Hawaii)
* '' Zanthoxylum ovalifolium'' Wight
A wight is a being or thing. This general meaning is shared by cognate terms in Germanic languages, however the usage of the term varies greatly over time and between regions. In Old English, it could refer to anything in existence, with more s ...
(Andaman Island, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Queensland)
* '' Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum'' (Engl.) Finkelstein (Angola to north-west Namibia)
* '' Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum'' Edgew. (Nepal to China and Myanmar)
* '' Zanthoxylum panamense'' P.Wilson (Mexico to Central America)
* '' Zanthoxylum pancheri'' P.S.Green (New Caledonia)
* '' Zanthoxylum paniculatum'' Balf.f. ( Rodrigues in Mauritius
Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, about off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Ag ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum paracanthum'' ( Mildbr.) Kokwaro (south-east Kenya to central Tanzania)
* '' Zanthoxylum paulae'' (Albuq.) P.G. Waterman (Guianas to northern Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum pentandrum'' ( Aubl.) R.A.Howard (Trinidad to northern Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum petenense'' Lundell (Mexico to Guatemala)
* '' Zanthoxylum petiolare'' A.St.-Hil. & Tul. (Bolivia to Brazil and northern Argentina)
* '' Zanthoxylum piasezkii'' Maxim. (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum pilosiusculum'' (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (Democratic Republic of Congo to Angola)
* '' Zanthoxylum pilosulum'' Rehder & E.H.Wilson (south-central China)
* '' Zanthoxylum pimpinelloides'' ( Lam.) DC. (Cuba to Hispaniola)
* '' Zanthoxylum pinnatum'' (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) W.R.B.Oliv. (Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, south-west Pacific.)
* ''Zanthoxylum piperitum
''Zanthoxylum piperitum'', also known as Japanese pepper or Japanese prickly-ash, is a deciduous aromatic spiny shrub or small tree of the citrus and rue family Rutaceae, native to Japan and Korea.
It is called () in Japan and () in Korea. Bo ...
'' (L.) DC. (China to South Korea, Japan)
* '' Zanthoxylum phyllopterum'' ( Griseb.) Wright (Cuba)
* '' Zanthoxylum piasezkii'' Maxim.
* '' Zanthoxylum pilosiusculum'' (Engl.) P.G.Waterm.
* '' Zanthoxylum pilosulum'' Rehder & E.H. Wilson
* '' Zanthoxylum pimpinelloides'' ( Lam.) DC.
* '' Zanthoxylum pinnatum'' Druce
* ''Zanthoxylum piperitum
''Zanthoxylum piperitum'', also known as Japanese pepper or Japanese prickly-ash, is a deciduous aromatic spiny shrub or small tree of the citrus and rue family Rutaceae, native to Japan and Korea.
It is called () in Japan and () in Korea. Bo ...
'' (L.) DC. – Japanese pepper, chopi, Korean pepper (China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
, Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
, Korea
Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum pluviatile'' T.G.Hartley (New Guinea and Solomon Islands)
* '' Zanthoxylum poggei'' (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (western central tropical Africa)
* '' Zanthoxylum psammophilum'' (Aké Assi) P.G.Waterman (Ivory Coast)
* '' Zanthoxylum pseudoxyphyllum'' Babu (Ivory Coast)
* '' Zanthoxylum pteracanthum'' Rehder & E.H.Wilson (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum pucro'' D.M Porter (Panama to north-west Colombia)
* '' Zanthoxylum punctatum'' Vahl – dotted prickly ash (Caribbean)
* '' Zanthoxylum quassiifolium'' ( Donn.Sm.) Standl. & Steyerm. (Mexico to Guatemala.)
* '' Zanthoxylum quinduense'' Tul. (western South America to north-west Venezuela)
* '' Zanthoxylum renieri'' (G.C.C.Gilbert) P.G.Waterman (Democratic Republic of Congo to Uganda)
* ''Zanthoxylum retroflexum
''Zanthoxylum'' is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the Family (biology), family Rutaceae that are native to warm temperate and Subtropics, subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type gen ...
'' T.G.Hartley (Sumatra)
* '' Zanthoxylum retusum'' (Albuq.) P.G.Waterman (Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum rhetsa'' (Roxb.) DC. – Cape yellowwood, Indian ivy-rue, Indian pepper (tropical Asia, Queensland)
* '' Zanthoxylum rhodoxylum'' (Urb.) P.Wilson (Jamaica)
* '' Zanthoxylum rhoifolium'' Lam. (tropical and subtropical America)
* '' Zanthoxylum rhombifoliolatum'' C.C.Huang (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum riedelianum'' Engl. (Brazil to north-east Argentina)
* '' Zanthoxylum rigidum'' Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (western South America to Paraguay)
* '' Zanthoxylum rubescens'' Planch. ex Hook. (western tropical Africa to south-west Kenya and Angola)
* '' Zanthoxylum sapindifolium'' Wall. (Myanmar)
* '' Zanthoxylum sarasinii'' Guillaumin (New Caledonia)
* ''Zanthoxylum scandens
''Zanthoxylum scandens'' is a species of woody plant in the family Rutaceae.
Description
''Zanthoxylum scandens'' is a woody plant, observed as a shrub or woody climber. It has a self-supporting growth form, with individual plants growing up to . ...
'' Blume (southern China to Nansei-shoto and western Malesia)
* '' Zanthoxylum schinifolium'' Siebold & Zucc. – mastic-leaf prickly ash, Sichuan pepper (central and eastern China to temperate eastern Asia)
* '' Zanthoxylum schlechteri'' Guillaumin (New Caledonia)
* '' Zanthoxylum schreberi'' ( J.F.Gmel.) Reynel ex C.Nelson (Mexico to Venezuela and Bolivia, Caribbean)
* '' Zanthoxylum setulosum'' P.Wilson (Costa Rica to north-west Venezuela)
* '' Zanthoxylum simulans'' Hance (China, South Korea, Taiwan)
* ''Zanthoxylum spinosum
''Zanthoxylum spinosum'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae, known by the common name Biscayne prickly-ash. It is native to the Caribbean Sea, West Caribbean, including South Florida and the Florida Keys, Cuba, Bahamas, Cayman ...
'' (Sw.) Sw. (Florida to Caribbean)
* '' Zanthoxylum spondiifolium'' Wall. (Myanmar)
* '' Zanthoxylum sprucei'' Engl. (Ecuador to Peru and western Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum stelligerum'' Turcz. (central and eastern Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum stenophyllum'' Hemsl. (central and eastern central China)
* ''Zanthoxylum subspicatum
''Zanthoxylum'' is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the family Rutaceae that are native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxylea ...
'' H. Perrier (Madagascar)
* '' Zanthoxylum syncarpum'' (Tul.) Tul. ex B.D.Jacks. (Venezuela, eastern Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum taediosum'' A.Rich. (Cuba)
* '' Zanthoxylum tahitense'' ( Nadeaud) J.Florence & N.Hallé (Society Islands)
* '' Zanthoxylum tambopatense'' Reynel (Peru)
* ''Zanthoxylum tetraphyllum
''Zanthoxylum'' is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the family Rutaceae that are native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxylea ...
'' (urb. & Ekman) J.Jiménez Alm. (Haiti)
* '' Zanthoxylum tetraspermum'' Wight & Arn. (southern India, Sri Lanka)
* '' Zanthoxylum thomense'' (Engl.) A.Chev. ex P.G.Waterman (Gabon and Gulf of Guinea Island)
* '' Zanthoxylum thornycroftii'' (I.Verd.) P.G.Waterman ( Limpopo to Mpumalanga
Mpumalanga () is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. The name means "East", or literally "The Place Where the Sun Rises" in the Nguni languages. Mpumalanga lies in eastern South Africa, bordering Eswatini and Mozambique. It shares bor ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum thouventii'' H.Perrier (Madagascar])
* '' Zanthoxylum tidorense'' Miq. (Maluku Islands
The Maluku Islands ( ; , ) or the Moluccas ( ; ) are an archipelago in the eastern part of Indonesia. Tectonics, Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located in West ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum timoriense'' Span. (Lesser Sunda Islands
The Lesser Sunda Islands (, , ), now known as Nusa Tenggara Islands (, or "Southeast Islands"), are an archipelago in the Indonesian archipelago. Most of the Lesser Sunda Islands are located within the Wallacea region, except for the Bali pro ...
)
* '' Zanthoxylum tingoassuiba'' A.St.-Hil. (eastern and southern Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum tomentellum'' Hook.f. (Nepal to China and Myanmar)
* '' Zanthoxylum tragodes'' (L.) DC. – Niaragato (Caribbean)
* ''Zanthoxylum trijugum
''Zanthoxylum'' is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the family Rutaceae that are native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxylea ...
'' ( Dunkley) P.G.Waterman (central Tanzania to Zambia)
* ''Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa
''Zanthoxylum'' is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the Family (biology), family Rutaceae that are native to warm temperate and Subtropics, subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type gen ...
'' H.Perrier (Madagascar)
* '' Zanthoxylum undulatifolium'' Hemsl. (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum unifoliatum'' Groppo & Pirani (Brazil)
* '' Zanthoxylum usambarense'' (Engl.) Kokwara (Ethiopia to Rwanda)
* '' Zanthoxylum usitatum'' Pierre ex Laness. (Vietnam)
* '' Zanthoxylum venosum'' Leonard (Hispaniola)
* '' Zanthoxylum verrucosum'' (Cuatrec.) P.G.Waterman (Colombia to Ecuador)
* '' Zanthoxylum vinkii'' T.G.Hartley (New Guinea)
* '' Zanthoxylum viride'' (A.Chev.) T.G.Hartley (west tropical Africa to Congo)
* '' Zanthoxylum vitiense'' A.C.Sm. (Fiji)
* ''Zanthoxylum wutaiense
''Zanthoxylum wutaiense'' (Chinese: 屏東花椒, ping dong hua jiao, Pingtung County prickly ash) is a woody plant from the family Rutaceae. It is native to Pingtung County, Taiwan.
Description
''Zanthozylum wutaiense'' is a shrub with Glabro ...
'' I.S.Chen (Taiwan)
* '' Zanthoxylum xichouense'' C.C.Huang (China)
* '' Zanthoxylum yakumontanum'' ( Sugim.) Nagam. (Japan)
* '' Zanthoxylum yuanjiangensis'' C.C.Huang (China)
* ''Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides
''Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides'', also called Senegal prickly-ash or artar root, is a plant species in the genus ''Zanthoxylum''.
The plant contains isomeric divanilloylquinic acids (3,4-O-divanilloylquinic acid or burkinabin A, 3,5-O-divanilloylq ...
'' ( Lam.) Zepern. & Timler – Senegal prickly ash (western tropical Africa)
Unplaced species
The genus ''Fagara'' has been sunk into ''Zanthoxylum'', but , no name seemed to have been provided for '' Fagara externa'', which was regarded as an unplaced name byPlants of the World Online
Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
History
Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...
.
References
* * ** *
External links
* * {{Authority control Peppers Zanthoxyloideae genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Dioecious plants