Yan Liben

Yan Liben (; c. 600 – 14 November 673), posthumous name Baron Wenzhen of Boling (), was a Chinese architect, painter, and politician during the early Tang dynasty. His most famous work, possibly the only genuine survival, is the ''Thirteen Emperors Scroll''. He also painted the Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion, under Emperor Taizong of Tang, commissioned in 643 to commemorate 24 of the greatest contributors to Emperor Taizong's reign, as well as 18 portraits commemorating the 18 great scholars who served Emperor Taizong when he was the Prince of Qin. Yan's paintings included painted portraits of various Chinese emperors from the Han dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) up until the Sui dynasty (581–618) period. His works were highly regarded by the Tang writers Zhu Jingxuan and Zhang Yanyuan, who noted his paintings were "works among the glories of all times".Fong (1984), 38.

From the years 669 to 673, Yan Liben also served as a chancellor under Emperor Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong (r. 649–683).

A record of 1120 gives 42 titles of Yan's paintings, though the ''Thirteen Emperors Scroll'' is not among them. Only four Buddhist subjects are listed, against 12 Daoist. The remainder are portraits, "gods of the planets and constellations" or records of events at court. Of the surviving works attributed to him, the ''Thirteen Emperors Scroll'' is "the first that is generally accepted as being partly original", though much of it seems later. A similar figure of an emperor in fresco in the Mogao Caves (Cave 200), might be by the same hand, and carries the appropriate date of 642.

By tradition the reliefs of the six favourite horses at the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong (d. 649) were designed by Yan Liben, and the relief is so flat and linear that it seems likely they were carved after drawings or paintings. Yan Liben is documented as producing other works for the tomb, a portrait series that is now lost, and perhaps designed the whole structure.

Background

It is not known when Yan Liben was born. His ancestors were originally from Mayi (馬邑, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), but had relocated to the Guanzhong region (i.e., the region around Chang'an) several generations prior to Yan Liben. Yan Liben's father Yan Pi () was the deputy director of palace affairs during Sui dynasty, and both Yan Liben and his older brother Yan Lide () were known for their abilities in architectural matters and service to the imperial government in that area.

Both were also painters and successful administrators at court, and trained Yan Liben in succession; his father died suddenly at 49. He grew up in Chang'an, and initially collaborated with his elder brother on two works whose titles are recorded.Loehr, 32

During Emperor Taizong's reign

Yan Liben was skilled in public work projects, but became particularly known for his artistic skills. It was for this reason that Emperor Taizong, the second emperor of the Tang dynasty, commissioned Yan to paint portraits to commemorate the 24 great contributors to his reign at Lingyan Pavilion and the 18 great scholars who served under him when he was the Prince of Qin. His '' Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy'' probably dates to this period.

Although the Chinese aristocracy counted painting as one of their accepted pastimes, the profession of the painter was not a highly venerated vocation. On one occasion, when Emperor Taizong was rowing a boat with his attendant scholars at the imperial pond, there were birds flying by. Emperor Taizong had the scholars write poems to praise the scene and then summoned Yan to paint a portrait of the scene. Yan was at the time already a mid-level official in the administration, but when he summoned Yan, the imperial attendants called out, "Summon the imperial painter, Yan Liben!" When Yan heard the order, he became ashamed for being known only as the painter, and he commented to his son, "I had studied well when I was young, and it was fortunate of me to have avoided being turned away from official service and to be known for my abilities. However, now I am only known for my painting skills, and I end up serving like a servant. This is shameful. Do not learn this skill." However, as he still favored painting, he continued to do so even after this incident.

During Emperor Gaozong's reign

During the ''Xianqing'' era (656–661) of the reign of Emperor Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong, Yan Liben served as the imperial architect. He later succeeded his brother Yan Lide as the minister of public works (工部尚書, ''Gongbu Shangshu''). Around the new year 669, he became acting ''You Xiang'' (): the head of the examination bureau of government (西臺, ''Xi Tai'') and a post considered one for a chancellor, and Emperor Gaozong created him the Baron of Boling. As Yan's fellow chancellor Jiang Ke (the acting head of the legislative bureau (左相, ''Zuo Xiang'')) was promoted to the chancellor post at the same time due to his battlefield achievements, a semi-derogatory couplet was written around the time stating, "The ''Zuo Xiang'' established his power over the desert, and the ''You Xiang'' established his fame over a canvass." In 670, Yan became officially the head of the legislative bureau, now with the title changed to ''Zhongshu Ling'' (). He died in 673.

Gallery

Image:Cao Pi Tang.jpg, Emperor Wen of Wei
Image:Chen Feidi Tang.jpg, Emperor Fei of Chen
Image:Chen Shubao.jpg, Emperor Houzhu of Chen
Image:Chen Wendi Tang.jpg, Emperor Wen of Chen
Image:Chen Xuandi Tang.jpg, Emperor Xuan of Chen
Image:Jin Wu Di.jpg, Emperor Wu of Jin
Image:Sun Quan Tang.jpg, Emperor Da of Eastern Wu
Image:Sui Wendi Tang.jpg, Emperor Wen of Sui
Image:Sui Yangdi Tang.jpg, Emperor Yang of Sui
Image:Zhou Wu Tang.jpg, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou
Image:Liu Bei Tang.jpg, Emperor Zhaolie of Shu
Image:Han Guangwu Di.jpg , Emperor Guangwu of Han
Image:HanZhaoDiLiuFuling.jpg , Emperor Zhao of Han
Image:Yan Liben. Xiao Yi Trying to Swipe the Lanting Scroll. National Palace Museum, Taipei.jpg, ''Xiao Yi Acquiring the " Orchid Pavilion Preface" by Deception'' ()
Image:Tribute Bearers by Yan Liben and Yan Lide. Palace Museum, Beijing.jpg, '' Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang'', depicting foreign envoys with tribute bearers. Song dynasty copy
Image:Yan Liben.jpg, One of the Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum, "Saluzi" () or Autumn Dew

See also

* List of Chinese painters
* Tang dynasty art
*Chinese art
*Chinese painting
* History of Chinese art

Notes

References

Modern

*Fong, Mary H. "Tang Tomb Murals Reviewed in the Light of Tang Texts on Painting," ''Artibus Asiae'' (Volume 45, Number 1, 1984): 35–72.
* Loehr, Max, ''The Great Painters of China'', 1980, Phaidon Press,

Ancient

* ''Old Book of Tang'', vol. 77.
* ''New Book of Tang'', vol. 100.
* ''Zizhi Tongjian'', vols. 201, 202.

External links

Works in the collection of the Boston Fine Arts Museum

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yan, Liben
600s births
673 deaths
7th-century architects
Chinese architects
7th-century Chinese painters
Artists from Xi'an
Chancellors under Emperor Gaozong of Tang
Chinese portrait painters
Painters from Shaanxi
Politicians from Xi'an
Tang dynasty painters
Transition from Sui to Tang