''Xestia'' is a genus of

noctuid moth The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of the clades are constantly changing, along with the other f ...

s (

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Noctuidae). They are the

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nomina ...

of the

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confl ...

Xestiini in subfamily

Noctuinae The Noctuinae are a subfamily of the family Noctuidae, and is composed of moths. The larvae of many species feed on roots or stems of various grasses. Some are generalist feeders which makes them potential pests. Noctuid systematics is in a ...

, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini.

Species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

in this genus are commonly known as "

clays Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4). Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay part ...

", "

darts Darts or dart-throwing is a competitive sport in which two or more players bare-handedly throw small sharp-pointed missiles known as darts at a round target known as a dartboard. Points can be scored by hitting specific marked areas of the ...

" or " rustics", but such names are commonplace among Noctuidae. ''Xestia'' moths have a wide distribution, though they most prominently occur in the

Holarctic The Holarctic realm is a biogeographic realm that comprises the majority of habitats found throughout the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. It corresponds to the floristic Boreal Kingdom. It includes both the Nearctic zoogeographical regi ...

. With almost 200 species included at one time, ''Xestia'' was something of a " wastebin genus". But almost half of the traditional species are now placed elsewhere (see

below Below may refer to: *Earth * Ground (disambiguation) * Soil * Floor * Bottom (disambiguation) * Less than *Temperatures below freezing * Hell or underworld People with the surname * Ernst von Below (1863–1955), German World War I general * Fr ...

), and some of the remaining ones are liable to be assigned to another genus also. On the other hand, new moths that probably do belong in this genus are still being discovered (e.g. '' X. hypographa'', which led to the 2002 transfer of '' X. ornata'' from '' Eugraphe'' to here). Thus, unless there are drastic taxonomic changes in the future, ''Xestia'' is likely to remain one of the larger noctuine genera.

Ecology

''Xestia'' adults are usually of medium size and robust build, with stout hairy bodies and strong wings. Some are quite colorful, with bold lighter markings and hindwings in delicate yellowish, reddish or bluish hues. Generally, they are cryptic while at rest however, with unmarked pale or dull brownish hindwings; they do not have metallic hues and few species possess obvious eyespots.See references in Savela (2009) Xestia triangulum larva

This genus includes many species living at high

latitude In geography, latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north– south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Latitude is given as an angle that ranges from –90° at the south pole to 90° at the north po ...

s and altitudes, in

tundra In physical geography, tundra () is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term ''tundra'' comes through Russian (') from the Kildin Sámi word (') meaning "uplands", "treeless mo ...

and

taiga Taiga (; rus, тайга́, p=tɐjˈɡa; relates to Mongolic and Turkic languages), generally referred to in North America as a boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces ...

ecosystem An ecosystem (or ecological system) consists of all the organisms and the physical environment with which they interact. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Energy enters the syst ...

s. Some have two-year (

semivoltine Voltinism is a term used in biology to indicate the number of broods or generations of an organism in a year. The term is most often applied to insects, and is particularly in use in sericulture, where silkworm varieties vary in their voltinism. ...

) life cycles and only occur as adults every other year; typically the

caterpillar Caterpillars ( ) are the larva, larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterfly, butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawfly ...

larva overwinters to

pupa A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their ...

te in spring, with the moths flying around midsummer, but some species

eclose Eclose () is a former commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. In January 2015 it merged with Badinières, forming the new commune Eclose-Badinières. Population See also *Communes of the Isère department The following ...

later, their moths flying from late summer into autumn. ''Xestia''

s are generally stout and cryptically colored; in some species they have quite prominent dark lengthwise spots, but may e.g. be entirely green or whatever else gives best camouflage. Some species' larvae are notoriously

polyphagous Feeding is the process by which organisms, typically animals, obtain food. Terminology often uses either the suffixes -vore, -vory, or -vorous from Latin ''vorare'', meaning "to devour", or -phage, -phagy, or -phagous from Greek φαγ� ...

, e.g. the

setaceous Hebrew character The setaceous Hebrew character (''Xestia c-nigrum'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. It is found in the Palearctic realm. It is a common specie ...

(''X. c-nigrum''), the food of which includes all sorts of core

eudicot The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination. The term derives from Dicotyledons. Traditionally they were called tricolpates or non- magnoliid dic ...

s – including

solanaceae The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and o ...

and others which are poisonous to many

herbivore A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthp ...

s – as well as some

monocots Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

. The latter are mainly Poaceae however, and few other monocots are utilized by ''Xestia'' larvae in general.

Ericaceae The Ericaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with c.4250 known species spread across 124 genera, making it th ...

, as well as

Betulaceae Betulaceae, the birch family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, hazel-hornbeam, and hop-hornbeams numbering a total of 167 species. They are mostly natives of ...

and Poaceae, are key food plants for many of the high-latitude species.

Gymnosperm The gymnosperms ( lit. revealed seeds) are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, '' Ginkgo'', and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae. The term ''gymnosperm'' comes from the composite word in el, γυμν ...

s are food plants of secondary importance in this genus, but

Pinaceae The Pinaceae, or pine family, are conifer trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales, formerly know ...

form the mainstay or exclusive food of some species which occasionally become more than nuisance

pests PESTS was an anonymous American activist group formed in 1986 to critique racism, tokenism, and exclusion in the art world. PESTS produced newsletters, posters, and other print material highlighting examples of discrimination in gallery represent ...

. Altogether, ''Xestia'' moths are only known as major pests within limited areas or in regard to specific plants, in which cases damage can be economically significant though. Even though the larval food plants of many ''Xestia'' species are not or insufficiently known, those on record are from all major lineages of core eudicots. Among the

basal Basal or basilar is a term meaning ''base'', ''bottom'', or ''minimum''. Science * Basal (anatomy), an anatomical term of location for features associated with the base of an organism or structure * Basal (medicine), a minimal level that is nec ...

core eudicots,

Caryophyllales Caryophyllales ( ) is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, beets, and many carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves. The betal ...

(especially

Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus ''Polygonum'', and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1 ...

) are particularly significant, of the

asterids In the APG IV system (2016) for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids denotes a clade (a monophyletic group). Asterids is the largest group of flowering plants, with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flower ...

the

Asterales Asterales () is an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that includes the large family Asteraceae (or Compositae) known for composite flowers made of florets, and ten families related to the Asteraceae. While asterids in general are chara ...

(especially

Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae ...

Ericales The Ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons. Species in this order have considerable commercial importance including for tea, persimmon, blueberry, kiwifruit, Brazil nuts, argan, and azalea. The order includes trees, bushes, liana ...

(especially Ericaceae) and

Lamiales The order Lamiales (also known as the mint order) are an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes about 23,810 species, 1,059 genera, and is divided into about 25 families. These families include Acanthaceae, B ...

(especially

Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain." In older ...

), and of the

rosids The rosids are members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as ...

the

Malpighiales The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than species, about 7.8% of the eudicots. The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinse ...

(numerous families) and

Rosales Rosales () is an order of flowering plants.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Rosales". At: Trees At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below) It is sister to a clade consisting of Faga ...

(especially

Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus ''Rosa''. Among the most species-rich genera are '' Alchemilla'' (270), '' Sorbu ...

). Less important asterid orders among ''Xestia'' food plants are for example

Dipsacales The Dipsacales are an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid group of dicotyledons. In the APG III system of 2009, the order includes only two families, Adoxaceae and a broadly defined Caprifoliaceae. Some well-known members of ...

Gentianales Gentianales is an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid clade of eudicots. It comprises more than 20,000 species in about 1,200 genera in 5 families. More than 80% of the species in this order belong to the family Rubiaceae. Man ...

and

Solanales The Solanales are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons. Some older sources used the name Polemoniales for this order. Taxonomy Under the older Cronquist system, the latter three families were placed elsew ...

, of the rosids e.g.

Fabales The Fabales are an order of flowering plants included in the rosid group of the eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system. In the APG II circumscription, this order includes the families Fabaceae or legumes (includin ...

Fagales The Fagales are an order of flowering plants, including some of the best-known trees. The order name is derived from genus ''Fagus'', beeches. They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledons. The families and genera currently included are a ...

Malvales The Malvales are an order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by APG II-system, the order includes about 6000 species within 9 families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, which are part of the eudicots. The plants are mostly shrubs a ...

, Myrtales and

Sapindales Sapindales is an order of flowering plants. Well-known members of Sapindales include citrus; maples, horse-chestnuts, lychees and rambutans; mangos and cashews; frankincense and myrrh; mahogany and neem. The APG III system of 2009 inclu ...

. More basal ( mes)

angiosperm Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of br ...

s do not seem to be significant as ''Xestia'' food plants, at least not in

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

and cooler regions. As far as is known, ''Xestia'' adults are

nocturnal Nocturnality is an ethology, animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnality, diurnal meaning the opposite. Nocturnal creatures generally have ...

crepuscular In zoology, a crepuscular animal is one that is active primarily during the twilight period, being matutinal, vespertine, or both. This is distinguished from diurnal and nocturnal behavior, where an animal is active during the hours of dayli ...

(except of course the high-latitude species), but are often attracted to lights at night. They general feed on flowers with relatively short or no

corolla Corolla may refer to: *Corolla (botany), the petals of a flower, considered as a unit *Toyota Corolla, an automobile model name * Corolla (headgear), an ancient headdress in the form of a circlet or crown * ''Corolla'' (gastropod), a genus of moll ...

, and will also drink other sugary liquids.

Systematics and taxonomy

Several species formerly placed here are now in ''

Agnorisma ''Agnorisma'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. Agnorisma species were formerly included in the genus ''Xestia''. Species *'' Agnorisma badinodis'' (formerly ''Xestia badinodis'') – Pale-banded Dart Moth ''Agnorisma badinodis ...

'' and '' Pseudohermonassa''; whether other genera are accepted varies among authors; ''

Estimata ''Estimata'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many ...

'', ''

Hemigraphiphora ''Hemigraphiphora'' is a monotypic genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. It is here provisionally treated as separate from ''Xestia ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini ...

'' and ''

Perinaenia ''Perinaenia'' is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae erected by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1878. Its only species, ''Perinaenia accipiter'', was first described by Felder in 1874. It is here provisionally treated as separate from '' ...

'' are provisionally considered distinct here. "''Xestia''" ''versuta'' does not seem to belong in the present genus; it may be an aberrant member of '' Goniographa'', but until this is resolved it is here treated under its original name '' Eugraphe versuta''. Furthermore, a case for separation has in particular been made for '' Amathes'' (possibly including ''Agrotiphila''), ''Lytaea'', ''Megasema'' (possibly including ''Megarhomba''), ''Segetia'' and ''Schoyenia'' (with ''Archanarta'' occasionally also separate), but these are here included in ''Xestia''. Some of them are, however, recognized as

subgenera In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed betwee ...

, and if the genus is split further would be first to become elevated in rank again. There is no real good justification for either treatment, except that the lengthy process of a thorough revision of noctuine

systematics Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: cladograms, phylogenetic t ...

and

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

has only progressed so far. H. Beck in 1996 published a comprehensive taxonomic catalogue,

introducing Introducing or Introducing... may refer to: Albums * ''Introducing'' (Bombay Rockers album), 2003 * '' Introducing... The Beatles'', 1964 * '' Introducing... Mari Hamada'', 1993 * '' Introducing...Rubén González'', 1997 * '' Introducing ... Tal ...

generic names for most European groups of (presumably) related species. While few of these seem to stand any chance ever to be widely recognized as distinct genera, this step is likely to have made available a generic name for any taxa that are eventually split from ''Xestia

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

''.Pitkin & Jenkins (2004), Beck (2006), and see references in Savela (2009)

Synonyms

Junior synonyms and other obsolete generic names for ''Xestia'' moths are: * ''Agrotimorpha'' Barnes & Benjamin, 1929 * ''Agrotiphila'' Grote, 1876 * ''Amathes'' Hübner, 821/small> * ''Anomogyna'' Staudinger, 1871 * ''Archanarta'' Barnes & Benjamin, 1929 * ''Ashworthia'' Beck, 1996 * ''Asworthia'' (''

lapsus In philology, a lapsus (Latin for "lapse, slip, error") is an involuntary mistake made while writing or speaking. Investigations In 1895 an investigation into verbal slips was undertaken by a philologist and a psychologist, Rudolf Meringer and ...

'') * ''Barrovia'' Barnes & McDunnough, 1916 * ''Calamogyna'' (''lapsus'') * ''Calanomogyna'' Beck, 1996 * ''Calocestia'' (''lapsus'') * ''Caloxestia'' Beck, 1996 * ''Castanasta'' Beck, 1996 * ''Cenigria'' Beck, 1996 * ''Epipsiliamorpha'' Barnes & Benjamin, 1929 * ''Ericathia'' Beck, 1996 * ''Hiptelia'' Guenée, 1852 * ''Hypoxestia'' Hampson, 1903 * ''Hyptioxesta'' Rebel, 1901 * ''Knappia'' Nye, 1975 * ''Lankialaia'' Beck, 1996 * ''Lena'' Herz, 1903 (''non'' Casey, 1886

preoccupied The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. * In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linn ...

) * ''Litaea'' (''lapsus'') * ''Lorezea'' (''lapsus'') * ''Lorezia'' Beck, 1996 * ''Lytaea'' Stephens, 1829 * ''Megarhomba'' Beck, 1996 * ''Megasema'' Hübner, 821/small> * ''Monticollia'' Beck, 1996 * ''Pachnobia'' Guenée, 1852 * ''Palaeamathes'' Boursin, 1964 * ''Paramathes'' Boursin, 1964 * ''Palkermes'' Beck, 1996 * ''Palkkermes'' (''lapsus'') * ''Peranomogyna'' Beck, 1996 * ''Platagrotis'' Smith, 1890 * ''Pteroscia'' Morrison, 1875 * ''Schoyenia'' Aurivillius, 1883 * ''Segetia'' Stephens, 1829 * ''Synanomogyna'' Beck, 1996 * ''Xenopachnobia'' Beck, 1996

Species

The 110 or so species here placed in ''Xestia'' are divided among five

. Two of these are further divided into groups, which are based on

phenetic In biology, phenetics ( el, phainein – to appear) , also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary re ...

similarity however and may or may not form clades and/or

species complex In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...

es. Some of these would presumably warrant recognition as subgenera if the present-day subgenera are split off; the subgeneric names that would apply are given (if known) in the addition to the species-group names.Pitkin & Jenkins (2004), and see references in Savela (2009) About one-third of the species here included in ''Xestia'' are ''

incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...

'' (of unclear assignment). Among this group are a few species which are extremely little known, having been described long ago but studied only once or twice since then.

Subgenus ''Anomogyna''

* ''

Xestia albuncula ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' (Eversmann, 1851) * ''

Xestia alpicola ''Xestia alpicola'', the northern dart, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from northern Europe across the Palearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches acr ...

'' – northern dart (type of ''Xenopachnobia'') * '' Xestia badicollis'' – northern variable dart, northern conifer dart, white pine cutworm (possibly belongs in ''X. elimata'') * ''

Xestia borealis ''Xestia borealis'' is a species of moth belonging to the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoi ...

'' (Nordström, 1933) * ''

Xestia brunneopicta ''Xestia brunneopicta'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from Magadan to the east-Siberian Tuva in Russia. It has also been recorded from northern Finland. The larvae feed on various plants, including ''Andromeda polifolia'', ''Sa ...

'' (Matsumura, 1925) * ''

Xestia caelebs ''Xestia caelebs'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of ...

'' * '' Xestia dilucida'' – dull reddish dart, reddish heath dart * ''

Xestia distensa ''Xestia distensa'' is a species of moth belonging to the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuo ...

'' (Eversmann, 1851) (sometimes in ''X. laetabilis'') * '' Xestia elimata'' – southern variable dart, variable climbing caterpillar * ''

Xestia fabulosa ''Xestia fabulosa'' is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily N ...

'' (Ferguson, 1965) * ''

Xestia fennica ''Xestia fennica'' is a species of moth belonging to the family Noctuidae. It was formerly considered a subspecies of ''Xestia rhaetica ''Xestia rhaetica'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in northern Europe, central Fennoscan ...

'' (Brandt, 1936) * ''

Xestia gelida ''Xestia gelida'' is a species of moth belonging to the family Noctuidae, found in Fennoscandia and northern Russia. It was first collected by Jacob Sparre Schneider on an expedition in Sør-Varanger, Norway in 1882, and was described the fol ...

'' (Sparre-Schneider, 1883) (type of ''Peranomogyna'') * ''

Xestia imperita ''Xestia imperita'' is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily N ...

'' (Hübner, 831 * ''

Xestia infimatis ''Xestia infimatis'' is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily ...

'' Grote, 1880 (tentatively placed here, may belong in subgenus ''Xestia'') * ''

Xestia laetabilis ''Xestia laetabilis'' is a species of moth belonging to the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noct ...

'' (Zetterstedt, 839 (type of ''Anomogyna'') * '' Xestia mustelina'' Smith, 1900 * ''

Xestia perquiritata ''Xestia perquiritata'', the boomerang dart, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Herbert Knowles Morrison in 1874. It is found across North America from Newfoundland, Labrador and northern New England, west ...

'' – boomerang dart * '' Xestia praevia'' (possibly belongs in ''X. elimata'') * ''

Xestia rhaetica ''Xestia rhaetica'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in northern Europe, central Fennoscandia, northern Russia and further east to Siberia. It is also present in the Tatra Mountains and the Bohemian Forest. In the Alps it is ...

'' (type of ''Synanomogyna'') * '' Xestia sincera'' (type of ''Calanomogyna'') * ''

Xestia speciosa ''Xestia speciosa'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in northern Europe, including Fennoscandia, the Baltic region, parts of Russia and further through northern Asia to the Pacific Ocean and Japan. It is also found in the mountainou ...

'' (type of ''Platagrotis'') * ''

Xestia vernilis ''Xestia vernilis'' is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily N ...

'' Grote, 1879 * ''

Xestia viridiscens ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' (Turati, 1919) (sometimes in ''X. speciosa'') * '' Xestia yatsugadakeana'' (Matsumura, 1926)

Subgenus ''Megasema''

''ashworthii''/"''Ashworthia''" group * ''

Xestia ashworthii Ashworth's rustic (''Xestia ashworthii'') is a species of moth. Its colouring is blue/grey and it is mainly nocturnal. Life cycle There is one generation in Britain from mid June to August. They are in their larval stage from August to late M ...

'' – Ashworth's rustic (type of ''Ashworthia'') * ''

Xestia okakensis ''Xestia okakensis'' is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily ...

'' Packard, 1867 ** ''Xestia okakensis okakensis'' Packard, 1867 ** ''Xestia okakensis morandi'' (Benjamin, 1934) (sometimes considered distinct species) * ''

Xestia scropulana ''Xestia scropulana'' is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily ...

'' Morrison, 1874 (formerly in ''X. wockei'') * ''

Xestia wockei ''Xestia wockei'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known from Siberia and northern North America, including Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories The Northwest Territories (abbreviated ''NT'' or ''NWT''; f ...

'' ''kollari'' group * '' Xestia kollari'' ''c-nigrum'' group * '' Xestia c-nigrum'' – setaceous Hebrew character, "spotted cutworm" (type of ''Cenigria'') * ''

Xestia ditrapezium ''Xestia ditrapezium'' (triple-spotted clay) is a moth of the family Noctuidae found in most of Europe, northern Turkey, northern Iran, Transcaucasia, Caucasus, central Asia, from the Altai to Ussuri, Amur, Kuril Islands, northern Mon ...

'' – triple-spotted clay * ''

Xestia dolosa ''Xestia dolosa'', known by the names greater black-letter dart, woodland spotted cutworm and spotted cutworm is a moth of the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They a ...

'' – greater black-letter dart, woodland spotted cutworm, "spotted cutworm" * ''

Xestia praetermissa ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Warren (possibly belongs in ''X. c-nigrum'') * '' Xestia triangulum'' – double square-spot (type of ''Megasema'') Species group unknown * ''

Xestia inuitica ''Xestia inuitica'' is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily N ...

'' Lafontaine & Hensel, 1998

Subgenus ''Pachnobia''

* ''

Xestia alaskae ''Xestia alaskae'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of ...

'' (type of ''Epipsiliamorpha''; tentatively placed here, may belong in subgenus ''Schoyenia'') * ''

Xestia atrata ''Xestia atrata'' is a species of moth belonging to the family Noctuidae. It is native to the Northern Hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is ...

'' (Morrison, 1875) (type of ''Pteroscia'') ** ''Xestia atrata atrata'' (Morrison, 1874) ** ''Xestia atrata filipjevi'' (Shljuzhko, 1926) ** ''Xestia atrata haraldi'' Fibiger, 1997 ** ''Xestia atrata ursae'' (McDunnough, 1940) ** ''Xestia atrata yukona'' (McDunnough, 1921) * ''

Xestia kolymae ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Herz, 1903) * ''

Xestia kruegeri ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Kononenko & Schmitz, 2004 * '' Xestia laxa'' Lafontaine & Mikkola, 1998 * ''

Xestia lorezi ''Xestia lorezi'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in northern Europe and the Alps. Subspecies ''lorezi'' is found in the Alps on altitudes between 1,700 and 2,500 meters. Subspecies ''kongsvoldensis'' is found in Fennoscandia and ...

'' (type of ''Lorezia'') * ''

Xestia lupa ''Xestia lupa'' is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctu ...

'' Lafontaine & Mikkola, 1998 * ''

Xestia penthima ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Erschoff, 1870) (type of ''Hyptioxesta'') * ''

Xestia tecta ''Xestia tecta'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. In Europe the species is only known from the boreal area of Fennoscandia __NOTOC__ Fennoscandia (Finnish language, Finnish, Swedish language, Swedish and no, Fennoskandia, nocat=1; russian ...

'' (Hübner, 808 (type of ''Pachnobia'') ** ''Xestia tecta tecta'' (Hübner, 808 ** ''Xestia tecta tectoides'' (Corti, 1926)

Subgenus ''Schoyenia''

* ''

Xestia aequaeva ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' (Benjamin, 1934) ** ''Xestia aequaeva aequaeva'' (Benjamin, 1934) ** ''Xestia aequaeva glaucina'' Lafontaine & Mikkola, 1996 * ''

Xestia brachiptera ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Kononenko, 1981) * ''

Xestia bryanti ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Benjamin, 1933) (= ''X. acraea'') * ''

Xestia fergusoni ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' Lafontaine, 1983 * ''

Xestia intermedia ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Kononenko, 1981) * ''

Xestia liquidaria ''Xestia liquidaria'' is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily ...

'' (Eversmann, 1848) (= ''X. arctica'' Aurivillius, 1883 (''non'' Zetterstedt, 1839:

), ''X. fasciata, X. unifasciata''; type of ''Schoyenia'') * ''

Xestia lyngei ''Xestia lyngei'' is a species of moth belonging to the family Noctuidae. It is native to Northern Europe and Subarctic The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic, north of humid contine ...

'' (Rebel, 1923) (type of ''Lankialaia'') ** ''Xestia lyngei lyngei'' (Rebel, 1923) ** ''Xestia lyngei aborigenea'' Kononenko, 1983 ** ''Xestia lyngei lankialai'' (Grönblom, 1962)) * ''

Xestia magadanensis ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Kononenko & Lafontaine, 1983 * '' Xestia quieta'' (type of ''Archanarta'') * ''

Xestia similis ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' Kononenko 1981 * '' Xestia thula'' Lafontaine & Kononenko, 1983 * ''

Xestia woodi ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family (biology), family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe (biology), tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are ...

'' Lafontaine & Kononenko, 1983

Subgenus ''Xestia''

''baja''/"''Amathes''" group * ''

Xestia baja ''Xestia baja'', the dotted clay, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe, Turkey, northern Iran, Transcaucasia, the Caucasus, central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia, Tibet, China, Korea and Japan. Technical description and ...

'' – dotted clay (type of ''Amathes'') * ''

Xestia smithii ''Xestia smithii'', or Smith's dart, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Pieter Cornelius Tobias Snellen in 1896. It is found across northern North America from Newfoundland to Alaska. In the eastern United Sta ...

'' – Smith's dart (possibly belongs in ''X. baja'') ''castanea''/"''Castanasta''/''Ericathia''" group * ''

Xestia agathina ''Xestia agathina'', the heath rustic, is a moth of the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoid ...

'' – heath rustic (type of ''Ericathia'') * ''

Xestia castanea ''Xestia castanea'', the grey rustic or neglected, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from central Europe to Morocco, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and Syria. Technical description and variation The wingspan is 36–42&nbs ...

'' – grey rustic, The Neglected (type of ''Castanasta'') * ''

Xestia jordani ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' (Turati, 1912) ''collina''/"''Monticollia''" group * ''

Xestia collina ''Xestia collina'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Alps, from southern France to southern Poland, Romania, from southern Finland and Estonia to the Urals, Siberia and northern Mongolia. The wingspan is 27–33 mm. Adu ...

'' (type of ''Monticollia'') ''ochreago'' group * '' Xestia ochreago'' ''sexstrigata''/"''Lytaea''" group * ''

Xestia sexstrigata The six-striped rustic (''Xestia sexstrigata'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is distributed throughout Europe apart from the far south east. This is a fairly small species with a wingspan of 36–38 mm. It has pale brown forewings ...

'' – six-striped rustic (type of ''Lytaea'') ''stigmatica''/"''Megarhomba''" group (= "''rhomboidea'' group", misidentification) * ''

Xestia sareptana ''Xestia sareptana'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of ...

'' * '' Xestia stigmatica'' – square-spotted clay (type of ''Megarhomba'') ''trifida''/"''Caloxestia''" group * ''

Xestia trifida ''Xestia trifida'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of ...

'' (type of ''Caloxestia'') ''xanthographa''/"''Segetia''" group * ''

Xestia cohaesa ''Xestia cohaesa'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin and in the Near East and Middle East. Adults are on wing from September to November. There is one generation per year. The larvae ...

'' * ''

Xestia kermesina ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Mabille, 1869) (type of ''Palkermes'') ** ''Xestia kermesina kermesina'' (Mabille, 1869) ** ''Xestia kermesina virescens'' Turati, 1912 * ''

Xestia palaestinensis ''Xestia palaestinensis'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Greece, south-eastern Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Repu ...

'' * '' Xestia xanthographa'' – square-spot rustic (type of ''Segetia'') Species group unknown * ''

Xestia badinosis ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' (Grote, 1874) * ''

Xestia bolteri ''Xestia bolteri'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known from North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arct ...

'' * ''

Xestia cinerascens ''Xestia cinerascens'' is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamil ...

'' (Smith, 1891) * ''

Xestia conchis ''Xestia conchis'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known from North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arct ...

'' * ''

Xestia dyris ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Zerny, 1934) (tentatively placed here) * ''

Xestia finatimis ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Lafontaine, 1998 * ''

Xestia fuscostigma ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' (Bremer, 1861) * '' Xestia lithoplana'' Hreblay & Ronkay 1998 * ''

Xestia mejiasi ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Pinker, 1961 * ''

Xestia normaniana ''Xestia normaniana'', or Norman's dart, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1874. It is found in North America from Nova Scotia across southern and central Canada to Alberta. In the ...

'' – Norman's dart * ''

Xestia oblata ''Xestia oblata'', known generally as the rosy dart or ruby dart, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the ...

'' (Morrison, 1875) * ''

Xestia substrigata ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Smith, 1895) * ''

Xestia verniloides ''Xestia verniloides'' is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily ...

'' Lafontaine, 1998

''Incertae sedis''

If the affiliations of the subgenera are not very much mistaken, most remaining cases of erroneous assignment to ''Xestia'' are to be found among the species of uncertain group affiliation here; for the recently described '' X. kecskerago'' for example it was explicitly stated that placement in the present genus is tentative. Other species of unclear affiliation are so little known that even their validity remains questionable, though this group equally well seems to contain quite distinct lineages of true ''Xestia''. Also, there are some obvious species groups which do not easily fit into the subgeneric scheme above.

"''Agrotiphila''" group * ''

Xestia colorado ''Xestia colorado'' is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily N ...

'' (Smith, 1891) (type of ''Agrotiphila'') * '' Xestia maculata'' (Smith, 1893) * ''

Xestia staudingeri ''Xestia staudingeri'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known from Siberia (West Siberian Lowland, Middle Siberia and the mountains of north-east Siberia), as well as North America North America is a continent in the Nor ...

'' (type of ''Agrotimorpha'') "''Hypoxestia''" group * ''

Xestia dilatata ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Butler, 1879) (type of ''Hypoxestia'') ''ornata'' group * '' Xestia hypographa'' * '' Xestia ornata'' (formerly in ''Eugraphe'') "''Palaeamathes''" group * ''

Xestia hoenei ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Boursin, 1954) (type of ''Palaeamathes'') "''Paramathes''" group * ''

Xestia perigrapha ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' (Püngeler, 1899) (type of ''Paramathes'') ''retracta''/''tenuis'' group * ''

Xestia basistriga ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Yoshimoto, 1995 * ''

Xestia bifurcata ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998 * ''

Xestia coronata ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Hacker & Peks, 1999 * ''

Xestia destituta ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Leech, 1900) * '' Xestia forsteri'' Boursin, 1964 * ''

Xestia hemitragidia ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Boursin 1964) * ''

Xestia nyei ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family (biology), family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe (biology), tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are ...

'' Plante, 1979 (= ''X. longijuxta'') * ''

Xestia retracta ''Xestia retracta'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known from Sikkim Sikkim (; ) is a state in Northeastern India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east, Province No. 1 of ...

'' * ''

Xestia schaeferi ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998 * ''

Xestia semiretracta ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Yoshimoto, 1995 * ''

Xestia subforsteri ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Hreblay, & Ronkay 1998 * ''

Xestia tenuis ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' (Butler 1889) * '' Xestia trifurcata'' Hacker & Peks, 1999 "Yellow hindwings" group * ''

Xestia bryocharis ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Boursin, 1948 * ''

Xestia draesekei ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family (biology), family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe (biology), tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are ...

'' Boursin, 1948 * ''

Xestia efflorescens ''Xestia efflorescens'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known from eastern Asia, the Amur Region, Korea and Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in ...

'' * ''

Xestia flavilinea ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Wileman, 1912 * ''

Xestia pseudoaccipiter ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Boursin, 1948 * ''

Xestia semiherbida ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' (Walker, 1857) * '' Xestia sternecki'' Boursin, 1948 * ''

Xestia triphaenoides ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' Boursin, 1948 Species group unknown * '' Xestia agalma'' (Püngeler, 1900) * ''

Xestia albifurca ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Erschoff,

877 __NOTOC__ Year 877 ( DCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Summer – King Charles II ("the Bald") sets out for Italy, accompanie ...

* '' Xestia cervina'' (Moore, 1867) * ''

Xestia consanguinea ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Moore, 1881) * ''

Xestia costaestriga ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Staudinger, 1895) * ''

Xestia crassipuncta ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Wileman & West, 1928) * ''

Xestia homochroma ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Hampson 1903) * ''

Xestia isochroma ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' (Hampson 1903) * ''

Xestia isolata ''Xestia isolata'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of ...

'' * ''

Xestia junctura ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' (Moore, 1881) * '' Xestia kecskerago'' Gyulai & L.Ronkay, 2006 * '' Xestia latinigra'' (Prout, 1928) * ''

Xestia mandarina ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as "clays", " dar ...

'' (Leech, 1900) * ''

Xestia olivascens ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Hampson, 1894) * ''

Xestia renalis ''Xestia renalis'' is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known from Punjab Punjab (; Punjabi: پنجاب ; ਪੰਜਾਬ ; ; also romanised as ''Panjāb'' or ''Panj-Āb'') is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in Sout ...

'' * ''

Xestia rosifunda ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Dyar, 1916) * ''

Xestia senescens ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Staudinger, 1881) (formerly in ''Eugraphe'') * '' Xestia tamsi'' (Wileman & West, 1929) * ''

Xestia vidua ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths ( family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are commonly known as " clays" ...

'' (Staudinger, 1892) * ''

Xestia yamanei ''Xestia'' is a genus of noctuid moths (family (biology), family Noctuidae). They are the type genus of the tribe (biology), tribe Xestiini in subfamily Noctuinae, though some authors merge this tribe with the Noctuini. Species in this genus are ...

'' Chang, 1991

Footnotes

References

* (1996): Systematische Liste der Noctuidae Europas. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) Systematic list of European Noctuidae" ''Neue Entomologische Nachrichten'' 36: 1-122. * (2004): Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species &ndash
''Xestia''
Version of 5 November 2004. Retrieved 18 January 2011. * (2009): Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms &ndash

Version of 31 December 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2011. * (2003)
A revision of the Palaearctic species of the ''Eugraphe'' Hübner, [1821] 1816 generic complex. Part I. The genera ''Eugraphe'' and ''Goniographa'' (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
(PDF) ''Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae'' 48(4): 333–374. {{Taxonbar">from=Q1305617 Noctuoidea genera Taxa named by Jacob Hübner