Works By Albert Einstein
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Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (14 March 187918 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known for developing the theory of relativity. Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence f ...
(1879–1955) was a renowned
theoretical physicist Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain, and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experi ...
of the 20th century, best known for his
special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air force, air and space forces, marines or naval infantry. In some usages, the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colone ...
theories of relativity. He also made important contributions to
statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
, especially by his treatment of
Brownian motion Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas). The traditional mathematical formulation of Brownian motion is that of the Wiener process, which is often called Brownian motion, even in mathematical ...
, his resolution of the
paradox A paradox is a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one's expectation. It is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true or apparently true premises, leads to a seemingly self-contradictor ...
of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made seminal contributions to
quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
and, indirectly,
quantum field theory In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines Field theory (physics), field theory and the principle of relativity with ideas behind quantum mechanics. QFT is used in particle physics to construct phy ...
, primarily through his theoretical studies of the
photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
. Einstein's writings, including his scientific publications, have been digitized and released on the Internet with English translations by a consortium of the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI; ) is an Israeli public university, public research university based in Jerusalem. Co-founded by Albert Einstein and Chaim Weizmann in July 1918, the public university officially opened on 1 April 1925. ...
,
Princeton University Press Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. Its mission is to disseminate scholarship within academia and society at large. The press was founded by Whitney Darrow, with the financial ...
, and the
California Institute of Technology The California Institute of Technology (branded as Caltech) is a private research university in Pasadena, California, United States. The university is responsible for many modern scientific advancements and is among a small group of institutes ...
, called the
Einstein Papers Project The Einstein Papers Project (EPP) produces the historical edition of the writings and correspondence of Albert Einstein. The EPP collects, transcribes, translates, annotates, and publishes materials from Einstein's literary estate and a multitude ...
. Einstein's scientific publications are listed below in four tables: journal articles, book chapters, books and authorized translations. Each publication is indexed in the first column by its number in the Schilpp bibliography (''Albert Einstein: Philosopher–Scientist'', pp. 694–730) and by its article number in Einstein's '' Collected Papers''. Complete references for these two bibliographies may be found below in the
Bibliography Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes ''bibliograph ...
section. The Schilpp numbers are used for cross-referencing in the Notes (the final column of each table), since they cover a greater time period of Einstein's life at present. The English translations of titles are generally taken from the published volumes of the ''Collected Papers''. For some publications, however, such official translations are not available; unofficial translations are indicated with a § superscript. Collaborative works by Einstein are highlighted in lavender, with the co-authors provided in the final column of the table. There were also five volumes of Einstein's ''Collected Papers'' (volumes 1, 5, 8–10) that are devoted to his correspondence, much of which is concerned with scientific questions, but were never prepared for publication.


Chronology and major themes

The following chronology of Einstein's scientific discoveries provides a context for the publications listed below, and clarifies the major themes running through his work. Einstein's scientific career can be broadly divided into two periods. During the first period (from 1901 to 1933), Einstein published mainly in German-language journals, notably the ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
'', and, after becoming a professional physicist, worked at various German-speaking institutions in Europe, including the
Prussian Academy of Sciences The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences () was an academy established in Berlin, Germany on 11 July 1700, four years after the Prussian Academy of Arts, or "Arts Academy," to which "Berlin Academy" may also refer. In the 18th century, when Frenc ...
in Berlin. Following his permanent relocation to the United States in 1933, Einstein spent most of his time at the
Institute for Advanced Study The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) is an independent center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry located in Princeton, New Jersey. It has served as the academic home of internationally preeminent scholars, including Albert Ein ...
in Princeton, New Jersey, where he remained till his death in 1955. During his second period, Einstein submitted his papers in English to North American journals, such as the ''
Physical Review ''Physical Review'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. The journal was established in 1893 by Edward Nichols. It publishes original research as well as scientific and literature reviews on all aspects of physics. It is published by the Ame ...
''. Einstein first gained fame among physicists for the papers he submitted in 1905, his ''
annus mirabilis ''Annus mirabilis'' (pl. ''anni mirabiles'') is a Latin phrase that means "marvelous year", "wonderful year", or "miraculous year". This term has been used to refer to several years during which events of major importance are remembered, notably ...
'' or miraculous year in physics. His epochal contributions during this phase of his career stemmed from a single problem, the fluctuations of a delicately suspended mirror inside a radiation cavity. It led him to examine the nature of light, the statistical mechanics of fluctuations, and the electrodynamics of moving bodies. * From 1901 to 1904, Einstein submitted his first scientific papers, dealing with problems in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. * In 1905, Einstein proposed that the existence of light quanta—dubbed
photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s by chemist Gilbert Lewis in 1926—could explain the
photoelectric effect The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. Electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons. The phenomenon is studied in condensed matter physi ...
. He treated electromagnetic radiation as a gas and applied thermodynamic reasoning in his "heuristic" treatment, arguing that the energy E of a photon is given by Planck's relation, E = h \nu, where h is a new constant of nature (the
Planck constant The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by h, is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a ...
), and \nu (nu) is the frequency of the photon. Whereas
Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quantum, quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many substantial con ...
had introduced the quantum hypothesis as merely a mathematical trick to obtain the correct description of blackbody radiation (
Planck's law In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature , when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the ...
), Einstein considered it to be an aspect of physical reality. In one of his 1905 calculations, Einstein also used, but did not justify or explain, the equation E = pc, where p is the momentum of the photon and c is the speed of light in vacuum. In 1909, Einstein showed that the photon carries
momentum In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (: momenta or momentums; more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction. ...
as well as energy and that electromagnetic radiation must have both particle-like and wave-like properties if Planck's law of blackbody radiation holds; this was a forerunner of the principle of
wave–particle duality Wave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave (physics), wave properties according to the experimental circumstances. It expresses the in ...
. He would go on to receive the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his investigations of light quanta. * In 1905, to avoid getting into a dispute with his supervisor,
Alfred Kleiner Alfred Kleiner (24 April 1849 – 3 July 1916) was a Swiss physicist and Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Zurich. He was Albert Einstein's doctoral advisor or ''Doktorvater.'' Initially Einstein's advisor was Heinrich F ...
, Einstein selected a fairly conventional problem to tackle for his doctoral dissertation, namely, the determination of molecular dimensions using classical
hydrodynamics In physics, physical chemistry and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids – liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including (the study of air and other gases in ...
. Such calculations had already been done using gases. But Einstein was the first to successfully solve the problem using liquids. Einstein obtained a respectable estimate for the
Avogadro constant The Avogadro constant, commonly denoted or , is an SI defining constant with an exact value of when expressed in reciprocal moles. It defines the ratio of the number of constituent particles to the amount of substance in a sample, where th ...
, after incorporating better experimental data. Einstein received his doctorate in January 1906 from the
University of Zurich The University of Zurich (UZH, ) is a public university, public research university in Zurich, Switzerland. It is the largest university in Switzerland, with its 28,000 enrolled students. It was founded in 1833 from the existing colleges of the ...
. Einstein's doctoral dissertation remains one of his most cited papers ever, with applications in various engineering disciplines, such as concrete mixing and dairy production. * In 1905, in the month following his dissertation, Einstein published his theory of
Brownian motion Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas). The traditional mathematical formulation of Brownian motion is that of the Wiener process, which is often called Brownian motion, even in mathematical ...
, named after botanist
Robert Brown Robert Brown may refer to: Robert Brown (born 1965), British Director, Animator and author Entertainers and artists * Washboard Sam or Robert Brown (1910–1966), American musician and singer * Robert W. Brown (1917–2009), American printmaker ...
, in terms of fluctuations in the number of molecular collisions with an object. He showed that the distance a grain of pollen suspended in a liquid traveled from its starting point was proportional to the square root of the time elapsed and determined Avogadro's number in a new way. A few weeks earlier, he had derived the Einstein relation for
diffusion Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical p ...
, which was the first example of the general
fluctuation–dissipation theorem The fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT) or fluctuation–dissipation relation (FDR) is a powerful tool in statistical physics for predicting the behavior of systems that obey detailed balance. Given that a system obeys detailed balance, the the ...
and gave an estimate of Avogadro's constant. Within months, Einstein's description of Brownian motion was experimentally verified by
Henry Siedentopf Henry Friedrich Wilhelm Siedentopf (22 September 1872 in Bremen – 8 May 1940 in Jena) was a German physicist and pioneer of microscopy. Biography Siedentopf worked in Carl Zeiss company from 1899 to 1938. In 1907 he was nominated as the head ...
. The strikingly visual nature of Einstein work assured scientists of the reality of
atom Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements. An atom consists of a atomic nucleus, nucleus of protons and generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm of electrons. The chemical elements are distinguished fr ...
s. * In 1905, Einstein developed his
special theory of relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", the theory is presen ...
, which reconciled the
Galilean relativity Galilean invariance or Galilean relativity states that the laws of motion are the same in all inertial frames of reference. Galileo Galilei first described this principle in 1632 in his ''Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems'' using t ...
of motion with the observed constancy of the
speed of light The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted , is a universal physical constant exactly equal to ). It is exact because, by international agreement, a metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time i ...
(a paradox of 19th-century physics). Special relativity is now considered a foundation of modern physics. Its counterintuitive predictions that moving clocks run more slowly, that moving objects are shortened in their direction of motion, and that the order of events is not absolute have been confirmed experimentally. With special relativity, Einstein rendered the notion of the
luminiferous ether Luminiferous aether or ether (''luminiferous'' meaning 'light-bearing') was the postulated medium for the propagation of light. It was invoked to explain the ability of the apparently wave-based light to propagate through empty space (a vacuum), ...
obsolete. * In 1905, Einstein concluded that "The mass of a body is a measure of its energy content." In modern form, the equation he wrote down was E = mc^2, where E is the energy of an object, m is the mass of that object, and c is the
speed of light The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted , is a universal physical constant exactly equal to ). It is exact because, by international agreement, a metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time i ...
in vacuum. He suggested that "bodies whose energy contents is variable to a high degree, e.g. salts of
radium Radium is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol Ra and atomic number 88. It is the sixth element in alkaline earth metal, group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals. Pure radium is silvery-white, ...
" be used to test his new equation. Einstein's
mass–energy equivalence In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame. The two differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement. The principle is described by the physicist Albert Einstei ...
was later verified by studying
mass defect Nuclear binding energy in experimental physics is the minimum energy that is required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its constituent protons and neutrons, known collectively as nucleons. The binding energy for stable nuclei is always ...
in
atomic nuclei The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment. Aft ...
. The energy released in
nuclear reaction In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two atomic nucleus, nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to produce one or more new nuclides. Thus, a nuclear reaction must cause a t ...
s—which is essential for
nuclear power Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by ...
and
nuclear weapon A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission or atomic bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear weapon), producing a nuclear exp ...
s—can be estimated from such mass defects. * In 1907 and again in 1911, Einstein developed the first quantum theory of
specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. It is also referred to as massic heat ...
s of a solid by generalizing Planck's relation. His theory resolved a paradox of 19th-century physics that specific heats were often smaller than could be explained by any
classical theory Classical physics refers to physics theories that are non-quantum or both non-quantum and non-relativistic, depending on the context. In historical discussions, ''classical physics'' refers to pre-1900 physics, while ''modern physics'' refers to p ...
. His work was also the first to show that
Planck's relation The Planck relationFrench & Taylor (1978), pp. 24, 55.Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu & Laloë (1973/1977), pp. 10–11. (referred to as Planck's energy–frequency relation,Schwinger (2001), p. 203. the Planck–Einstein relation, Planck equation, and Plan ...
, E = h \nu, was a fundamental law of physics, and not merely special to
blackbody radiation Black-body radiation is the thermal electromagnetic radiation within, or surrounding, a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment, emitted by a black body (an idealized opaque, non-reflective body). It has a specific continuous spectr ...
. Experiments carried out to verify the predictions of Einstein's model of solids led to the development of new refrigeration technologies, low-temperature physics, and the discovery of the
third law of thermodynamics The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system at thermodynamic equilibrium approaches a constant value when its temperature approaches absolute zero. This constant value cannot depend on any other parameters characte ...
by
Walther Nernst Walther Hermann Nernst (; 25 June 1864 – 18 November 1941) was a German physical chemist known for his work in thermodynamics, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, and solid-state physics. His formulation of the Nernst heat theorem helped ...
. * Between 1907 and 1916, Einstein developed the
general theory of relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physi ...
, a classical field theory of
gravitation In physics, gravity (), also known as gravitation or a gravitational interaction, is a fundamental interaction, a mutual attraction between all massive particles. On Earth, gravity takes a slightly different meaning: the observed force b ...
that provides the cornerstone for modern
astrophysics Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. As one of the founders of the discipline, James Keeler, said, astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the ...
and
cosmology Cosmology () is a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe, the cosmos. The term ''cosmology'' was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas Blount's ''Glossographia'', with the meaning of "a speaking of the wo ...
. General relativity, which has passed all experimental tests to-date, makes a number of surprising predictions, such as the bending of light by gravity, that matter affects the flow of time, the stretching or redshift of light due to gravity, and frame dragging. While Einstein was highly skeptical that
black hole A black hole is a massive, compact astronomical object so dense that its gravity prevents anything from escaping, even light. Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will form a black hole. Th ...
s could exist, publishing a paper in 1939 explaining his view, evidence accumulated since the 1960s thanks to advances in observational astronomy, such as
radio telescopes A radio telescope is a specialized antenna (radio), antenna and radio receiver used to detect radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky. Radio telescopes are the main observing instrument used in radio astronomy, which studies the r ...
, suggests that they do. Furthermore, the principle of the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass, the foundation of general relativity, has also survived all tests ever devised. * Between 1914 and 1915, Einstein and
Wander Johannes de Haas Wander Johannes de Haas (2 March 1878 – 26 April 1960) was a Dutch physicist and mathematician. He is best known for the Shubnikov–de Haas effect, the De Haas–Van Alphen effect and the Einstein–de Haas effect. Personal life Wander de Ha ...
published a series papers on their experiments showing that a change in the
magnetic moment In electromagnetism, the magnetic moment or magnetic dipole moment is the combination of strength and orientation of a magnet or other object or system that exerts a magnetic field. The magnetic dipole moment of an object determines the magnitude ...
of a free body caused this body to rotate. The Einstein-de Haas effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum and is a demonstration of quantum
spin Spin or spinning most often refers to: * Spin (physics) or particle spin, a fundamental property of elementary particles * Spin quantum number, a number which defines the value of a particle's spin * Spinning (textiles), the creation of yarn or thr ...
, not yet understood at the time. Einstein and de Haas argued that their results supported the hypothesis by
André-Marie Ampère André-Marie Ampère (, ; ; 20 January 177510 June 1836) was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as ''electrodynamics''. He is also the inventor of ...
that "molecular currents" were responsible for the field of a magnet, essentially suggesting the existence of the electron. * In 1916, Einstein predicted the existence of
gravitational waves Gravitational waves are oscillations of the gravitational field that travel through space at the speed of light; they are generated by the relative motion of gravitating masses. They were proposed by Oliver Heaviside in 1893 and then later by H ...
. However, this paper was full of errors and misconceptions. He corrected most of these in another paper published in 1918, but his formula for the energy flux radiated by a slow-moving source was still off by a factor of two.
Arthur Stanley Eddington Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician. He was also a philosopher of science and a populariser of science. The Eddington limit, the natural limit to the lu ...
later noticed and corrected the error. Einstein returned to the problem in 1936 with his assistant, Nathan Rosen, arguing that gravitational waves did not exist. An anonymous reviewer commented that they had misunderstood the nature of the coordinates they were using. Einstein and Rosen resolved his issue and reached the opposite conclusion, exhibiting an exact solution to the Einstein field equations, the Einstein–Rosen metric, describing cylindrical gravitational waves. Gravitational waves have been detected by observing the
Hulse–Taylor pulsar The Hulse–Taylor pulsar (known as PSR B1913+16, PSR J1915+1606 or PSR 1913+16) is a binary star system composed of a neutron star and a pulsar which orbit around their common center of mass. It is the first binary pulsar ever discover ...
and directly by the
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a large-scale physics experiment and observatory designed to detect cosmic gravitational waves and to develop gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool. Prior to LIG ...
(LIGO). * In 1917, Einstein presented the semi-classical
Einstein–Brillouin–Keller method The Einstein–Brillouin–Keller (EBK) method is a semiclassical technique (named after Albert Einstein, Léon Brillouin, and Joseph B. Keller) used to compute eigenvalues in quantum-mechanical systems. EBK quantization is an improvement from ...
for computing the eigenvalues of a quantum-mechanical system. An improvement of the
Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization The old quantum theory is a collection of results from the years 1900–1925, which predate modern quantum mechanics. The theory was never complete or self-consistent, but was instead a set of heuristic corrections to classical mechanics. The the ...
condition, it allows for the solution of a variety of problems. The
Bohr model In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model was a model of the atom that incorporated some early quantum concepts. Developed from 1911 to 1918 by Niels Bohr and building on Ernest Rutherford's nuclear Rutherford model, model, i ...
of the hydrogen atom is a simple example, but the EBK method also gives accurate predictions for more complicated systems, such as the dinuclear
cation An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convent ...
s H2+ and HeH2+. * In 1917, Einstein began the scientific study of cosmology. In order to ensure that his field equations predict a static universe, as was commonly thought at the time, Einstein introduced the
cosmological constant In cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: ), alternatively called Einstein's cosmological constant, is a coefficient that Albert Einstein initially added to his field equations of general rel ...
\Lambda (capital lambda). In the early 1930s, upon learning of
Edwin Hubble Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. He played a crucial role in establishing the fields of extragalactic astronomy and observational cosmology. Hubble proved that many objects previously ...
's confirmation of the expansion of the universe, Einstein retracted \Lambda.The current understanding is that \Lambda is non-zero. As
Steven Weinberg Steven Weinberg (; May 3, 1933 – July 23, 2021) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic inter ...
explained, "it was not easy to just drop the cosmological constant, because anything that contributes to the energy density of the vacuum acts just like a cosmological constant." * In 1918, Einstein developed a general theory of the process by which atoms emit and absorb electromagnetic radiation (the Einstein coefficients), which is the basis of
laser A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word ''laser'' originated as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radi ...
s (light amplification by
stimulated emission Stimulated emission is the process by which an incoming photon of a specific frequency can interact with an excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level. The liberated energy transfers to ...
of radiation) and shaped the development of modern
quantum electrodynamics In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the Theory of relativity, relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quant ...
, the best-validated physical theory at present. * In 1924, Einstein read a paper from
Satyendra Nath Bose Satyendra Nath Bose (; 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an Indian theoretical physicist and mathematician. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, in developing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statist ...
deriving Planck's law using a new statistical method for photons. He developed the idea further into the
Bose–Einstein statistics In quantum statistics, Bose–Einstein statistics (B–E statistics) describes one of two possible ways in which a collection of non-interacting identical particles may occupy a set of available discrete energy states at thermodynamic equilibri ...
and applied it to ensembles of particles with mass, such as atoms, and predicted the
Bose–Einstein condensate In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low Density, densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero#Relation with Bose–Einste ...
s, a new state of matter. The Bose–Einstein condensation was first achieved in 1995 by Carl Edwin Wieman and
Eric Allin Cornell Eric Allin Cornell (born December 19, 1961) is an American physicist who, along with Carl E. Wieman, was able to synthesize the first Bose–Einstein condensate in 1995. For their efforts, Cornell, Wieman, and Wolfgang Ketterle shared the Nobel ...
using
rubidium Rubidium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Rb and atomic number 37. It is a very soft, whitish-grey solid in the alkali metal group, similar to potassium and caesium. Rubidium is the first alkali metal in the group to have ...
-87. Since then, the Bose–Einstein condensation has also been achieved using other materials, such as liquid
helium-4 Helium-4 () is a stable isotope of the element helium. It is by far the more abundant of the two naturally occurring isotopes of helium, making up about 99.99986% of the helium on Earth. Its nucleus is identical to an alpha particle, and consi ...
, which becomes a
superfluid Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms vortex, vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs ...
at temperatures below 2.17 K. Bose and Einstein's papers are seminal contributions to
quantum statistical mechanics Quantum statistical mechanics is statistical mechanics applied to quantum mechanical systems. It relies on constructing density matrices that describe quantum systems in thermal equilibrium. Its applications include the study of collections o ...
, which form the basis for
superfluidity Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs in two ...
,
superconductivity Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in superconductors: materials where Electrical resistance and conductance, electrical resistance vanishes and Magnetic field, magnetic fields are expelled from the material. Unlike an ord ...
, and other phenomena. * In 1935, together with
Boris Podolsky Boris Yakovlevich Podolsky (; June 29, 1896 – November 28, 1966) was a Russian-American physicist of Jewish descent, noted for his work with Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen on entangled wave functions and the EPR paradox. Education In 1 ...
and
Nathan Rosen Nathan Rosen (; March 22, 1909 – December 18, 1995) was an American and Israeli physicist noted for his study on the structure of the hydrogen molecule and his collaboration with Albert Einstein and Boris Podolsky on entangled wave functions and ...
, Einstein put forward what is now known as the
EPR paradox EPR may refer to: Science and technology * EPR (nuclear reactor), European Pressurised-Water Reactor * EPR paradox (Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox), in physics * Earth potential rise, in electrical engineering * East Pacific Rise, a mid-ocea ...
. Einstein and his colleagues argued that the quantum-mechanical wave function must be an incomplete description of the physical world, and that there could be " hidden variables" not accounted for in standard quantum mechanics. This paper describes the phenomenon of
quantum entanglement Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon where the quantum state of each Subatomic particle, particle in a group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance. The topic o ...
, a term coined by
Erwin Schrödinger Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger ( ; ; 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), sometimes written as or , was an Austrian-Irish theoretical physicist who developed fundamental results in quantum field theory, quantum theory. In particul ...
in a paper published in the same year in which Schrödinger states his cat paradox. It is Einstein's most controversial paper, and the most important one he published after migrating to the U.S. In 1951,
David Bohm David Joseph Bohm (; 20 December 1917 – 27 October 1992) was an American scientist who has been described as one of the most significant Theoretical physics, theoretical physicists of the 20th centuryDavid Peat Who's Afraid of Schrödinger' ...
reformulated he original thought experiment was reformulated in terms of
spin Spin or spinning most often refers to: * Spin (physics) or particle spin, a fundamental property of elementary particles * Spin quantum number, a number which defines the value of a particle's spin * Spinning (textiles), the creation of yarn or thr ...
and in 1964,
John Stewart Bell John Stewart Bell (28 July 1928 – 1 October 1990) was a physicist from Northern Ireland and the originator of Bell's theorem, an important theorem in quantum mechanics, quantum physics regarding hidden-variable theory, hidden-variable theor ...
proposed experiments to test the inequalities he derived. A variety of experiments conducted since the 1970s with ever improving reliability have demonstrated the reality of quantum entanglement and disproven Einstein's notion of
local realism In physics, the principle of locality states that an object is influenced directly only by its immediate surroundings. A theory that includes the principle of locality is said to be a "local theory". This is an alternative to the concept of ins ...
. * In 1935, Einstein and Rosen proposed the
Einstein–Rosen bridge A wormhole is a hypothetical structure that connects disparate points in spacetime. It can be visualized as a tunnel with two ends at separate points in spacetime (i.e., different locations, different points in time, or both). Wormholes are base ...
, a hypothetical tunnel connecting different regions of the same universe, in order to resolve the difficulties associated with singularities, such as the ones in the
Schwarzschild solution In Einstein's theory of general relativity, the Schwarzschild metric (also known as the Schwarzschild solution) is an exact solution to the Einstein field equations that describes the gravitational field outside a spherical mass, on the assumpti ...
, the central singularity and the one on the surface of the black hole (the
event horizon In astrophysics, an event horizon is a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer. Wolfgang Rindler coined the term in the 1950s. In 1784, John Michell proposed that gravity can be strong enough in the vicinity of massive c ...
). However, subsequent research demonstrated that the event horizon was a
coordinate singularity In mathematics and physics, a coordinate singularity occurs when an apparent singularity or discontinuity occurs in one coordinate frame that can be removed by choosing a different frame. An example is the apparent (longitudinal) singularity a ...
, not a physical one. (It can be removed by the
Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates In general relativity, Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates are a pair of coordinate systems for a Schwarzschild geometry (e.g. a spherically symmetric black hole) which are adapted to radial null geodesics. Null geodesics are the worldlines of ...
or the
Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates In general relativity, Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates, named after Martin Kruskal and George Szekeres, are a coordinate system for the Schwarzschild geometry for a black hole. These coordinates have the advantage that they cover the entire spa ...
.) Moreover,
John Archibald Wheeler John Archibald Wheeler (July 9, 1911April 13, 2008) was an American theoretical physicist. He was largely responsible for reviving interest in general relativity in the United States after World War II. Wheeler also worked with Niels Bohr to e ...
and Robert Works Fuller showed in 1962 that this hypothetical structure, also known as a wormhole, was unstable and would collapse before even photons could pass through. Today, the wormhole remains a plot device in
science fiction Science fiction (often shortened to sci-fi or abbreviated SF) is a genre of speculative fiction that deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts. These concepts may include information technology and robotics, biological manipulations, space ...
for space and
time travel Time travel is the hypothetical activity of traveling into the past or future. Time travel is a concept in philosophy and fiction, particularly science fiction. In fiction, time travel is typically achieved through the use of a device known a ...
. * In the final thirty years of his life, Einstein explored whether various
classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
could account for both
electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interacti ...
and gravitation and, possibly, quantum mechanics using increasingly sophisticated mathematics, such as distant parallelism. He was joined by a handful of researchers, notably
Hermann Weyl Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl (; ; 9 November 1885 – 8 December 1955) was a German mathematician, theoretical physicist, logician and philosopher. Although much of his working life was spent in Zürich, Switzerland, and then Princeton, New Jersey, ...
,
Theodor Kaluza Theodor Franz Eduard Kaluza (; 9 November 1885 – 19 January 1954) was a German mathematician and physicist known for the Kaluza–Klein theory, involving field equations in five-dimensional space-time. His idea that fundamental forces can b ...
, and
Oskar Klein Oskar Benjamin Klein (; 15 September 1894 – 5 February 1977) was a Swedish theoretical physics, theoretical physicist. Oskar Klein is known for his work on Kaluza–Klein theory, which is partially named after him. Biography Klein was born ...
. However, their efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, since those theories did not match experimental results. For example, the
Kaluza–Klein theory In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory (KK theory) is a classical unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism built around the idea of a fifth dimension beyond the common 4D of space and time and considered an important precursor to ...
, which Einstein briefly pursued, predicted the wrong mass for the electron by a factor of about 1018.


Journal articles

Most of Einstein's original scientific work appeared as journal articles. Articles on which Einstein collaborated with other scientists are highlighted in
lavender ''Lavandula'' (common name lavender) is a genus of 47 known species of perennial flowering plants in the sage family, Lamiaceae. It is native plant, native to the Old World, primarily found across the drier, warmer regions of the Mediterranean ...
, with the co-authors listed in the "Classification and notes" column. These are the total of 272 scientific articles. {, class="wikitable sortable" id="Einstein_journal_articles" !scope=col, IndexThese Index numbers are taken from: 1. Schilpp reference cited in the Bibliography, pp. 694–730. 2. The ''Collected Papers of Albert Einstein'' published by Princeton University Press, which are indicated by a ''CP'' in italic type, the volume number in boldface type, and by the article number within that volume. ''3. Albert Einstein: A Bibliography of His Scientific Papers, 1901–1954'', by Ernst Weil, which are indicated by "Weil #" where # is the article number within that reference. A “principal work” is marked by an asterisk (*), for example, Weil *235. !scope=col, Year !scope=col, Title and English translationThe translations of article titles are generally taken from the published volumes of Einstein's collected papers. For some articles, however, such official translations are not available; unofficial translations are indicated with a § superscript. !scope=col, Journal, volume, pagesThe volume number is given in boldface type. Terms such as "ser. 4" in the journal name refer to the ''series'' of the journal, which is a grouping of volumes. For example, a journal may appear in yearly volumes for 60 years (volumes 1–60), then start its volume numbering anew in a second series. !scope=col, Classification and notesThe subject classification of Einstein's articles are the first item, and are indicated in boldface type. Any co-authors are always indicated by the second item. , - , Schilpp 1; ''CP'' 2, 1 , , 1901 , , Folgerungen aus den Kapillaritätserscheinungen {, , Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 4, 513–523
link
, ,
Intermolecular force An intermolecular force (IMF; also secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles (e.g. ...
s. The first of two papers in which Einstein proposed the (incorrect) theory that the interactions between all molecules are a universal function of distance, in analogy with the inverse-square force of
gravity In physics, gravity (), also known as gravitation or a gravitational interaction, is a fundamental interaction, a mutual attraction between all massive particles. On Earth, gravity takes a slightly different meaning: the observed force b ...
. Once parameterized, his theory makes reasonably accurate predictions for heavier
hydrophobic In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the chemical property of a molecule (called a hydrophobe) that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water. In contrast, hydrophiles are attracted to water. Hydrophobic molecules tend to be nonpolar and, thu ...
molecules, but fails for lighter molecules. , - , Schilpp 2; ''CP'' 2, 2 , , 1902 , , Thermodynamische Theorie der Potentialdifferenz zwischen Metallen und vollständig dissoziierten Lösungen ihrer Salze, und eine elektrische Methode zur Erforschung der Molekularkräfte {, , On the Thermodynamic Theory of the Difference in Potentials between Metals and Fully Dissociated Solutions of Their Salts and on an Electrical Method for Investigating Molecular Forces , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 8, 798–814
link
, ,
Intermolecular force An intermolecular force (IMF; also secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles (e.g. ...
s. Einstein's second paper on a universal molecular energy function, this time applied to electrolytic solutions. No data are available for comparison. Einstein characterizes these two papers as "worthless" in 1907. , - , Schilpp 3; ''CP'' 2, 3 , , 1902 , , Kinetische Theorie des Wärmegleichgewichtes und des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik {, , Kinetic Theory of Thermal Equilibrium and of the Second Law of Thermodynamics , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 9, 417–433
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Study of the
equipartition theorem In classical physics, classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energy, energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, ...
and the definitions of temperature and
entropy Entropy is a scientific concept, most commonly associated with states of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty. The term and the concept are used in diverse fields, from classical thermodynamics, where it was first recognized, to the micros ...
. , - , Schilpp 4; ''CP'' 2, 4 , , 1903 , , Eine Theorie der Grundlagen der Thermodynamik {, , A Theory of the Foundations of Thermodynamics , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 11, 170–187
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. The problem of
irreversibility In thermodynamics, an irreversible process is a process that cannot be undone. All complex natural processes are irreversible, although a phase transition at the coexistence temperature (e.g. melting of ice cubes in water) is well approximated a ...
in
thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , Schilpp 5; ''CP'' 2, 5 , , 1904 , , Allgemeine molekulare Theorie der Wärme {, , On the General Molecular Theory of Heat , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 14, 354–362
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Fluctuations and new methods for determining the
Boltzmann constant The Boltzmann constant ( or ) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a ideal gas, gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 6 , , 1905 , , Review of Giuseppe Belluzzo: "Principi di termodinamica grafica" {, , Review of Giuseppe Belluzzo: "Principles of Graphic Thermodynamics" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 78 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 7 , , 1905 , , Review of Albert Fliegner: "Über den Clausius'schen Entropiesatz" {, , Review of Albert Fliegner: "On Clausius's Law of Entropy" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 79 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 8 , , 1905 , , Review of William McFadden Orr: "On Clausius' Theorem for Irreversible Cycles, and on the Increase of Entropy" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 79 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 9 , , 1905 , , Review of George Hartley Bryan: "The Law of Degradation of Energy as the Fundamental Principle of Thermodynamics" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 80 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 10 , , 1905 , , Review of Nikolay Nikolayevich Schiller: "Einige Bedenken betreffend die Theorie der Entropievermehrung durch Diffusion der Gase bei einander gleichen Anfangsspannungen der letzteren" {, , Review of Nikolay Nikolayevich Schiller: "Some Concerns Regarding the Theory of Entropy Increase Due to the Diffusion of Gases Where the Initial Pressures of the Latter Are Equal" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 81 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 11 , , 1905 , , Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: "Über die spezifischen Wärmen des überhitzten Wasserdampfes" {, , Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: "On the specific Heats of Superheated Water Vapor" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 82 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 12 , , 1905 , , Review of Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff: "Einfluss der Änderung der spezifischen Wärme auf die Umwandlungsarbeit" {, , Review of Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff: "The Influence of the Change in Specific Heat on the Work of Conversion" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 82 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 13 , , 1905 , , Review of Arturo Giammarco: "Un caso di corrispondenza in termodinamica" {, , Review of Arturo Giammarco: "A Case of Corresponding States in Thermodynamics" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 84 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , Schilpp 7; ''CP'' 2, 14; Weil *6 , , 1905 March 17, , Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt {, , On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 17, 132–148
link
, ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. Proposal of the
photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
as a quantum of energy, supported by many independent arguments. Remarkably, the first English translation did not appear until the sixtieth anniversary of the original work when it was published in the American Journal of Physics, Volume 33, Number 5, May 1965 (English translation by A.B. Arons and M.B. Peppard). , - , Schilpp 8; ''CP'' 2, 16; Weil *8 , , 1905 , ,
Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen" () is the 1905 journal article, by Albert Einstein, that proved the reality of atoms, the modern understanding o ...
{, , On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 17, 549–560
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Seminal treatment of
Brownian motion Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas). The traditional mathematical formulation of Brownian motion is that of the Wiener process, which is often called Brownian motion, even in mathematical ...
, a type of translational
diffusion Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical p ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 17 , , 1905 , , Review of Karl Fredrik Slotte: "Über die Schmelzwärme" {, , Review of Karl Fredrik Slotte: "On the Heat of Fusion" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 135 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 18 , , 1905 , , Review of Karl Fredrik Slotte: "Folgerungen aus einer thermodynamischen Gleichung" {, , Review of Karl Fredrik Slotte: "Conclusions Drawn from a Thermodynamic Equation" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 135 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 19 , , 1905 , , Review of Emile Mathias: "La constante a des diamètres rectilignes et les lois des états correspondents" {, , Review of Emile Mathias: "The Constant a of Rectilinear Diameters and the Laws of Corresponding States" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 136 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 20 , , 1905 , , Review of Max Planck: "On Clausius' Theorem for Irreversible Cycles, and on the Increase of Entropy" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 29 (1905) 137 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 21 , , 1905 , , Review of Edgar Buckingham: "On Certain Difficulties Which Are Encountered in the Study of Thermodynamics" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 137 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 22 , , 1905 , , Review of Paul Langevin: "Sur une formule fondamentale de la théorie cinétique" {, , Review of Paul Langevin: "On a Fundamental Formula of the Kinetic Theory" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 138 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , Schilpp 9; ''CP'' 2, 23; Weil *9 , , 1905 , , Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper {, , On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 17, 891–921
link
Wikilivres , ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. This seminal paper gave birth to special relativity (SR). In particular, it stated the two postulates of SR (uniform motion is undetectable, and the speed of light is always constant) and its
kinematics In physics, kinematics studies the geometrical aspects of motion of physical objects independent of forces that set them in motion. Constrained motion such as linked machine parts are also described as kinematics. Kinematics is concerned with s ...
. , - , Schilpp 10; ''CP'' 2, 24; Weil *10 , , 1905 , , Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig? {, , Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy Content? , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 18, 639–641
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. A follow-on from his last paper, this paper derived the conclusion that mass was equivalent to an energy and vice versa, leading to the equation . , - , ''CP'' 2, 25 , , 1905 , , Review of Heinrich Birven: Grundzüge der mechanischen Wärmetheorie {, , Review of Heinrich Birven: Fundamentals of the Mechanical Theory of Heat , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 175 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 26 , , 1905 , , Review of Auguste Ponsot: "Chaleur dans le déplacement de 1'équilibre d'un système capillaire" {, , Review of Auguste Ponsot: "Heat in the Displacement of the Equilibrium of a Capillary System" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 175 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 27 , , 1905 , , Review of Karl Bohlin: "Sur le choc, considéré comme fondement des théories cinétiques de la pression des gaz et de la gravitation universelle" {, , Review of Karl Bohlin: "On Impact Considered as the Basis of Kinetic Theories of Gas Pressure and of Universal Gravitation" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 176 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 28 , , 1905 , , Review of Georges Meslin: "Sur la constante de la loi de Mariotte et GayLussac" {, , Review of Georges Meslin: "On the Constant in Mariotte and GayLussac's Law" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 177 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 29 , , 1905 , , Review of Albert Fliegner: "Das Ausströmen heissen Wassers aus Gefässmündungen" {, , Review of Albert Fliegner: "The Efflux of Hot Water from Container Orifices , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 177 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 30 , , 1905 , , Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: Grundriss der Wärmetheorie. Mit zahlreichen Beispielen und Anwendungen {, , Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: "An Outline of the Theory of Heat. With Numerous Examples and Applications. Part 1 , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 178 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , ''CP'' 2, 31 , , 1905 , , Review of Albert Fliegner: "Über den Wärmewert chemischer Vorgänge" {, , Review of Albert Fliegner: "On the Thermal Value of Chemical Processes" , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 29, 179 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , Schilpp 11; ''CP'' 2, 33 , , 1906 , , Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen {, , A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 19, 289–306
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Hydrodynamic determination of molecular volumes. , - , Schilpp 12; ''CP'' 2, 32; Weil *11 , , 1906 , , Zur Theorie der Brownschen Bewegung {, , On the Theory of Brownian Motion , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 19, 371–381
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Rotational Brownian motion, an example of
rotational diffusion Rotational diffusion is the rotational movement which acts upon any object such as particles, molecules, atoms when present in a fluid, by random changes in their orientations. Although the directions and intensities of these changes are statist ...
. , - , Schilpp 13; ''CP'' 2, 34; Weil *12 , , 1906 , , Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtabsorption {, , On the Theory of Light Production and Light Absorption , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 20, 199–206
link
, ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. Einstein reconciles his and Planck's ''independent'' derivations of the blackbody formula ''E=hν''. Planck's derivation of this formula ascribed it to a restriction on the energy changes possible when radiation is produced or absorbed by matter, which implied no restriction on the energies of either matter or radiation. Einstein's 1905 derivation ascribed it to a restriction on the energy of radiation alone, but in this paper, he proposes the modern idea that the energies of both matter and radiation are quantized, which led to his work on quantum specific heats, such as reference #16. , - , Schilpp 14; ''CP'' 2, 35 , , 1906 , , Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewegung und die Trägheit der Energie {, , The Principle of Conservation of Motion of the Center of Gravity and the Inertia of Energy , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 20, 627–633
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. First statement that the conservation of mass is a special case of the conservation of energy. , - , Schilpp 15; ''CP'' 2, 36 , , 1906 , , Eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der transversalen und longitudinalen Masse des Elektrons {, , On a Method for the Determination of the Ratio of the Transverse and the Longitudinal Mass of the Electron , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 21, 583–586
link
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Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. A French translation appeared in the journal ''L'Éclairage électrique'', volume 49, pages 493–494. , - , ''CP'' 2, 37 , , 1906 , , Review of Max Planck: Vorlesungen über die Theorie der Wärmestrahlung {, , Review of Max Planck: Lectures on the Theory of Thermal Radiation , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 30, 211 , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. , - , Schilpp 16; ''CP'' 2, 38; Weil *15 , , 1907 , , Plancksche Theorie der Strahlung und die Theorie der Spezifischen Wärme {, , Planck's Theory of Radiation and the Theory of Specific Heat , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 22, 180–190, 80
link
an
correction
an

,
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. It is also referred to as massic heat ...
s. Seminal work applying
Planck's law In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature , when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the ...
to the oscillations of atoms and molecules in solids. Resolved the 19th-century paradox of the
equipartition theorem In classical physics, classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energy, energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, ...
in classical physics, and introduced the Einstein model of solids, which led to the current
Debye model In thermodynamics and solid-state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 to estimate phonon contribution to the specific heat ( heat capacity) in a solid. It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice (heat) a ...
. Showed that the
quantum mechanical Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is the foundation of a ...
law was a ''general'' law of physics, and not merely special to
blackbody radiation Black-body radiation is the thermal electromagnetic radiation within, or surrounding, a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment, emitted by a black body (an idealized opaque, non-reflective body). It has a specific continuous spectr ...
. , - , Schilpp 17; ''CP'' 2, 39 , , 1907 , , Gültigkeit des Satzes vom thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht und die Möglichkeit einer neuen Bestimmung der Elementarquanta {, , On the Limit of Validity of the Law of Thermodynamic Equilibrium and on the Possibility of a New Determination of the Elementary Quanta , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 22, 569–572
link
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Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Applies his theory of fluctuations to determine the
Boltzmann constant The Boltzmann constant ( or ) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a ideal gas, gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the ...
from the
voltage Voltage, also known as (electrical) potential difference, electric pressure, or electric tension, is the difference in electric potential between two points. In a Electrostatics, static electric field, it corresponds to the Work (electrical), ...
fluctuations in a
capacitor In electrical engineering, a capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy by accumulating electric charges on two closely spaced surfaces that are insulated from each other. The capacitor was originally known as the condenser, a term st ...
. Resulted in a novel low-noise technique for amplifying voltages, as described in reference #25. , - , Schilpp 18; ''CP'' 2, 41 , , 1907 , , Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips {, , On the Possibility of a New Test of the Relativity Principle , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 23, 197–198
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. Einstein's discovery of the transverse Doppler effect, in which the perceived frequency is shifted even when the line between the wave source and receiver and the source's velocity are perpendicular. , - , Schilpp 19 , , 1907 , , Bemerkung zur Notiz des Herrn P. Ehrenfest: Translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz {, , Comments on the Note of Mr. Paul Ehrenfest: The Translatory Motion of Deformable Electrons and the Area Law , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 23, 206–208
link
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Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. Discusses the difficulty of applying Lorentz transformations to rigid bodies. , - , Schilpp 20; ''CP'' 2, 45 , , 1907 , , Die vom Relativätsprinzip geforderte Trägheit der Energie {, , On the Inertia of Energy Required by the Relativity Principle , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 23, 371–384
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. First statement that the total energy of a particle in rest equals . Derives the transformation of energy and momentum under the influence of external forces (relativistic dynamics). Notes again the difficulty of applying Lorentz transformations to rigid bodies (see reference #19). Finally, speculates that Maxwell's equations will prove to be the limiting case for large numbers of light-quanta, just as thermodynamics is a limiting case of statistical mechanics. , - , ''CP'' 2, 46 , , 1907 , , Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: Grundriss der Wärmetheorie. Mit zahlreichen Beispielen und Anwendungen {, , Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: An Outline of the Theory of Heat. With Numerous Examples and Applications. Part 2. , ''Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik'', 31, 251 , ,
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. , - , Schilpp 21; ''CP'' 2, 47; Weil *21 , , 1907 , , Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen {, , On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It , ''Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität'', 4, 411–462
link
, ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. A correction appeared in volume 5, pp. 98–99, ''Berichtigungen''. First appearance (page 443) of the equation . This paper also marks the beginning of Einstein's long development of
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
; here he derives the
equivalence principle The equivalence principle is the hypothesis that the observed equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass is a consequence of nature. The weak form, known for centuries, relates to masses of any composition in free fall taking the same t ...
,
gravitational redshift In physics and general relativity, gravitational redshift (known as Einstein shift in older literature) is the phenomenon that electromagnetic waves or photons travelling out of a gravitational well lose energy. This loss of energy correspo ...
, and the gravitational bending of light. Einstein returns to these topics in 1911. , - , Schilpp 22; ''CP'' 2, 40 , , 1907 , , Theoretische Bemerkungen über die Brownsche Bewegung {, , Theoretical Remarks on Brownian Motion , ''Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie'', 13, 41–42 , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Brief note on the technical meaning of "average velocity". , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 23; ''CP'' 2, 51 , , 1908 , , Elektromagnetische Grundgleichungen für bewegte Körper {, , On the Fundamental Electromagnetic Equations for Moving Bodies , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 26, 532–540
link
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Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
.Pais, Chap. 7, ref. E18; Chap. 29, ref. E1. Co-authored with J. Laub. A correction appeared i
volume 27, p.232, ''Berichtigungen''
See also publication #27. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 24; ''CP'' 2, 52 , , 1908 , , Die im elektromagnetischen Felde auf ruhende Körper ausgeübten ponderomotorischen Kräfte {, , On the Ponderomotive Forces Exerted on Bodies at Rest in the Electromagnetic Field , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 26, 541–550
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. Co-authored with J. Laub. , - , Schilpp 25; ''CP'' 2, 48 , , 1908 , , Neue elektrostatische Methode zur Messung kleiner Elektrizitätsmengen {, , A New Electrostatic Method for the Measurement of Small Quantities of Electricity , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 9, 216–217 , ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interacti ...
. Novel experimental method for measuring tiny amounts of charge, by first charging a variable capacitor at low capacitance, then changing it to high capacitance and discharging it to another capacitor. An apparatus for this amplification was constructed by two brothers, Johann Conrad Habicht and Franz Paul Habicht, in collaboration with Einstein and published in ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 11, 532 (1910). , - , Schilpp 26; ''CP'' 2, 50 , , 1908 , , Elementare Theorie der Brownschen Bewegung {, , Elementary Theory of Brownian Motion , ''Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie'', 14, 235–239 , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Semi-popular review. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 27; ''CP'' 2, 54 , , 1909 , , Bemerkungen zu unserer Arbeit: Elektromagnetische Grundgleichungen für bewegte Körper {, , Remarks on Our Paper: On the Fundamental Electromagnetic Equations for Moving Bodies , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 28, 445–447
link
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Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. Co-authored with J. Laub. , - , Schilpp 28; ''CP'' 2, 55 , , 1909 , , Bemerkung zur Arbeit von Mirimanoff: Die Grundgleichungen... {, , Comment on the Paper of D. Mirimanoff: On the Fundamental Equations ... , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 28, 885–888
link
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Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. Notes similarity to
Hermann Minkowski Hermann Minkowski (22 June 1864 – 12 January 1909) was a mathematician and professor at the University of Königsberg, the University of Zürich, and the University of Göttingen, described variously as German, Polish, Lithuanian-German, o ...
's work. , - , Schilpp 29; ''CP'' 2, 56 , , 1909 , , Zum gegenwärtigen Stande des Strahlungsproblems {, , On the Present Status of the Radiation Problem , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 10, 185–193 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. Review article on
electromagnetic radiation In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field that carries momentum and radiant energy through space. It encompasses a broad spectrum, classified by frequency or its inverse, wavelength ...
, and an important forerunner of publication #30. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 29b; ''CP'' 2, 57 , , 1909 , , No title , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 10, 323–324 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. Walther Ritz's joint communique with Einstein (co-author) on their differing viewpoints of the advanced and retarded solutions of Maxwell's equations. Einstein argues that the physical restriction to retarded solutions is not a law, but probabilistic; Ritz states that the same restriction is the basis of the 2nd law of thermodynamics. , - , Schilpp 30; ''CP'' 2, 60 , , 1909 , , Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung {, , On the Development of Our Views Concerning the Nature and Constitution of Radiation , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 10, 817–825 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. Pivotal address before the 81st assembly of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher, held in Salzburg, where Einstein showed that
photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s must carry momentum and should be treated as particles. Notes that
electromagnetic radiation In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field that carries momentum and radiant energy through space. It encompasses a broad spectrum, classified by frequency or its inverse, wavelength ...
must have a dual nature, at once both wave-like and particulate. Also published in the journal ''Deutsche physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen'', 11, pp. 482–500. An English translation is available at the English Wikisource. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 31; ''CP'' 3, 7 , , 1910 , , Über einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung in der Strahlungstheorie {, , On a Theorem of the Probability Calculus and Its Application in the Theory of Radiation , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 33, 1096–1104
link
, ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. Co-authored with L. Hopf. See also publication #79. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 32; ''CP'' 3, 8 , , 1910 , , Statistische Untersuchung der Bewegung eines Resonators in einem Strahlungsfeld {, , Statistical Investigation of a Resonator's Motion in a Radiation Field , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 33, 1105–1115
link
, ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. Co-authored with L. Hopf. , - , Schilpp 33; ''CP'' 3, 9; Weil *36 , , 1910 , , Theorie der Opaleszenz von homogenen Flüssigkeiten und Flüssigkeitsgemischen in der Nähe des kritischen Zustandes {, , The Theory of the Opalescence of Homogeneous Fluids and Liquid Mixtures near the Critical State , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 33, 1275–1298
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Seminal paper on
critical opalescence In physics, critical opalescence refers to the dramatic increase in scattering of light in the region of a continuous, or second-order, phase transition. Near the critical point, the properties of the liquid and gas phases become indistinguishabl ...
. , - , Schilpp 34; ''CP'' 3, 2 , , 1910 , , Principe de relativité et ses conséquences dans la physique moderne {, , The Principle of Relativity and Its Consequences in Modern Physics , ''Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles (ser. 4)'', 29, 5–28, 125–244 , ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. Translation by E. Guillaume, but does not correspond to reference #21. , - , Schilpp 35; ''CP'' 3, 5 , , 1910 , , Théorie des quantités lumineuses et la question de la localisation de l'énergie électromagnetique {, , On the Theory of Light Quanta and the Question of the Localization of Electromagnetic Energy , ''Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles (ser. 4)'', 29, 525–528 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. , - , Schilpp 36; ''CP'' 3, 6 , , 1910 , , Forces pondéromotrices qui agissent sur les conducteurs ferromagnétiques disposés dans un champs magnétique et parcourus par un courant {, , On the Ponderomotive Forces Acting on Ferromagnetic Conductors Carrying a Current in a Magnetic Field , ''Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles (ser. 4)'', 30, 323–324 , ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interacti ...
. , - , Schilpp 37; ''CP'' 3, 12 , , 1911 , , Bemerkung zu dem Gesetz von Eötvös {, , Comment on Eötvös's Law , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 34, 165–169
link
, ,
Intermolecular force An intermolecular force (IMF; also secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles (e.g. ...
s and
fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasma (physics), plasmas) and the forces on them. Originally applied to water (hydromechanics), it found applications in a wide range of discipl ...
. , - , Schilpp 38; ''CP'' 3, 13; Weil *39 , , 1911 , , Beziehung zwischen dem elastischen Verhalten und der Spezifischen Wärme mit einatomigem Molekül {, , A Relationship between Elastic Behavior and Specific Heat in Solids with a Monatomic Molecule , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 34, 170–174
link
, ,
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. It is also referred to as massic heat ...
s. Einstein tries to connect a characteristic frequency in his 1907 theory of specific heats to the elastic properties of the solid. See als
Bemerkung zu meiner Arbeit: 'Eine Beziehung zwischen dem elastischen Verhalten ...'
, p. 590. , - , Schilpp 39; ''CP'' 3, 10 , , 1911 , , Bemerkungen zu den P. Hertzschen Arbeiten: Mechanische Grundlagen der Thermodynamik {, , Comments on P. Hertz's Papers: On the Mechanical Foundations of Thermodynamics , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 34, 175–176
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. , - , Schilpp 40; ''CP'' 3, 14 , , 1911 , , Berichtigung zu meiner Arbeit: Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen {, , Correction to My Paper: A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 34, 591–592
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Correction to publication #11 that produces an excellent estimate of the
Avogadro constant The Avogadro constant, commonly denoted or , is an SI defining constant with an exact value of when expressed in reciprocal moles. It defines the ratio of the number of constituent particles to the amount of substance in a sample, where th ...
. , - , Schilpp 41; ''CP'' 3, 21 , , 1911 , , Elementare Betrachtungen über die thermische Molekularbewegung in festen Körpern {, , Elementary Observations on Thermal Molecular Motion in Solids , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 35, 679–694
link
, ,
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. It is also referred to as massic heat ...
s. Recognizing that his 1907 model of specific heats is incorrect at very low temperatures, Einstein tries to improve it. The correct answer came a year later with the
Debye model In thermodynamics and solid-state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 to estimate phonon contribution to the specific heat ( heat capacity) in a solid. It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice (heat) a ...
. , - , Schilpp 42; ''CP'' 3, 23; Weil *43 , , 1911 , , Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes {, , On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 35, 898–908
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. In this paper, Einstein resumes his development of general relativity, last discussed in 1907. Here, Einstein realizes that a new theory is needed to replace both
special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
and Newton's theory of
gravitation In physics, gravity (), also known as gravitation or a gravitational interaction, is a fundamental interaction, a mutual attraction between all massive particles. On Earth, gravity takes a slightly different meaning: the observed force b ...
. He also realizes that special relativity and the
equivalence principle The equivalence principle is the hypothesis that the observed equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass is a consequence of nature. The weak form, known for centuries, relates to masses of any composition in free fall taking the same t ...
hold ''locally'', not globally. , - , Schilpp 43; ''CP'' 3, 17 , , 1911 , , Relativitätstheorie {, , The Theory of Relativity , ''Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zürich, Vierteljahresschrift'', 56, 1–14 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and (possibly)
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. An address given at the conference of the Zurich Society of Scientists. , - , Schilpp 44; ''CP'' 3, 22 , , 1911 , , Zum Ehrenfestschen Paradoxon {, , On the Ehrenfest Paradox , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 12, 509–510 , ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. Clears up confusion about the Lorentz contraction. , - , Schilpp 45; ''CP'' 4, 2 and 5 , , 1912 , , Thermodynamische Begründung des photochemischen Äquivalentgesetzes {, , Thermodynamic Proof of the Law of Photochemical Equivalence , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 37, 832–838
link
, ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. See also volume 38, pp. 881–884
Nachtrag zu meiner Arbeit: 'Thermodynamische Begründung des photochemischen Äquivalentgesetzes'
, - , Schilpp 46; ''CP'' 4, 3 , , 1912 , , Lichtgeschwindigkeit und Statik des Gravitationsfeldes {, , The Speed of Light and the Statics of the Gravitational Field , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 38, 355–369
link
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General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. First of two papers (see next entry for second) in the continuing development of general relativity (see reference #42). These two papers are the last in which Einstein allows time to be warped while keeping space flat (uncurved). In these papers, he realizes that the
Lorentz transformation In physics, the Lorentz transformations are a six-parameter family of Linear transformation, linear coordinate transformation, transformations from a Frame of Reference, coordinate frame in spacetime to another frame that moves at a constant vel ...
s of
special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
must be generalized and that the new theory of gravitation must be nonlinear, since gravitational energy can itself gravitate. , - , Schilpp 47; ''CP'' 4, 4 , , 1912 , , Theorie des statischen Gravitationsfeldes {, , On the Theory of the Static Gravitational Field , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 38, 443–458
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Second of two papers (see previous entry for first) in the continuing development of general relativity. , - , Schilpp 48; ''CP'' 4, 6 , , 1912 , , Antwort auf eine Bemerkung von J. Stark: Anwendung des Planckschen Elementargesetzes {, , Response to a Comment by J. Stark: 'On an Application of Planck's Fundamental Law ... , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 38, 888
link
, ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. , - , Schilpp 49; ''CP'' 4, 8 , , 1912 , , Relativität und Gravitation: Erwiderung auf eine Bemerkung von M. Abraham {, , Relativity and Gravitation. Reply to a Comment by M. Abraham , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 38, 1059–1064
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 50; ''CP'' 4, 9 , , 1912 , , Bemerkung zu Abraham's vorangehender Auseinandersetzung: Nochmals Relativität und Gravitation {, , Comment on Abraham's Preceding Discussion 'Once Again, Relativity and Gravitation , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 39, 704
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 52; ''CP'' 4, 7 , , 1912 , , Gibt es eine Gravitationswirkung die der elektromagnetischen Induktionswirkung analog ist? {, , Is There a Gravitational Effect Which Is Analogous to Electrodynamic Induction? , ''Vierteljahrschrift für gerichtliche Medizin (ser. 3)'', 44, 37–40 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 53; ''CP'' 4, 13; Weil *58 , , 1913 , , Entwurf einer verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und eine Theorie der Gravitation. I. Physikalischer Teil von A. Einstein II. Mathematischer Teil von M. Grossmann {, - style="background:#ffddff;" , Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation. I. Physical Part by A. Einstein II. Mathematical Part by M. Grossmann , ''Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik'', 62, 225–244, 245–261 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. A breakthrough paper, written in collaboration with
Marcel Grossmann Marcel Grossmann (; April 9, 1878 – September 7, 1936) was a Swiss mathematician who was a friend and classmate of Albert Einstein. Grossmann came from an old Swiss family in Zürich. His father managed a textile factory. He became a Professor ...
, in which the single Newtonian
scalar Scalar may refer to: *Scalar (mathematics), an element of a field, which is used to define a vector space, usually the field of real numbers *Scalar (physics), a physical quantity that can be described by a single element of a number field such a ...
gravitational field In physics, a gravitational field or gravitational acceleration field is a vector field used to explain the influences that a body extends into the space around itself. A gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena, such as ...
is replaced by ''ten'' fields, which are the components of a symmetric, four-dimensional
metric tensor In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor (or simply metric) is an additional structure on a manifold (such as a surface) that allows defining distances and angles, just as the inner product on a Euclidean space allows ...
. However, the correct equations describing these fields are not identified. Reviewed critically in reference #68. See also references #21, 42, 46 and 47. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 54; ''CP'' 4, 11 , , 1913 , , Einige Argumente für die Annahme einer molekular Agitation beim absoluten Nullpunkt {, , Some Arguments for the Assumption of Molecular Agitation at Absolute Zero , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 40, 551–560
link
, ,
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. It is also referred to as massic heat ...
s. Co-authored with O. Stern. Einstein and Stern attempt to explain the specific heats of diatomic gases, such as molecular
hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol H and atomic number 1. It is the lightest and abundance of the chemical elements, most abundant chemical element in the universe, constituting about 75% of all baryon, normal matter ...
, H2. Although qualitatively correct, they are quantitatively inaccurate. , - , Schilpp 55; ''CP'' 4, 12 , , 1913 , , Déduction thermodynamique de la loi de l'équivalence photochimique {, , Thermodynamic Deduction of the Law of Photochemical Equivalence , ''Journal de physique (ser. 5)'', 3, 277–282 , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Not a translation of reference #45, but rather an address before the Société Française de Physique, held on March 27, 1913. , - , Schilpp 56; ''CP'' 4, 16 , , 1913 , , Physikalische Grundlagen einer Gravitationstheorie {, , Physical Foundations of a Theory of Gravitation , ''Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zürich, Vierteljahrsschrift'', 58, 284–290 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
.Pais, Chap. 12, ref. E36. Address before the Swiss Society of Scientists on September 9, 1913. A ''résumé'' is printed in the Schweizerische naturforschende Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, 1913 (part 2), pp. 137–138. , - , Schilpp 57; ''CP'' 4, 23 , , 1913 , , Max Planck als Forscher {, , Max Planck as Scientist , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 1, 1077–1079 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 58; ''CP'' 4, 17 , , 1913 , , Zum gegenwärtigen Stande des Gravitationsproblems {, , On the Present State of the Problem of Gravitation , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 14, 1249–1266 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Address on September 21, 1913, to the 85th Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher in Vienna. The discussion following Einstein's address is included in this citation. This review was also published in the ''Gesellschaft deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte, Verhandlungen'', 1914, pp. 3–24. A ''referat'' was also published in the journal ''Himmel und Erde'', 26, pp. 90–93. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 59; ''CP'' 4, 28 , , 1914 , , Nordströmsche Gravitationstheorie vom Standpunkt des absoluten Differentialkalküls {, , Nordström's Theory of Gravitation from the Point of View of the Absolute Differential Calculus , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 44, 321–328
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Co-authored with A. D. Fokker. Shows that the competing field theory of
Gunnar Nordström Gunnar Nordström (12 March 1881 – 24 December 1923) was a Finland, Finnish theoretical physicist best remembered for Nordström's theory of gravitation, his theory of gravitation, which was an early competitor of general relativity. Nordströ ...
could be recast as a special case of the Einstein-Grossmann equations (see reference #53). , - , Schilpp 60 , , 1914 , , Bases physiques d'une théorie de la gravitation {, , Physical Foundations of a Theory of Gravitation§ , ''Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles (ser. 4)'', 37, 5–12 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Translated by E. Guillaume. , - , Schilpp 61 , , 1914 , , Bemerkung zu P. Harzers Abhandlung: Die Mitführung des Lichtes in Glas und die Aberration {, , Observation on P. Harzer's Article: Dragging of Light in Glass and Aberration§ , ''Astronomische Nachrichten'', 199, 8–10
link
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Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interacti ...
and
special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
.Pais, Chap. 7, ref. E5a. , - , Schilpp 62 , , 1914 , , Antwort auf eine Replik P. Harzers {, , Answer to P. Harzer's Reply§ , ''Astronomische Nachrichten'', 199, 47–48
link
, ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interacti ...
and
special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. , - , Schilpp 63 , , 1914 , , Zum gegenwärtigen Stande des Problems der spezifischen Wärme {, , On the Present Status of the Problem of Specific Heats§ , ''Deutsche Bunsengesellschaft, Abhandlungen'', 7, 330–364 , ,
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. It is also referred to as massic heat ...
s. German edition of reference #51; pages 353–364 include the discussion following Einstein's address. , - , Schilpp 64; ''CP'' 6, 5 , , 1914 , , Beiträge zur Quantentheorie {, , Contributions to Quantum Theory§ , ''Deutsche physikalische Gesellschaft, Berichte'', 1914, 820–828 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
. Reprinted in volume 16 of the ''Verhandlungen'' of the same society. , - , Schilpp 65; ''CP'' 4, 27 , , 1914 , , Zur Theorie der Gravitation {, , On the Theory of Gravitation , ''Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zürich, Vierteljahrsschrift'', 59, 4–6 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 66 , , 1914 , , Review of H. A. Lorentz: Das Relativitätsprinzip {, , Review of H. A. Lorentz: The Principle of Relativity§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 2, 1018 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and (possibly)
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 67; ''CP'' 4, 24 , , 1914 , , Nachträgliche Antwort auf eine Frage von Reissner {, , Supplementary Response to a Question by Mr. Reißner , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 15, 108–110 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Concerns the mass of a gravitational field itself. , - , Schilpp 68; ''CP'' 4, 25 , , 1914 , , Principielles zur verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und Gravitationstheorie {, , On the Foundations of the Generalized Theory of Relativity and the Theory of Gravitation , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 15, 176–180 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Reply to
Gustav Mie Gustav Adolf Feodor Wilhelm Ludwig Mie (; 29 September 1868 – 13 February 1957) was a German physicist. His work included Mie scattering, the Mie potential, the Mie–Grüneisen equation of state and an early effort at classical unified field ...
on the relationship between reference #53 and
Hermann Minkowski Hermann Minkowski (22 June 1864 – 12 January 1909) was a mathematician and professor at the University of Königsberg, the University of Zürich, and the University of Göttingen, described variously as German, Polish, Lithuanian-German, o ...
's work. , - , Schilpp 69; ''CP'' 6, 3 , , 1914 , , Antrittsrede {, , Inaugural Address§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1914 (pt. 2), 739–742 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 70; ''CP'' 6, 9 , , 1914 , , Die Formale Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , The Formal Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity§ , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1914 (part 2), 1030–1085 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. An important paper in the development of general relativity. Einstein still has not derived correct field equations, but he derives the geodesic motion of point particles, relates gravitational fields to rotation, and re-derives his 1907 results about the bending of light and
gravitational redshift In physics and general relativity, gravitational redshift (known as Einstein shift in older literature) is the phenomenon that electromagnetic waves or photons travelling out of a gravitational well lose energy. This loss of energy correspo ...
using the new
metric tensor In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor (or simply metric) is an additional structure on a manifold (such as a surface) that allows defining distances and angles, just as the inner product on a Euclidean space allows ...
theory. , - , Schilpp 71; ''CP'' 4, 31 , , 1914 , , Zum Relativitätsproblem {, , On the Relativity Problem , '' Scientia (Bologna)'', 15, 337–34
link
,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and (possibly)
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 72 , , 1914 , , Physikalische Grundlagen und leitende Gedanken für eine Gravitationstheorie {, , Physical Foundations and Suggestive Thoughts for a Gravitational Theory§ , ''Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft'', 96 (pt. 2), 146 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Listed only by title; same lecture as publication #56. , - , Schilpp 73 , , 1914 , , Gravitationstheorie {, , Gravitational Theory§ , ''Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft'', 96 (pt. 2), 136–137 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. For full text, see reference #56. , - , Schilpp 74; ''CP'' 6, 1 , , 1914 April 26 , , Relativitätsprinzip {, , On the Principle of Relativity , ''Vossische Zeitung'', 33–34 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and (possibly)
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 75; ''CP'' 6, 2 , , 1914 , , Kovarianzeigenschaften der Feldgleichungen der auf die verallgemeinerte Relativitätstheorie gegründeten Gravitationstheorie {, , Covariance Properties of the Field Equations of the Theory of Gravitation Based on the Generalized Theory of Relativity , ''Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik'', 63, 215–225 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Co-authored with M. Grossmann. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 78 , , 1915 , , Proefondervindelijk bewijs voor het bestan der moleculaire stroomen von Ampère {, , Experimental Proof of the Existence of Ampère's Molecular Currents , ''Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Verslag. (ser. 4)'', 23, 1449–1464 , ,
Einstein–de Haas effect The Einstein–de Haas effect is a physical phenomenon in which a change in the magnetic moment of a free body causes this body to rotate. The effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum. It is strong enough to be observable in ...
. Co-authored with WJ de Haas. , - , Schilpp 79; ''CP'' 6, 18 , , 1915 , , Antwort auf eine Abhandlung M. von Laues: Ein Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung auf die Strahlungstheorie {, , Response to a Paper by M. von Laue: A Theorem in Probability Calculus and Its Application to Radiation Theory , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 47, 879–885
link
, ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 80; ''CP'' 6, 23; Weil *73 , , 1915 , , Experimenteller Nachweis des Ampèreschen Molekularströme {, , Experimental Proof of Ampère's Molecular Currents , ''Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft'', 17, 152–170, 203 (Berichtigung), 420 , ,
Einstein–de Haas effect The Einstein–de Haas effect is a physical phenomenon in which a change in the magnetic moment of a free body causes this body to rotate. The effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum. It is strong enough to be observable in ...
. Co-authored with WJ de Haas. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 81 , , 1915 , , Experimenteller Nachweis des Ampèreschen Molekularströme {, , Experimental Proof of Ampère's Molecular Currents , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 3, 237–238 , ,
Einstein–de Haas effect The Einstein–de Haas effect is a physical phenomenon in which a change in the magnetic moment of a free body causes this body to rotate. The effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum. It is strong enough to be observable in ...
. Co-authored with WJ de Haas. , - , Schilpp 82 , , 1915 , , Grundgedanken der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie und Anwendung dieser Theorie in der Astronomie {, , Fundamental Ideas of the General Theory of Relativity and the Application of this Theory in Astronomy§ , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1915 (part 1), 315 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. First of Einstein's four papers in November 1915. , - , Schilpp 83; ''CP'' 6, 21 and 22 , , 1915 , , Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , On the General Theory of Relativity , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1915 (part 2), 778–786, 799–801 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Second of Einstein's four papers in November 1915 that led to the final field equations for
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. The first paper had corrected a fundamental misconception and had allowed Einstein to finish; however, the second introduced a serious mistake. , - , Schilpp 84; ''CP'' 6, 24; Weil *76 , , 1915 , , Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , Explanation of the Perihelion Motion of Mercury from the General Theory of Relativity , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1915 (part 3), 831–839 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Third of Einstein's four papers in November 1915. A pivotal paper in which Einstein shows that general relativity explains the anomalous precession of the planet Mercury, which had vexed astronomers since 1859. This paper also introduced the important calculational method, the
post-Newtonian expansion In general relativity, post-Newtonian expansions (PN expansions) are used for finding an approximate solution of Einstein field equations for the metric tensor (general relativity), metric tensor. The approximations are expanded in small paramet ...
. Einstein also calculated correctly (for the first time) the bending of light by gravity. , - , Schilpp 85; ''CP'' 6, 25 , , 1915 , , Feldgleichungen der Gravitation {, , The Field Equations of Gravitation , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1915 (part 4), 844–847 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Fourth of Einstein's four papers in November 1915. This is the defining paper of
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. At long last, Einstein had found workable field equations, which served as the basis for subsequent derivations. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 88; ''CP'' 6, 14 , , 1916 , , Experimental proof of the existence of Ampère's molecular currents , , ''Proceedings of the Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam'', 18, 696–71
link
, ,
Einstein–de Haas effect The Einstein–de Haas effect is a physical phenomenon in which a change in the magnetic moment of a free body causes this body to rotate. The effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum. It is strong enough to be observable in ...
. Co-authored with WJ de Haas; English translation of reference #80. , - , Schilpp 89; ''CP'' 6, 30; Weil *80 , , 1916 , , Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 49, 769–822
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Final consolidation by Einstein of his various papers on the subject – in particular, his four papers in November 1915. , - , Schilpp 90; ''CP'' 6, 40 , , 1916 , , Über Fr. Kottlers Abhandlung: Einsteins Äquivalenzhypothese und die Gravitation {, , On Friedrich Kottler's Paper: On Einstein's Equivalence Hypothesis and Gravitation , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 51, 639–642
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 91; ''CP'' 6, 28 , , 1916 , , Einfaches Experiment zum Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme {, , A Simple Experiment to Demonstrate Ampère's Molecular Currents , ''Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft'', 18, 173–177 , ,
Einstein–de Haas effect The Einstein–de Haas effect is a physical phenomenon in which a change in the magnetic moment of a free body causes this body to rotate. The effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum. It is strong enough to be observable in ...
. , - , Schilpp 92; ''CP'' 6, 34; Weil *85 , , 1916 , , Strahlungs-emission und -absorption nach der Quantentheorie {, , Emission and Absorption of Radiation in Quantum Theory , ''Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft'', 18, 318–323 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. Seminal paper in which Einstein showed that
Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many substantial contributions to theoretical p ...
's quantum hypothesis E = h \nu could be derived from a kinetic rate equation. This paper introduced the idea of
stimulated emission Stimulated emission is the process by which an incoming photon of a specific frequency can interact with an excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level. The liberated energy transfers to ...
(which led to the
laser A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word ''laser'' originated as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radi ...
and
maser A maser is a device that produces coherent electromagnetic waves ( microwaves), through amplification by stimulated emission. The term is an acronym for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Nikolay Basov, Alexander Pr ...
), and Einstein's ''A'' and ''B'' coefficients provided a guide for the development of
quantum electrodynamics In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the Theory of relativity, relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quant ...
, the most accurately tested theory of physics at present. In this work, Einstein begins to realize that
quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
seems to involve probabilities and a breakdown of causality. , - , Schilpp 93; ''CP'' 6, 38 , , 1916 , , Quantentheorie der Strahlung {, , On the Quantum Theory of Radiation , ''Mitteilungen der Physikalischen Gesellschaft, Zürich'', 16, 47–62 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. Following his 1909 address (reference #30), Einstein shows that photons must carry
momentum In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (: momenta or momentums; more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction. ...
if
Planck's law In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature , when there is no net flow of matter or energy between the ...
is to hold. This was confirmed in 1923 by
Compton scattering Compton scattering (or the Compton effect) is the quantum theory of high frequency photons scattering following an interaction with a charged particle, usually an electron. Specifically, when the photon hits electrons, it releases loosely bound e ...
, for which the 1927
Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics () is an annual award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the ...
was awarded and which led to the general acceptance to the photon concept. , - , Schilpp 94; ''CP'' 6, 36 , , 1916 , , Review of H. A. Lorentz: Théories statistiques en thermodynamique {, , Review of H. A. Lorentz: Statistical Theories in Thermodynamics: Five Lectures... , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 4, 480–481 , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. , - , Schilpp 95; ''CP'' 6, 39 , , 1916 , , Elementare Theorie der Wasserwellen und des Fluges {, , Elementary Theory of Water Waves and of Flight , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 4, 509–510 , ,
Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasma (physics), plasmas) and the forces on them. Originally applied to water (hydromechanics), it found applications in a wide range of discipl ...
. , - , Schilpp 96; ''CP'' 6, 29 , , 1916 , , Ernst Mach , , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 17, 101–104 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 97; ''CP'' 6, 27 , , 1916 , , Neue formale Deutung der Maxwellschen Feldgleichungen der Elektrodynamik {, , A New Formal Interpretation of Maxwell's Field Equations of Electrodynamics , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1916 (part 1), 184–187 , ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interacti ...
. , - , Schilpp 98 , , 1916 , , Einige anschauliche Überlegungen aus dem Gebiete der Relativitätstheorie {, , Some Intuitive Considerations from the Field of Relativity Theory§ , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1916 (part 1), 423 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
.Pais, Chap. 7, ref. E6. Abstract of a paper (never published) dealing with the behavior of clocks and
Foucault pendulum The Foucault pendulum or Foucault's pendulum is a simple device named after French physicist Léon Foucault, conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the Earth's rotation. If a long and heavy pendulum suspended from the high roof above a circu ...
s. , - , Schilpp 99; ''CP'' 6, 32 , , 1916 , , Näherungsweise Integration der Feldgleichungen der Gravitation {, , Approximative Integration of the Field Equations of Gravitation , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1916 (part 1), 688–696 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
The first prediction of
gravitational wave Gravitational waves are oscillations of the gravitational field that Wave propagation, travel through space at the speed of light; they are generated by the relative motion of gravity, gravitating masses. They were proposed by Oliver Heaviside i ...
s. Such
gravitational radiation Gravitational waves are oscillations of the gravitational field that travel through space at the speed of light; they are generated by the relative motion of gravitating masses. They were proposed by Oliver Heaviside in 1893 and then later by ...
has been observed indirectly, for which the 1993
Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics () is an annual award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the ...
was awarded, and observed directly, on Earth, in 2015. , - , Schilpp 100 , , 1916 , , Gedächtnisrede auf Karl Schwarzschild {, , Memorial Lecture on Karl Schwarzschild , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1916 (part 1), 768–770 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 101; ''CP'' 6, 41 , , 1916 , , Hamiltonsches Prinzip und allgemeine Relativitätstheorie {, , Hamilton's Principle and the General Theory of Relativity , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1916 (part 2), 1111–1116 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 103; ''CP'' 6, 45 , , 1917 , , Zum Quantensatz von Sommerfeld und Epstein {, , On the Quantum Theorem of Sommerfeld and Epstein , ''Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen'', 19, 82–92 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
. Seminal paper for the
Einstein–Brillouin–Keller method The Einstein–Brillouin–Keller (EBK) method is a semiclassical technique (named after Albert Einstein, Léon Brillouin, and Joseph B. Keller) used to compute eigenvalues in quantum-mechanical systems. EBK quantization is an improvement from ...
, which describes how to convert a classical system into its
quantum mechanical Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is the foundation of a ...
analogue. , - , Schilpp 104 , , 1917 , , Review of H. v. Helmholtz: Zwei Vorträge über Goethe {, , Review of Hermann von Helmholtz: Two Lectures on Goethe , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 5, 675 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 105 , , 1917 , , Marian von Smoluchowski , , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 5, 737–738 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 106; Weil *91 , , 1917 , , Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung {, , On the Quantum Theory of Radiation , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 18, 121–128 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. , - , Schilpp 107; ''CP'' 6, 43 , , 1917 , , Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1917 (part 1), 142–152 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. This seminal paper marks the beginning of
physical cosmology Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fu ...
. Under certain simplifying assumptions,
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
describes the
birth Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the f ...
, the
expansion Expansion may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''L'Expansion'', a French monthly business magazine * ''Expansion'' (album), by American jazz pianist Dave Burrell, released in 2004 * ''Expansions'' (McCoy Tyner album), 1970 * ''Expansi ...
and the
ultimate fate The ultimate fate of the universe is a topic in physical cosmology, whose theoretical restrictions allow possible scenarios for the evolution and ultimate fate of the universe to be described and evaluated. Based on available observational evi ...
of the
Universe The universe is all of space and time and their contents. It comprises all of existence, any fundamental interaction, physical process and physical constant, and therefore all forms of matter and energy, and the structures they form, from s ...
. , - , Schilpp 108; ''CP'' 6, 47 , , 1917 , , Eine Ableitung des Theorems von Jacobi {, , A Derivation of Jacobi's Theorem , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1917 (part 2), 606–608 , ,
Mathematical physics Mathematical physics is the development of mathematics, mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The ''Journal of Mathematical Physics'' defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the de ...
. , - , Schilpp 109 , , 1917 May 23 , , Friedrich Adler als Physiker {, , Friedrich Adler as a Physicist§ , ''Die Vossische Zeitung'', Morgen Ausgabe, no. 259, 2 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 112; ''CP'' 7, 4 , , 1918 , , Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , On the Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity , ''
Annalen der Physik ''Annalen der Physik'' (English: ''Annals of Physics'') is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers on experimental, theoretical, applied, and mathem ...
(ser. 4)'', 55, 241–244
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
.Pais, Chap. 15, ref. E42. , - , Schilpp 113; ''CP'' 7, 6 , , 1918 , , Lassen sich Brechungsexponenten der Körper für Röntgenstrahlen experimentell ermitteln? {, , Is It Possible to Determine Experimentally the X-Ray Refractive Indices of Solids? , ''Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft'', 20, 86–87 , ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interacti ...
. , - , Schilpp 114; ''CP'' 7, 15 , , 1918 , , Bemerkung zu Gehrckes Notiz: Über den Äther {, , Comment on E. Gehrcke's Note: On the Aether , ''Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft'', 20, 261 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 115; ''CP'' 7, 10 , , 1918 , , Review of H. Weyl: Raum, Zeit, Materie {, , Review of Hermann Weyl, Space–Time–Matter: Lectures on General Relativity , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 6, 373 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 116; ''CP'' 7, 13 , , 1918 , , Dialog über Einwände gegen die Relativitätstheorie {, , Dialogue about Objections to the Theory of Relativity , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 6, 697–702 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 117; ''CP'' 7, 2 , , 1918 , , Notiz zu Schrödingers Arbeit: Energiekomponenten des Gravitationsfeldes {, , Note on E. Schrödinger's Paper: The Energy Components of the Gravitational Field , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 19, 115–116 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
.Pais, Chap. 15, ref. E19a. , - , Schilpp 118; ''CP'' 7, 3 , , 1918 , , Bemerkung zu Schrödingers Notiz: Lösungssystem der allgemein kovarianten Gravitationsgleichungen {, , Comment on Schrödinger's Note: On a System of Solutions for the Generally Covariant Gravitational Field Equations , ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'', 19, 165–166 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 119; ''CP'' 7, 1 , , 1918 , , Gravitationswellen {, , On Gravitational Waves , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1918 (part 1), 154–167 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Second paper on
Gravitational waves Gravitational waves are oscillations of the gravitational field that travel through space at the speed of light; they are generated by the relative motion of gravitating masses. They were proposed by Oliver Heaviside in 1893 and then later by H ...
. , - , Schilpp 120; ''CP'' 7, 5 , , 1918 , , Kritisches zu einer von Hrn. de Sitter gegebenen Lösung der Gravitationsgleichungen {, , Critical Comment on a Solution of the Gravitational Field Equations Given by Mr. de Sitter , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1918 (part 1), 270–272 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 121; ''CP'' 7, 9 , , 1918 , , Der Energiesatz in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , The Law of Energy Conservation in the General Theory of Relativity , ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'', 1918 (part 1), 448–459 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 122 , , 1919 , , Prüfung der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , A Test of the General Theory of Relativity , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 7, 776 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 123; ''CP'' 7, 17 , , 1919 , , Spielen Gravitationsfelder im Aufbau der materiellen Elementarteilchen eine wesentliche Rolle? {, , Do Gravitational Fields Play an Essential Role in the Structure of the Elementary Particles of Matter? , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1919 (pt. 1), 349–356 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
.Pais, Chap. 15, ref. E43; Chap. 17, ref. E17. Suggests a modification of his field equations to allow for stable
elementary particle In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. The Standard Model presently recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons. As a c ...
s. , - , Schilpp 124; ''CP'' 7, 18 , , 1919 , , Bemerkungen über periodische Schwankungen der Mondlänge, welche bisher nach der Newtonschen Mechanik nicht erklärbar schienen {, , Comment about Periodical Fluctuations of Lunar Longitude, Which So Far Appeared to Be Inexplicable in Newtonian Mechanics , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1919 (pt. 1), 433–436 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 125 , , 1919 , , Feldgleichungen der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie vom Standpunkte des kosmologischen Problems und des Problems der Konstitution der Materie {, , Field Equations of the General Theory of Relativity in Respect to the Cosmological Problem and the Problem of the Constitution of Matter§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1919 (pt. 1), 463 (Title only) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 126; ''CP'' 7, 26 , , 1919 November 28 , , My theory , , ''Times, London'', 13 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Re-published in 1919 as "Time, space and gravitation" in ''Optician, the British optical journal'', volume 58, pages 187–188. , - , Schilpp 127; ''CP'' 7, 24 , , 1919 , , Leo Arons als Physiker {, , Leo Arons as Physicist , ''
Sozialistische Monatshefte ''Sozialistische Monatshefte'' (, "Socialist Monthly Bulletins") was a German journal edited by Joseph Bloch (socialist), Joseph Bloch from 1897 to 1933 and published by the ''Verlag der Sozialistischen Monatshefte'' in Berlin. History and conte ...
'', 52 (Jahrgang 25, pt. 2), 1055–1056 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 132 , , 1920 , , Bemerkung zur Abhandlung von W. R. Hess: Theorie der Viscosität heterogener Systeme {, , Comment on the Paper by W. R. Hess: Contribution to the Theory of the Viscosity of Heterogeneous Systems , ''Kolloidzeitschrift'', 27, 137 , ,
Intermolecular force An intermolecular force (IMF; also secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles (e.g. ...
s. , - , Schilpp 133; ''CP'' 7, 49 , 1920 , , Ernst Reichenbächer: Inwiefern lässt sich die moderne Gravitationstheorie ohne die Relativität begründen? {, , To What Extent Can Modern Gravitational Theory Be Established without Relativity? Einstein: Antwort auf vorstehende Betrachtung {, , Answer to the above considerations , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 8, 1010–1011 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 134 , , 1920 , , Trägheitsmoment des Wasserstoffmoleküls {, , Moment of Inertia of the Hydrogen Molecule§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1920, 65 , ,
Intermolecular force An intermolecular force (IMF; also secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles (e.g. ...
s. Abstract of never-published paper. , - , Schilpp 135; ''CP'' 7, 39 , , 1920 , , Schallausbreitung in teilweise dissoziierten Gasen {, , Propagation of Sound in Partly Dissociated Gases , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1920, 380–385 , ,
Intermolecular force An intermolecular force (IMF; also secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles (e.g. ...
s. Notes on the page proofs with corrections. , - , Schilpp 136; ''CP'' 7, 45 , , 1920 August 27 , , Meine Antwort über die antirelativitätstheoretische G.m.b.H. {, , My Response on the Anti-Relativity Company , ''Berliner Tageblatt und Handelszeitung'', no. 402, 1–2 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 147; ''CP'' 7, 53 , , 1921 , , A brief outline of the development of the theory of relativity , , ''Nature'', 106, 782–784 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. Translated by R. W. Lawson. , - , Schilpp 148 , , 1921 , , Geometrie und Erfahrung {, , Geometry and Experience , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1921 (pt. 1), 123–130 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 149; ''CP'' 7, 54 , , 1921 , , Eine naheliegende Ergänzung des Fundaments der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , On a Natural Addition to the Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1921 (pt. 1), 261–264 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 150; ''CP'' 7, 68 , , 1921 , , Ein den Elementarprozess der Lichtemission betreffendes Experiment {, , On an Experiment Concerning the Elementary Process of Light Emission , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1921 (pt. 2), 882–883 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. , - , Schilpp 151 , , 1921 , , Report of a lecture at King's College on the development and present position of relativity, with quotations , , ''Nation and Athenaeum'', 29, 431–432 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. The German text is reproduced in ''Mein Weltbild'' (pp. 215–220); a full translation is found in '' The World as I See It''. It was also reported in ''Nature'' (107, p. 504) and also in the Times (London) on June 14, p. 8. , - , Schilpp 159 , , 1922 , , Bemerkung zur Seletyschen Arbeit: Beiträge zum kosmologischen Problem {, , Observation of the Paper of Selety: Contributions to the Cosmological Problem§ , ''Annalen der Physik (ser. 4)'', 69, 436–438
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 160 , , 1922 , , Review of W. Pauli: Relativitätstheorie {, , Review of W. Pauli: Relativity Theory§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 10, 184–185 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 161 , , 1922 , , Emil Warburg als Forscher {, , Emil Warburg as Researcher§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 10, 823–828 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 162 , , 1922 , , Theorie der Lichtfortpflanzung in dispergierenden Medien {, , Theory of the Propagation of Light in Dispersive Media§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phys.-math. Klasse'', 1922, 18–22 , ,
Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interacti ...
. , - , Schilpp 163 , , 1922 , , Bemerkung zu der Abhandlung von E. Trefftz: Statische Gravitationsfeld zweier Massenpunkte {, , Observation on the Work of E. Trefftz: Static Gravitational Field of Two Point Masses§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phys.-math. Klasse'', 1922, 448–449 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 164 , , 1922 , , Quantentheoretische Bemerkungen zum Experiment von Stern und Gerlach {, , Quantum Mechanical Observations on the Experiment of Stern and Gerlach§ , ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 11, 31–34 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
. Co-authored with
Paul Ehrenfest Paul Ehrenfest (; 18 January 1880 – 25 September 1933) was an Austrian Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist who made major contributions to statistical mechanics and its relation to quantum physics, quantum mechanics, including the theory ...
. , - , Schilpp 165 , , 1922 , , Bemerkung zu der Arbeit von A. Friedmann: Über die Krümmung des Raumes {, , Observation on the Paper of A. Friedmann: On the Curvature of Space§ , ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 11, 326 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Einstein withdrew this self-criticism in 1922 in the same journal ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', volume 16, p. 228. , - , Schilpp 170 , , 1923 , , Bemerkung zu der Notiz von W. Anderson: Neue Erklärung des kontinuierlichen Koronaspektrums {, , Observation on the Note of W. Anderson: New Explanation of the Continuous Spectrum of the Corona§ , ''Astronomische Nachrichten'', 219, 19 , ,
Solar physics Solar physics is the branch of astrophysics that specializes in the study of the Sun. It intersects with many disciplines of pure physics and astrophysics. Because the Sun is uniquely situated for close-range observing (other stars cannot be re ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 171 , , 1923 , , Experimentelle Bestimmung der Kanalweite von Filtern {, , Experimental Determination of the Pore Diameter in Filters§ , ''Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift'', 49, 1012–1013 , ,
Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasma (physics), plasmas) and the forces on them. Originally applied to water (hydromechanics), it found applications in a wide range of discipl ...
. Co-authored with H. Mühsam. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 172 , , 1923 , , Beweis der Nichtexistenz eines überall regulären zentrisch symmetrischen Feldes nach der Feldtheorie von Kaluza {, , Proof of the Non-Existence of an Everywhere-Regular Centrally Symmetric Field According to the Field Theory of Kaluza§ , ''Jerusalem University, Scripta'', 1 (no. 7), 1–5 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Co-authored with J. Grommer; also given in Hebrew. , - , Schilpp 173 , , 1923 , , Theory of the affine field , , ''Nature'', 112, 448–449 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Translated by RW Lawson, but does not correspond to publication #175. Relatively non-mathematical. , - , Schilpp 174 , , 1923 , , Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , On the General Theory of Relativity§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1923, 32–38, 76–77 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 175; Weil *132 , , 1923 , , Zur affinen Feldtheorie {, , On Affine Field Theory§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1923, 137–140 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 176 , , 1923 , , Bietet die Feldtheorie Möglichkeiten für die Lösung des Quantenproblems? {, , Does Field Theory Offer Possibilities for Solving the Quantum Problem?§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1923, 359–364 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 177 , , 1923 , , Théorie de relativité {, , Theory of Relativity§ , ''Société française de philosophie, Bulletin'', 22, 97–98, 101, 107, 111–112 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Quoted in full in ''Nature'', 112, p. 253. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 178 , , 1923 , , Quantentheorie des Strahlungsgleichgewichts {, , Quantum Theory of the Equilibrium of Radiation§ , ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 19, 301–306 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. Co-authored with
Paul Ehrenfest Paul Ehrenfest (; 18 January 1880 – 25 September 1933) was an Austrian Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist who made major contributions to statistical mechanics and its relation to quantum physics, quantum mechanics, including the theory ...
. , - , Schilpp 181 , , 1924 , , Antwort auf eine Bemerkung von W. Anderson {, , Response to an Observation of W. Anderson§ , ''Astronomische Nachrichten'', 221, 329–330 , , , - , Schilpp 182 , , 1924 April 20 , , Komptonsche Experiment {, , The Compton Experiment§ , ''Berliner Tageblatt'', 1. Beiblatt , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. Experiment showing that photons could carry momentum; for many physicists, this experiment was conclusive proof that photons were particles. , - , Schilpp 184 , , 1924 , , Zum hundertjährigen Gedenktag von Lord Kelvins Geburt {, , On the 100th Anniversary of Lord Kelvin's Birth§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 12, 601–602 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 185; Weil *142 , , 1924 , , Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases {, , Quantum Theory of the Monatomic Ideal Gas§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1924, 261–267 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s and
statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. First of two seminal papers (see reference #194), in which Einstein creates the theory of
identical particles In quantum mechanics, indistinguishable particles (also called identical or indiscernible particles) are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to, ...
in
quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
. In 1924,
Satyendra Nath Bose Satyendra Nath Bose (; 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an Indian theoretical physicist and mathematician. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, in developing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statist ...
derived
Planck's law of black-body radiation Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many substantial contributions to theoretical phy ...
from a modification of coarse-grained counting of
phase space The phase space of a physical system is the set of all possible physical states of the system when described by a given parameterization. Each possible state corresponds uniquely to a point in the phase space. For mechanical systems, the p ...
. Einstein shows that this modification is equivalent to assuming that photons are rigorously identical, leading to the concept of
coherent state In physics, specifically in quantum mechanics, a coherent state is the specific quantum state of the quantum harmonic oscillator, often described as a state that has dynamics most closely resembling the oscillatory behavior of a classical harmo ...
s. Einstein also extends Bose's formalism to material particles (
boson In particle physics, a boson ( ) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0, 1, 2, ...). Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions, which have half odd-intege ...
s), predicting that they
condense Condensation is the change of the state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. The word most often refers to the water cycle. It can also be defined as the change in the state of water vapor ...
at sufficiently low temperatures, as verified experimentally. , - , Schilpp 186 , , 1924 , , Über den Äther {, , On the Aether§ , ''Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft'', 105 (pt. 2), 85–93 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. Historical overview. , - , Schilpp 187 , , 1924 , , Theorie der Radiometerkräfte {, , Theory of Radiometer Forces§ , ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 27, 1–6 , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Treatment of the physics of
radiometer A radiometer or roentgenometer is a device for measuring the radiant flux (power) of electromagnetic radiation. Generally, a radiometer is an infrared radiation detector or an ultraviolet detector. Microwave radiometers operate in the micro ...
s, a science toy. , - , Schilpp 188 , , 1924 , ,
Bose Bose may refer to: * Bose (crater), a lunar crater. * ''Bose'' (film), a 2004 Indian Tamil film starring Srikanth and Sneha * Bose (surname), a surname (and list of people with the name) * Bose (given name), a given name * Bose, Italy, a ''fra ...
entitled "Wärmegleichgewicht im Strahlungsfeld bei Anwesenheit von Materie"] {, , Thermal Equilibrium in the Radiation Field in the Presence of Matter , ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 27, 392–392 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. , - , Schilpp 193 , , 1925 , , Elektron und allgemeine Relativitätstheorie {, , The Electron and The General Theory of Relativity§ , ''Physica'', 5, 330–334 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 194; Weil *144 , , 1925 , , Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases. 2. Abhandlung {, , Quantum Theory of the Monatomic Ideal Gas, Part II§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin), Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1925, 3–14 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s and
statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Second of two seminal articles on
identical particles In quantum mechanics, indistinguishable particles (also called identical or indiscernible particles) are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to, ...
,
boson In particle physics, a boson ( ) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0, 1, 2, ...). Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions, which have half odd-intege ...
s and
Bose–Einstein condensation Bose–Einstein may refer to: * Bose–Einstein condensate, a phase of matter in quantum mechanics ** Bose–Einstein condensation (network theory), the application of this model in network theory ** Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons ** B ...
; see reference #185 for the first. , - , Schilpp 195 , , 1925 , , Quantentheorie des idealen Gases {, , Quantum theory of Ideal Gases§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin), Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1925, 18–25 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s and
statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. , - , Schilpp 196 , , 1925 , , Einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität {, , Unified Field Theory of Gravity and Electricity§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin), Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1925, 414–419 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 197 , , 1925 , , Bemerkung zu P. Jordans Abhandlung: Theorie der Quantenstrahlung {, , Observation on P. Jordan's Work: Theory of Quantum Radiation§ , ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 31, 784–785 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. , - , Schilpp 199 , , 1926 , , W. H. Julius, 1860–1925 , , ''Astrophysical Journal'', 63, 196–198 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 200 , , 1926 , , Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flussläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes {, , Origin of River-Meanders and the So-Called Law of Baer§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 14, 223–224 , ,
Earth science Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres ...
. The physics of meandering rivers. , - , Schilpp 201 , , 1926 , , Vorschlag zu einem die Natur des elementaren Strahlungs-emissions-prozesses betreffenden Experiment {, , Suggestion for an Experiment Concerning the Nature of the Elementary Process of Emitting Light§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 14, 300–301 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. , - , Schilpp 202 , , 1926 , , Interferenzeigenschaften des durch Kanalstrahlen emittierten Lichtes {, , Interference Properties of Light Emitted by Canal Rays§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1926, 334–340 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. Supposedly verified experimentally by Rupp in the paper following it in the journal (pp. 341–351); later, it came out that Rupp was a fraud. , - , Schilpp 203 , , 1926 , , Geometría no euclídea y física {, , Non-Euclidean Geometry and Physics§ , ''Revista matemática Hispano-americana (ser. 2)'', 1, 72–76 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 205 , , 1927 , , Einfluss der Erdbewegung auf die Lichtgeschwindigkeit relativ zur Erde {, , Influence of the Earth's Motion on the Speed of Light Relative to Earth§ , ''Forschungen und Fortschritte'', 3, 36–37 , ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. , - , Schilpp 206 , , 1927 , , Formale Beziehung des Riemannschen Krümmungstensors zu den Feldgleichungen der Gravitation {, , Formal Relationship of the Riemannian Curvature Tensor to the Field Equations of Gravity§ , ''Mathematische Annalen'', 97, 99–10
link
, ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 207 , , 1927 , , Isaac Newton , , ''Manchester Guardian Weekly'', 16, 234–235 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. Reprinted in the ''Manchester Guardian'' (March 19, 1927); ''Observatory'', 50, 146–153; ''Smithsonian Institution, Report for 1927'', 201–207. , - , Schilpp 208 , , 1927 , , Newtons Mechanik und ihr Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der theoretischen Physik {, , Newton's Mechanics and its Influence on the Formation of Theoretical Physics§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 15, 273–276 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 209 , , 1927 , , Zu Newtons 200. Todestage {, , On the 200th Anniversary of Newton's Death§ , ''Nord und Süd'', Jahrg. 50, 36–40 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 210 , , 1927 , , etter to the Royal Society on the occasion of the Newton bicentenary, , ''Nature'', 119, 467 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. Also published in ''Science'', 65, 347–348. , - , Schilpp 211 , , 1927 , , Establishment of an international bureau of meteorology , , ''Science'', 65, 415–417 , ,
Meteorology Meteorology is the scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere and short-term atmospheric phenomena (i.e. weather), with a focus on weather forecasting. It has applications in the military, aviation, energy production, transport, agricultur ...
. , - , Schilpp 212 , , 1927 , , Kaluzas Theorie des Zusammenhanges von Gravitation und Elektrizität {, , Kaluza's Theory of the Connection between Gravity and Electricity§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1927, 23–30 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 213 , , 1927 , , Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie und Bewegungsgesetz {, , General Theory of Relativity and the Law of Motion§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1927, 2–13, 235–245 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. The first part (pp. 2–13) was co-authored with J. Grommer. , - , Schilpp 214 , , 1927 , , Theoretisches und Experimentelles zur Frage der Lichtentstehung {, , Theoretical and Experimental spectsto the Question of the Generation of Light§ , ''Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie'', 40, 546 , ,
Photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s. , - , Schilpp 216 , , 1928 , , H. A. Lorentz , , ''Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Blätter'', 22, 24–25 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. Abstract of an address given at a memorial service at Leiden University. Reprinted in ''Mein Weltbild'' ('' The World as I See It''), p. 25. , - , Schilpp 217 , , 1928 , , Riemanngeometrie mit Aufrechterhaltung des Begriffes des Fern-Parallelismus {, , Riemannian Geometry with Preservation of the Concept of Distant Parallelism§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1928, 217–221 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 218 , , 1928 , , Neue Möglichkeit für eine einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität {, , New Possibility for a Unified Field Theory of Gravity and Electricity§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1928, 224–227 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 219 , , 1928 , , À propos de "La déduction relativiste" de M. E. Meyerson {, , Concerning "The Relativistic Deduction" by M. E. Meyerson§ , ''Revue philosophique de la France'', 105, 161–166 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 222 , , 1929 , , Ansprache an Prof. Planck ei Entgegennahme der Planckmedaille{, , Address to Prof. Planck pon receiving the Planck medalsup>§ , ''Forschungen und Fortschritte'', 5, 248–249 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 223 , , 1929 , , #226">#schilpp_">#226, , ''Nature'', 123, 175 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 224 , , 1929 , , ote appended to a reprinting of Arago's Memorial address on Thomas Young before the French Academy, , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 17, 363 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 225 , , 1929 February 4 , , The new field theory , , ''Times (London)'' , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Translated by L. L. Whyte. Reprinted in the ''Observatory'', 52, 82–87, 114–118 (1930). , - , Schilpp 226; Weil *165 , , 1929 , , Einheitliche Feldtheorie {, , Unified Field Theory§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1929, 2–7 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 227 , , 1929 , , Einheitliche Feldtheorie und Hamiltonsches Prinzip {, , Unified Field Theory and Hamilton's Principle§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1929, 156–159 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 228 , , 1929 , , Sur la théorie synthéthique des champs {, , On the Unified Theory of Fields§ , ''Revue générale de l'électricité'', 25, 35–39 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Co-authored with
Théophile de Donder Theophilus is a male given name with a range of alternative spellings. Its origin is the Greek word Θεόφιλος from θεός (''theós'', "God") and φιλία (''philía'', "love or affection") can be translated as "Love of God" or "Friend ...
. , - , Schilpp 229 , , 1929 , , Appreciation of Simon Newcomb , , ''Science'', 69, 249 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. Translation of a letter to Newcomb's daughter dated July 15, 1926. , - , Schilpp 230 , , 1929 , , Sesión especial de la Academia (16 abril 1925) {, , Special Session of the Scientific Society of Argentina§ , ''Sociedad científica Argentina, Anales'', 107, 337–347 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Einstein's discussions with RG Loyarte on mass–energy equivalence and with H Damianovich on the relevance of relativity for a proposed "chemical field". , - , Schilpp 232 , , 1930 November 9 , , Über Kepler {, , On Kepler§ , ''Frankfurter Zeitung'', p. 16, col. 3–4 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. The text is reprinted in ''Mein Weltbild'' and its English translation '' The World as I See It'' (in German and English, respectively). , - , Schilpp 233 , , 1930 , , Raum-, Feld- und Äther-problem in der Physik {, , The Problems of Space, Fields and Aether in Physics§ , ''World power conference, 2nd, Berlin, 1930. Transactions'', 19, 1–5 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. A widely reported address, e.g., in ''Dinglers polytechnisches journal'', 345, p. 122. , - , Schilpp 234 , , 1930 , , Raum, Äther und Feld in der Physik {, , Space, Aether and Field in Physics§ , ''Forum Philosophicum'', 1, 173–180 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. An English translation by ES Brightman was provided in the same volume, pp. 180–184. Similar to #233, but different from the article "Das Raum-, Äther-, und Feld-problem der Physik" reprinted in ''Mein Weltbild'' ('' The World as I See It''), pp. 229–248. , - , Schilpp 235 , , 1930 , , Théorie unitaire du champ physique {, , Unified theory of the physical field§ , ''Annales de l'Institut H. Poincaré'', 1, 1–24 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 236 , , 1930 , , Auf die Riemann-Metrik und den Fern-Parallelismus gegründete einheitliche Feldtheorie {, , A Unified Field Theory Based on the Riemannian Metric and Distant Parallelism§ , ''Mathematische Annalen'', 102, 685–69
link
, ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 237 , , 1930 , , Das Raum-Zeit Problem {, , The Space–Time Problem§ , '' Die Koralle'', 5, 486–488 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 238 , , 1930 , , Review of S. Weinberg: Erkenntnistheorie {, , Review of S. Weinberg: Theory of Knowledge§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 18, 536 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 239 , , 1930 , , Kompatibilität der Feldgleichungen in der einheitlichen Feldtheorie {, , Consistency of the Field Equations in the Unified Field Theory§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1930, 18–23 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 240 , , 1930 , , Zwei strenge statische Lösungen der Feldgleichungen der einheitlichen Feldtheorie {, , Two Strictly Static Solutions of the Field Equations of the Unified Field Theory§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1930, 110–120 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - , Schilpp 241 , , 1930 , , Theorie der Räume mit Riemannmetrik und Fernparallelismus {, , Theory of Spaces with a Riemannian Metric and Distant Parallelism§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1930, 401–402 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 242 , , 1930 , , Address at University of Nottingham , , ''Science'', 71, 608–610 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. A survey of relativity theory (special and general) and of field theory in general. A ''précis'' of the talk was published in ''Nature'', 125, pp. 897–898, under the title "Concept of space". , - , Schilpp 243 , , 1930 , , Über den gegenwärtigen Stand der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , On the Present Status of the General Theory of Relativity§ , ''Yale University Library, Gazette'', 6, 3–6 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. An English translation by Prof.
Leigh Page Leigh Page (October 13, 1884 – September 14, 1952) was an American theoretical physicist. Chairman of Mathematical Physics at the Sloane Physics Laboratory of Yale University for over three decades, he is the namesake of Yale's Leigh Page ...
of Yale University was provided on pages 7–10. This was neither a scientific talk nor a typical scientific paper; rather, a Yale graduate convinced Einstein to write the summary by longhand; the manuscript is still housed at Yale. , - , Schilpp 247 , , 1931 , , Theory of Relativity: Its Formal Content and Its Present Problems , , ''Nature'', 127, 765, 790, 826–827 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Rhodes lectures delivered at Oxford University in May 1931. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 248; Weil *178 , , 1931 , , Knowledge of past and future in quantum mechanics , , ''Physical Review (ser. 2)'', 37, 780–781
link
, ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
. Co-authored with
Richard C. Tolman Richard Chace Tolman (March 4, 1881 – September 5, 1948) was an American mathematical physicist and physical chemist who made many contributions to statistical mechanics and theoretical cosmology. He was a professor at the California Ins ...
and Boris Podolsky. , - , Schilpp 249 , , 1931 , , Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie {, , On the Cosmological Problem of the General Theory of Relativity§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1931, 235–237 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Proposed a "
cosmological constant In cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: ), alternatively called Einstein's cosmological constant, is a coefficient that Albert Einstein initially added to his field equations of general rel ...
." , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 250 , , 1931 , , Systematische Untersuchung über kompatible Feldgleichungen welche in einem Riemannschen Raume mit Fern-Parallelismus gesetzt werden können {, , Systematic Investigation of Consistent Field Equations That Can Be Posited in a Riemannian Space with Distant Parallelism§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1931, 257–265 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 251; Weil *182 , , 1931 , , Einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität {, , Unified Field Theory of Gravity and Electricity§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1931, 541–557 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - , Schilpp 252 , , 1931 , , Thomas Alva Edison, 1847–1931 , , ''Science'', 74, 404–405 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 253 , , 1931 , , Gravitational and electromagnetic fields ranslation of a preliminary report for the Josiah Macy, Jr. foundation, , ''Science'', 74, 438–439 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 254 , , 1931 , , eply to congratulatory addresses at a dinner given by the California Institute of Technology on January 15, 1931, , ''Science'', 73, 379 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 255 , , 1931 , , Gedenkworte auf Albert A. Michelson {, , In Remembrance of Albert A. Michelson§ , ''Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie'', 44, 658 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 258 , , 1932 , , On the relation between the expansion and the mean density of the universe , , ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', 18, 213–214 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Co-authored with
Willem de Sitter Willem de Sitter (6May 187220November 1934) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He is known for the de Sitter universe is a cosmological model, which was named after him. Life and work Born in Sneek, Netherlands, de Sitte ...
. , - , Schilpp 259 , , 1932 , , Zu Dr. Berliners siebzigstem Geburtstag {, , On Dr. Berliner's 70th Birthday§ , ''Naturwissenschaften'', 20, 913 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. Reprinted in ''Mein Weltbild'' ('' The World as I See It''), pp. 29–32. , - , Schilpp 260 , , 1932 , , Gegenwärtiger Stand der Relativitätstheorie {, , Present Status of Relativity Theory§ , ''Die Quelle'' (now called ''Paedogogischer Führer''), 82, 440–442 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 261; Weil *185 , , 1932 , , Einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität, 2. Abhandlung {, , Unified Field Theory of Gravity and Electricity, Part II§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1932, 130–137 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 262 , , 1932 , , Semi-Vektoren und Spinoren {, , Semi-Vectors and Spinors§ , ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'', 1932, 522–550 , ,
Mathematics Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, Mathematical theory, theories and theorems that are developed and Mathematical proof, proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many ar ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - , Schilpp 263 , , 1932 , , Unbestimmtheitsrelation {, , Uncertainty Relations§ , ''Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie'', 45, 23 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 267 , , 1933 , , Dirac Gleichungen für Semi-Vektoren {, , Dirac Equations for Semi-Vectors§ , ''Akademie van wetenschappen (Amsterdam), Proceedings'', 36 (pt. 2), 497–? , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 268 , , 1933 , , Spaltung der natürlichsten Feldgleichungen für Semi-Vektoren in Spinor-Gleichungen vom Diracschen Typus {, , Division of the Most Natural Field-Equations for Semi-Vectors in Spinor Equations of the Dirac Type§ , ''Akademie van wetenschappen (Amsterdam), Proceedings'', 36 (pt. 2), 615–619 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 270 , , 1934 , , Darstellung der Semi-Vektoren als gewöhnliche Vektoren von besonderem Differentiations Charakter {, , Representation of Semi-Vectors as Ordinary Vectors with Unusual Differentiation Properties§ , ''Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)'', 35, 104–110 , ,
Mathematics Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, Mathematical theory, theories and theorems that are developed and Mathematical proof, proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many ar ...
. Co-authored with W. Mayer. , - , Schilpp 271 , , 1934 , , Review of R. Tolman: Relativity, thermodynamics and cosmology , , ''Science'', 80, 358 , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 272 , , 1935 , , Elementary derivation of the equivalence of mass and energy , , ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'', 41, 223–230
link
,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 273; Weil *195 , , 1935 , , Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? , , ''Physical Review (ser. 2)'', 47, 777–780
link
, ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
. Seminal paper on non-local effects (entanglement) in quantum mechanics. Co-authored with B. Podolsky and N. Rosen. It is Einstein's most cited publication , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 274 , , 1935 , , The particle problem in the general theory of relativity , , ''Physical Review (ser. 2)'', 48, 73–77 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Co-authored with N. Rosen. , - , Schilpp 275 , , 1936 , , Physik und Realität {, , Physics and Reality§ , ''Franklin Institute, Journal'', 221, 313–347 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
. An English translation (by J Picard) is provided on pages 349–382. Also reprinted in ''Zeitschrift für freie deutsche Forschung'', 1, no. 1, pp. 5–19 and no. 2, pp. 1–14 (1938). , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 276 , , 1936 , , Two-body problem in general relativity theory , , ''Physical Review (ser. 2)'', 49, 404–405 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Co-authored with N. Rosen. , - , Schilpp 277 , , 1936 , , Lens-like action of a star by deviation of light in the gravitational field , , ''Science'', 84, 506–507 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 278; Weil *200 , , 1937 , , On gravitational waves , , ''Journal of the Franklin Institute'', 223, 43–54 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Co-authored with N. Rosen. This important paper established that gravitational waves are possible despite the nonlinear nature of the
Einstein field equations In the General relativity, general theory of relativity, the Einstein field equations (EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) relate the geometry of spacetime to the distribution of Matter#In general relativity and cosmology, matter within it. ...
.
Einstein and Rosen originally reached the opposite conclusion
, - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 283; Weil *202 , , 1938 , , Gravitational equations and the problems of motion , , ''Annals of Mathematics (ser. 2)'', 39, 65–100 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Co-authored with L. Infeld and B. Hoffmann. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 284 , , 1938 , , Generalization of Kaluza's theory of electricity , , ''Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)'', 39, 683–701 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Co-authored with P. Bergmann. , - , Schilpp 285; Weil *204 , , 1939 , , Stationary system with spherical symmetry consisting of many gravitating masses , , ''Annals of Mathematics (ser. 2)'', 40, 922–936 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 286; Weil *205 , , 1940 , , Gravitational equations and the problems of motion. II , , ''Annals of Mathematics (ser. 2)'', 41, 455–464 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Co-authored with L. Infeld. , - , Schilpp 287 , , 1940 , , Considerations concerning the fundamentals of theoretical physics , , '' Science'', 91, 487–492 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. Partly reprinted in ''Nature'', 145, 920–924. , - , Schilpp 290 , , 1941 , , Demonstration of the non-existence of gravitational fields with a non-vanishing total mass free of singularities , , ''Tucumán universidad nac., Revista (ser. A)'', 2, 11–16 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 292 , , 1942 , , The work and personality of Walter Nernst , , ''Scientific Monthly'', 54, 195–196 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 293 , , 1943 , , Non-existence of regular stationary solutions of relativistic field equations , , ''Annals of Mathematics (ser. 2)'', 44, 131–137 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Co-authored with
Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Ernst Pauli ( ; ; 25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian theoretical physicist and a pioneer of quantum mechanics. In 1945, after having been nominated by Albert Einstein, Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 295 , , 1944 , , Bivector fields, I , , ''Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)'', 45, 1–14 , ,
Mathematics Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, Mathematical theory, theories and theorems that are developed and Mathematical proof, proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many ar ...
. Co-authored with V. Bargmann. , - , Schilpp 296 , , 1944 , , Bivector fields, II , , ''Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)296'', 45, 15–23 , ,
Mathematics Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, Mathematical theory, theories and theorems that are developed and Mathematical proof, proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many ar ...
. , - , Schilpp 298 , , 1945 , , On the cosmological problem , , ''American Scholar'', 14, 137–156, 269 (correction) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. A pre-printing of the appendix to publication #297. , - , Schilpp 299 , , 1945 , , Generalization of the relativistic theory of gravitation , , ''Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)'', 46, 578–584 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 300 , , 1945 , , Influence of the expansion of space on the gravitation fields surrounding the individual stars , , ''Reviews of modern physics'', 17, 120–124 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Co-authored with E. G. Straus. Corrections and additions, ''ibid.'', 18, 148–149 (1946). , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 301 , , 1946 , , Generalization of the relativistic theory of gravitation, II , , ''Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)'', 47, 731–741 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Co-authored with E. G. Straus. , - , Schilpp 302 , , 1946 , , Elementary derivation of the equivalence of mass and energy , , ''Technion Journal'', 5, 16–17
link
, ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. Novel, simplified derivation in the Yearbook of American Society for Advancement of the Hebrew Institute of Technology in Haifa. Also published in Hebrew in 1947, in the ''Scientific Publications'' of Hebrew Technical College (Institute of Technology) in Haifa. , - , Schilpp 307 , , 1948 , , Quantenmechanik und Wirklichkeit {, , Quantum mechanics and reality§ , ''Dialectica'', 2, 320–324 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
. , - , Schilpp 308; Weil *222 , , 1948 , , Generalized theory of gravitation , , ''Reviews of modern physics'', 20, 35–39 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 309 , , 1949 , , Motion of particles in general relativity theory , , ''Canadian Journal of Mathematics'', 1, 209–241 , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Co-authored with L. Infeld. , - , Schilpp 310 , , 1949 , , Dem Gedächtnis Max Plancks {, , In memory of Max Planck§ , ''Angewandte Chimie'', 61, U114 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 311 , , 1950 , , The Bianchi Identities in the Generalized Theory of Gravitation , , ''Canadian Journal of Mathematics'', 2, 120–128 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 313 , , 1950 , , On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation , , ''Scientific American'', 182, 13–17 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - , Schilpp 314 , , 1951 , , The Advent of the Quantum Theory , , ''Science'', 113, 82–84 , ,
Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Addison-Wesley, 1989, It is ...
. , - , Schilpp 316 , , 1953 , , A Comment on a Criticism of Unified Field Theory , , ''Physical Review'', 89, 321 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 317 , , 1954 , , Algebraic Properties of the Field in the Relativistic Theory of the Asymmetric Field , , ''Annals of Mathematics'', 59, 230–244 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Co-authored with B. Kaufman. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 318 , , 1955 , , An Interview with Einstein , , ''Scientific American'', 193, 69–73 , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. Co-authored with I. B. Cohen. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 319 , , 1955 , , A New Form of the General Relativistic Field Equations , , ''Annals of Mathematics'', 62, 128–138 , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Simplified derivation using an ancillary field instead of the usual
affine connection In differential geometry, an affine connection is a geometric object on a smooth manifold which ''connects'' nearby tangent spaces, so it permits tangent vector fields to be differentiated as if they were functions on the manifold with values i ...
. Co-authored with B. Kaufman.


Book chapters

With the exception of publication #288, the following book chapters were written by Einstein; he had no co-authors. Given that most of the chapters are already in English, the English translations are not given their own columns, but are provided in parentheses after the original title; this helps the table to fit within the margins of the page. These are the total of 31. {, class="wikitable sortable" id="Einstein_book_chapters" !scope=col, Index !scope=col, Year !scope=col, Chapter title (English translation) !scope=col, Book title (English translation), page numbers !scope=col, Book author/editor !scope=col, Publisher (Location) !scope=col, Classification and notes , - , Schilpp 51 , , 1912 , , État actuel du problème des chaleurs spécifiques {, , Present State of the Problem of Specific Heats§ , ''Rapports du premier Conseil de Physique (1911), Instituts Solvay'' {, , ''Reports of the 1st Solvay Conference of Physics''§ , Unknown , , Gauthier (Paris) , ,
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. It is also referred to as massic heat ...
s. The German text is publication #63. , - , Schilpp 76 , , 1915 , , Theoretische Atomistik {, , Theoretical Atomic Science§ , ''Die Physik'', pp. 251–263 {, , ''Physics''§ , E. Lecher , , Teubner (
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
) , ,
Atomic physics Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned wit ...
. Part of the series ''Kultur der Gegenwart'' (3. Teil, Abt. 3, Band 1). , - , Schilpp 77 , , 1915 , , Relativitätstheorie {, , Relativity Theory§ , ''Die Physik'' {, , ''Physics''§ , E. Lecher , , Teubner (
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Part of the series ''Kultur der Gegenwart'' (3. Teil, Abt. 3, Band 1) , - , Schilpp 87 , , 1916 , , Vorwort {, , Foreword , ''Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Gravitationstheorie'' {, , ''Foundations of Einstein's Gravitational Theory''§ , Erwin F. Freundlich , , Springer (Berlin) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 111 , , 1918 , , Motiv des Forschens {, , Motives for Research , ''Zu Max Plancks 60. Geburtstag: Ansprachen in der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft'', pp. 29–32 {, , ''Talks in Honor of Max Planck's 60th Birthday''§ , Unknown , , Müller (
Karlsruhe Karlsruhe ( ; ; ; South Franconian German, South Franconian: ''Kallsruh'') is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, third-largest city of the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, after its capital Stuttgart a ...
) , ,
Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics deals with conceptual and interpretational issues in physics, many of which overlap with research done by certain kinds of theoretical physicists. Historically, philosophers of physics have engaged with ...
. , - , Schilpp 146 , , 1921 , , Einfache Anwendung des Newtonschen Gravitationsgesetzes auf die Kugelförmigen Sternhaufen {, , Simple Application of Newton's Law of Gravitation to Spherical Collections of Stars§ , ''Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaft, Festschrift zu ihrem zehnjährigen Jubiläum'', pp. 50–52 {, , ''Celebratory Work for the 10th Anniversary of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society''§ , Unknown , , Springer Verlag (Berlin) , ,
Gravitation In physics, gravity (), also known as gravitation or a gravitational interaction, is a fundamental interaction, a mutual attraction between all massive particles. On Earth, gravity takes a slightly different meaning: the observed force b ...
. , - , Schilpp 158 , , 1922 , , Theoretische Bemerkungen zur Supraleitung der Metalle {, , Theoretical Observations on the Superconductivity of Metals§ , ''Leyden. Rijksuniversiteit Naturkundig Laboratorium, Gedenkboek aangeboden aan H. Kamerlingh Onnes'', pp. 429–435 {, , ''A Book Honoring H. Kamerlingh Onnes''§ , Unknown , , Ijdo (
Leiden Leiden ( ; ; in English language, English and Archaism, archaic Dutch language, Dutch also Leyden) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the Provinces of the Nethe ...
) , ,
Superconductivity Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in superconductors: materials where Electrical resistance and conductance, electrical resistance vanishes and Magnetic field, magnetic fields are expelled from the material. Unlike an ord ...
. , - , Schilpp 180 , , 1924 , , Geleitwort {, , Preface§ ,
Lucretius Titus Lucretius Carus ( ; ;  – October 15, 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is the philosophical poem '' De rerum natura'', a didactic work about the tenets and philosophy of Epicureanism, which usually is t ...
, ''De rerum natura'' , , H. Diels , , Weidmann (Berlin) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 190 , , 1925 , , Anhang: Eddingtons Theorie und Hamiltonsches Prinzip {, , Appendix: Eddington's Theory and Hamilton's Principle§ , ''Relativitätstheorie in mathematischer Behandlung'' {, , ''Relativity Theory, Treated Mathematically''§ , AS Eddington , , Springer Verlag (Berlin) , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Written exclusively for this German translation of Eddington. , - , Schilpp 191 , , 1925 , , Theoretische Atomistik {, , Theoretical Atomic Science§ , ''Die Physik'', 2. Auflage, pp. 281–294 {, , ''Physics, 2nd edition''§ , Unknown , , Teubner (
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
) , ,
Atomic physics Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned wit ...
. , - , Schilpp 192 , , 1925 , , Relativitätstheorie {, , Relativity theory§ , ''Die Physik'', 2. Auflage, pp. 783–797 {, , ''Physics, 2nd edition''§ , Unknown , , Teubner (
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 204 , , 1927 , , Introduction , , ''Di spetsyele relativitets-teorye'' {, , ''The Special Theory of Relativity''§ , T. Shalit , , privately printed (Berlin) , ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. Both Yiddish and German versions are provided. , - , Schilpp 220 , , 1929
Space-time
, ''
Encyclopædia Britannica The is a general knowledge, general-knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It has been published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, ...
'', 14th ed., vol. 21, pp. 105–108 , , Franklin Henry Hooper , ,
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. An encyclopedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge, either general or special, in a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are arranged alphabetically by artic ...
(Chicago) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 221 , , 1929 , , Über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Feldtheorie {, , On the Present Status of Field Theory§ , ''Festschrift Prof. Dr. A. Studola Überreicht'', pp. 126ff. {, , ''Celebratory Work for Dr. A. Studola''§ , Unknown , , Füssli (
Zürich Zurich (; ) is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. , the municipality had 448,664 inhabitants. The ...
) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Less technical and more historical than (journal) publication #235. , - , Schilpp 231 , , 1929 , , Begleitwort {, , Foreword§ , ''Grenzflächenvorgänge in der unbelebten und belebten Natur'' {, , ''Boundary Surface Processes in Biological and Inorganic Nature''§ , D. Reichinstein , , Barth (
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 244 , , 1931 , , Foreword , , ''Newton, the man'', p. v , , R. de Villamil , , Knox (London) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 245 , , 1931 , , Maxwell's influence on the development of the conception of physical reality , , ''James Clerk Maxwell: A Commemoration Volume'', pp. 66–73 , , Unknown , , Cambridge University Press (
Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a List of cities in the United Kingdom, city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is the county town of Cambridgeshire and is located on the River Cam, north of London. As of the 2021 Unit ...
) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. The German text is found in ''Mein Weltbild'' ('' The World as I See It''). , - , Schilpp 246 , , 1931 , , Foreword , , ''Opticks'', 4th edition (London 1730), pp. vii–viii , ,
Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton () was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author. Newton was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment that followed ...
, , McGraw (New York) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. , - , Schilpp 256 , , 1932 , , Prologue , , ''Where is science going?'', pp. 7–12 , ,
Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quantum, quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many substantial con ...
, , Norton (New York) , ,
Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics deals with conceptual and interpretational issues in physics, many of which overlap with research done by certain kinds of theoretical physicists. Historically, philosophers of physics have engaged with ...
.Pais, Chap. 16, ref. E77. , - , Schilpp 257 , , 1932 , , Epilogue: a socratic dialogue, interlocutors, Einstein and Murphy , , ''Where is science going?'', pp. 201–213 , ,
Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quantum, quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many substantial con ...
, , Norton (New York) , ,
Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics deals with conceptual and interpretational issues in physics, many of which overlap with research done by certain kinds of theoretical physicists. Historically, philosophers of physics have engaged with ...
. , - , Schilpp 269 , , 1934 , , Introduction , , ''The World in Modern Science'', pp. 5–6 , ,
Leopold Infeld Leopold Infeld (20 August 1898 – 15 January 1968) was a Polish physicist who worked mainly in Second Polish Republic, Poland and Canada (1938–1950). He was a Rockefeller family, Rockefeller fellow at University of Cambridge, Cambridge Univers ...
, , V. Gollancz (London) , ,
Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics deals with conceptual and interpretational issues in physics, many of which overlap with research done by certain kinds of theoretical physicists. Historically, philosophers of physics have engaged with ...
. The German original is on p. 275. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 288 , , 1941 , , Five-dimensional representation of gravitation and electricity , , ''Theodore von Karman Anniversary Volume'', pp. 212–225 , , , , California Institute of Technology (
Pasadena Pasadena ( ) is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, northeast of downtown Los Angeles. It is the most populous city and the primary cultural center of the San Gabriel Valley. Old Pasadena is the city's original commercial d ...
) , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Co-authored with Bargmann V and Bergmann PG. , - , Schilpp 289 , , 1941 , , Science and religion , , ''1st Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion'' , , Unknown , , Unknown , , Philosophy. Reported in the ''
New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'' (September 11, 1940, p. 30, col. 2) and also in ''
Nature Nature is an inherent character or constitution, particularly of the Ecosphere (planetary), ecosphere or the universe as a whole. In this general sense nature refers to the Scientific law, laws, elements and phenomenon, phenomena of the physic ...
'', 146, 605–607. , - , Schilpp 291 , , 1942 , , Foreword , , ''Introduction to the theory of relativity'', p. v , , Peter G. Bergmann , , Prentice-Hall (New York) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 294 , , 1944 , , Remarks on Bertrand Russell's theory of knowledge , , ''The philosophy of Bertrand Russell'', pp. 277–291 , , Paul A. Schilpp , , Northwestern University ( Evanston) , , Philosophy. Volume 5 of the Library of Living Philosophers. , - , Schilpp 303 , , 1947 , , The problem of space, ether and the field in physics , , ''Man and the universe'', pp. 82–100 , , Saxe, Commins, and RN Linscott , , Random House (New York) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Reprinted from '' The World as I See It''. , - , Schilpp 305 , , 1948 , , Einstein's theory of relativity , , ''Grolier Encyclopedia'', vol. 9, p. 19 , , Unknown , , Grolier Society (New York) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Although dated as 1947, the actual issue occurred in 1948. , - , Schilpp 306 , , 1948 , , Relativity: essence of the theory of relativity , , ''American Peoples Encyclopedia'', vol. 16, col. 604–608 , , Unknown , , Spencer Press (Chicago) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 312 , , 1950 , , Appendix II: Generalized theory of gravitation , , ''
The Meaning of Relativity ''The Meaning of Relativity: Four Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, May 1921'' is a book published by Princeton University Press in 1922 that compiled the 1921 Stafford Little Lectures at Princeton University, given by Albert Einstein. ...
'', 3rd edition , ,
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (14 March 187918 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known for developing the theory of relativity. Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence f ...
, , Princeton University (
Princeton Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the Unit ...
) , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Appendix II added to the third edition of the ''Meaning of Relativity'' (publication #297). , - , Schilpp 315 , , 1951 , , Reply to Criticisms: Remarks Concerning the Essays Brought Together in this Co-operative Volume , , ''Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, Volume II'', pp. 665–688 , , Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor , , Harper and Brothers Publishers, Harper Torchbook edition (New York) , ,
History of science The history of science covers the development of science from ancient history, ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural science, natural, social science, social, and formal science, formal. Pr ...
and
philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics deals with conceptual and interpretational issues in physics, many of which overlap with research done by certain kinds of theoretical physicists. Historically, philosophers of physics have engaged with ...
. Biographical notes and a summary of Einstein's scientific thinking in his later years. , - , Weil *235 , 1953 , Appendix II: Generalization of Gravitation Theory , ''
The Meaning of Relativity ''The Meaning of Relativity: Four Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, May 1921'' is a book published by Princeton University Press in 1922 that compiled the 1921 Stafford Little Lectures at Princeton University, given by Albert Einstein. ...
'', 4th edition ,
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (14 March 187918 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known for developing the theory of relativity. Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence f ...
, Princeton University (
Princeton Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the Unit ...
) , Completely revised (and renamed) Appendix II, translated by Bruria Kaufman. There is also a separate reprint of Appendix II, it being the first published separate edition. , - , Schilpp 320 , , 1955 , , Appendix II: Relativistic Theory of the Non-Symmetric Field , , ''
The Meaning of Relativity ''The Meaning of Relativity: Four Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, May 1921'' is a book published by Princeton University Press in 1922 that compiled the 1921 Stafford Little Lectures at Princeton University, given by Albert Einstein. ...
'', 5th edition , ,
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (14 March 187918 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known for developing the theory of relativity. Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence f ...
, , Princeton University (
Princeton Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the Unit ...
) , ,
Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists, notably Albert Einstein, have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for all the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are at ...
. Completely revised (and renamed) Appendix II for the fifth and final edition of the ''Meaning of Relativity'' (publications #297 and #312).


Books

The following books were written by Einstein. With the exception of publication #278, he had no co-authors. These are the total of 16 books. {, class="wikitable sortable" id="Einstein_books" !scope=col, Index !scope=col, Year !scope=col, Book title and English translation !scope=col, Publisher (Location) !scope=col, Classification and notes , - , Schilpp 6 , , 1906 , , ''Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen'' {, , A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions , Buchdruckerei K. J. Wyss (
Bern Bern (), or Berne (), ; ; ; . is the ''de facto'' Capital city, capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".; ; ; . According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has gov ...
) , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. Inaugural-dissertation from Zürich Universität. Same as (journal) publication #11. , - , Schilpp 86 , , 1916 , , ''Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie'' {, , Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity§ , Barth (
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. , - , Schilpp 102 , , 1917 , , ''Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, gemeinverständlich'' {, , On the Special and General Theory of Relativity (A Popular Account) , Vieweg (
Braunschweig Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( ; from Low German , local dialect: ) is a List of cities and towns in Germany, city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. This is volume 38 (Heft 38) in the series Sammlung Vieweg. Other editions and translations are found in publications #110, 129,
130 130 may refer to: *130 (number), the natural number following 129 and preceding 131 *AD 130, a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar *130 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar *Kin Sang stop, MTR digital station code *130 Ele ...
,
137 137 may refer to: *137 (number) *137 BC *AD 137 *137 (album), an album by The Pineapple Thief *137 (MBTA bus) *137 (New Jersey bus) 137 may refer to: *137 (number) *137 BC *AD 137 *137 (album), an album by The Pineapple Thief *137 (MBTA bus) Th ...
141 141 may refer to: * 141 (number), an integer * AD 141, a year of the Julian calendar * 141 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar * 141 Lumen, a main-belt asteroid * Lockheed C-141 Starlifter The Lockheed C-141 Starlifter is a retired mil ...
,
154 Year 154 ( CLIV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Lateranus (or, less frequently, year 907 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 154 for this ...
,
169 Year 169 (Roman numerals, CLXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Senecio and Apollinaris (or, less frequently, year 922 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denominat ...
and
215 Year 215 ( CCXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laetus and Sulla (or, less frequently, year 968 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 215 for this year ha ...
. , - , Schilpp 110 , , 1918 , , ''Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, gemeinverständlich'', 3rd edition {, , On the Special and General Theory of Relativity (A Popular Account) , Vieweg (
Braunschweig Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( ; from Low German , local dialect: ) is a List of cities and towns in Germany, city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Other editions and translations are found in publication #102 and 129,
130 130 may refer to: *130 (number), the natural number following 129 and preceding 131 *AD 130, a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar *130 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar *Kin Sang stop, MTR digital station code *130 Ele ...
,
137 137 may refer to: *137 (number) *137 BC *AD 137 *137 (album), an album by The Pineapple Thief *137 (MBTA bus) *137 (New Jersey bus) 137 may refer to: *137 (number) *137 BC *AD 137 *137 (album), an album by The Pineapple Thief *137 (MBTA bus) Th ...
141 141 may refer to: * 141 (number), an integer * AD 141, a year of the Julian calendar * 141 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar * 141 Lumen, a main-belt asteroid * Lockheed C-141 Starlifter The Lockheed C-141 Starlifter is a retired mil ...
,
154 Year 154 ( CLIV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Lateranus (or, less frequently, year 907 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 154 for this ...
,
169 Year 169 (Roman numerals, CLXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Senecio and Apollinaris (or, less frequently, year 922 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denominat ...
and
215 Year 215 ( CCXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laetus and Sulla (or, less frequently, year 968 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 215 for this year ha ...
. , - , Schilpp 129 , , 1920 , , ''Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, gemeinverständlich'', 10th edition {, , On the Special and General Theory of Relativity (A Popular Account) , Vieweg (
Braunschweig Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( ; from Low German , local dialect: ) is a List of cities and towns in Germany, city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. The first edition of this book is listed as publication #102. Editions of this work were published until 1922 (the 14th edition). Editions 10–14 contained an additional section "Rotverschiebung der Spectrallinien" (
Redshift In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation (such as light). The opposite change, a decrease in wavelength and increase in frequency and e ...
of
spectral line A spectral line is a weaker or stronger region in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum. It may result from emission (electromagnetic radiation), emission or absorption (electromagnetic radiation), absorption of light in a narrow frequency ...
s) in the appendix. , - , Schilpp 131 , , 1920 , , ''Äther und Relativitätstheorie: Rede gehalten am 5. Mai 1920 an der Reichs-Universität zu Leiden'' {, , Aether and Relativity Theory: A Talk Given on May 5, 1920, at the University of Leiden§ , Springer Verlag (Berlin) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. The French, English, and Italian translations are listed as publications #145,
152 Year 152 ( CLII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in Rome as the Year of the Consulship of Glabrio and Homullus (or, less frequently, year 905 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 152 for th ...
, and
153 Year 153 ( CLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 906 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 153 for this y ...
, respectively. An undated Polish translation by L. Freundenheim, ''Eter a teorja wzglednosci'', was published in
Lviv Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...
. Also published with variant subtitle in Dutch (although the text is German), ''Aether und Relativitaetstheorie: Rede Uitgesproken bij de Aanvaarding van het Ambt van Bijzonder Hoogleerar aan de Rijks-Universiteit te Leiden.'' , - , Schilpp 143 , , 1921 , , ''Geometrie und Erfahrung, Erweiterte Fassung des Festvortrages gehalten an der Preussischen Akademie'' {, , Geometry and Experience: Expanded Edition of the Celebratory Lecture Given at the Prussian Academy§ , Springer Verlag (Berlin) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. The original paper is found as (journal) publication #148. French, English and Italian translations are listed as publications #144,
152 Year 152 ( CLII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in Rome as the Year of the Consulship of Glabrio and Homullus (or, less frequently, year 905 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 152 for th ...
, and
153 Year 153 ( CLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 906 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 153 for this y ...
. An undated Polish translation, ''Geometrja a doswiadczenie'', was published in
Lviv Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...
. , - , Schilpp 156 , , 1922 , , ''Vier Vorlesungen über Relativitätstheorie, gehalten im Mai 1921, an der Universität Princeton'' {, , Four Lectures on Relativity Theory, Given in May 1921 at Princeton University§ , Vieweg (
Braunschweig Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( ; from Low German , local dialect: ) is a List of cities and towns in Germany, city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. German text of publication #142. A second printing by Vieweg is dated 1923. , - , Schilpp 157 , , 1922 , , ''Untersuchungen über die Theorie der Brownschen Bewegungen'' {, , Investigations of Brownian Motion§ ,
Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft The (AVG, AVg, Aka, AV; English: Academic publishing company) in Leipzig was an important German academic publisher, which was founded in 1906. The original Jewish owners of the publishing house and key employees were expropriated during the t ...
(
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
) , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. A re-issue of publications #8, 11, 12, 22, and 26 with notes and derivations from the editor, R. Fürth. Released as Nr. 199 of Oswalds Klassiker der exacten Wissenschaften. An English translation appeared as publication #198. , - , Schilpp 168 , , 1923 , , ''Grundgedanken und Probleme der Relativitätstheorie'' {, , Fundamental Ideas and Problems of Relativity Theory§ , Imprimerie royale (
Stockholm Stockholm (; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, most populous city of Sweden, as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in the Nordic countries. Approximately ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Nobel prize lecture, delivered before the Nordische Naturforscherversammlung in Göteborg. Reprinted in ''Nobelstiftelsen, Les prix Nobel en 1921–22''. , - , Schilpp 264 , , 1933 , , ''On the Method of Theoretical Physics'' , Clarendon Press (
Oxford Oxford () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the List of oldest universities in continuou ...
) , ,
Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics deals with conceptual and interpretational issues in physics, many of which overlap with research done by certain kinds of theoretical physicists. Historically, philosophers of physics have engaged with ...
. The Herbert Spenser lecture at Oxford University, delivered on June 10, 1933. There is also an American edition published in 1933 by Oxford University Press (New York). , - , Schilpp 265 , , 1933 , , ''Origins of the General Theory of Relativity'' , Jackson (
Glasgow Glasgow is the Cities of Scotland, most populous city in Scotland, located on the banks of the River Clyde in Strathclyde, west central Scotland. It is the List of cities in the United Kingdom, third-most-populous city in the United Kingdom ...
) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Lecture at the University of Glasgow, delivered June 20, 1933. , - , Schilpp 266 , , 1933 , , ''Les fondements de la théorie de la relativité générale'' {, , Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity§ , Hermann (Paris) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. French translations of publications #89 and
251 __NOTOC__ Year 251 (Roman numerals, CCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, in the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Traianus and Etruscus (or, less frequently, year 1004 ''A ...
by Maurice Solovine, together with a new essay by Einstein, "Sur la structure cosmologique de l'espace", which discusses the cosmological implications of general relativity, together with its historical antecedents. , - style="background:#ffddff;" , Schilpp 278 , , 1938 , , '' The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta'' , , Simon and Schuster (New York) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. Co-authored with Infeld L. , - , Schilpp 279 , , 1938 , , ''Die Physik als Abenteuer der Erkenntnis'' {, , Physics as an Adventure of the Mind§ , Sijthoff (
Leiden Leiden ( ; ; in English language, English and Archaism, archaic Dutch language, Dutch also Leyden) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the Provinces of the Nethe ...
) , ,
Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics deals with conceptual and interpretational issues in physics, many of which overlap with research done by certain kinds of theoretical physicists. Historically, philosophers of physics have engaged with ...
. , - , Schilpp 297 , , 1945 , , ''
The Meaning of Relativity ''The Meaning of Relativity: Four Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, May 1921'' is a book published by Princeton University Press in 1922 that compiled the 1921 Stafford Little Lectures at Princeton University, given by Albert Einstein. ...
'' , , Princeton University (
Princeton Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the Unit ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Second edition of publication #142, with a long appendix covering various topics such as the cosmological implications of general relativity. The appendix was translated by Ernst G. Straus. A "third edition" was published in 1946 by Methuen (London), but it is identical except for a change in pagination. The true third, fourth and fifth editions appeared in 1950, 1953 and 1956, respectively. In the 3rd, Einstein added Appendix II on a generalized theory of gravitation, which was substantially revised for the fifth and final edition.


Authorized translations

The following translations of his work were authorized by Einstein. {, class="wikitable sortable" id="Einstein_translations" !scope=col, Index !scope=col, Year !scope=col, Book title !scope=col, Translator !scope=col, Publisher (Location) !scope=col, Classification and notes , - , Schilpp 128 , , 1920 , , ''The Principle of Relativity: Original Papers'' , , MN Saha and SN Bose , , University of Calcutta (
Kolkata Kolkata, also known as Calcutta ( its official name until 2001), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of West Bengal. It lies on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River, west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the primary ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Includes English translations of (journal) publications #9 and 89, with a historical introduction by PC Mahalanobis. The work of
Hermann Minkowski Hermann Minkowski (22 June 1864 – 12 January 1909) was a mathematician and professor at the University of Königsberg, the University of Zürich, and the University of Göttingen, described variously as German, Polish, Lithuanian-German, o ...
is also included. , - , Schilpp 130 , , 1920 , , '' Relativity, the Special and the General Theory: A Popular Exposition'' , , Robert W Lawson , , Methuen (London) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Authorized translation of the 5th German edition of ''Ueber die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitaetstheorie, gemeinverstaendlich'' (cf. publications #102,
110 110 may refer to: *110 (number), natural number *AD 110, a year *110 BC, a year *110 film, a cartridge-based film format used in still photography * 110 (MBTA bus), Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority bus route *110 (song), 2019 song by Cap ...
, 129). The text also includes Dr. Lawson's biographical sketch of Albert Einstein, a short bibliography on relativity theory and an appendix written for this edition entitled "Experimental confirmation of the general theory of relativity". Up to 10 editions were published by Methuen, the last in 1931. , - , Schilpp 137 , , 1921 , , '' Relativity, the Special and the General Theory: A Popular Exposition'' , , RW Lawson , , Holt (New York) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Effectively the same as publication #130. Later imprints were Smith (New York, 1931) and Hartsdale House, Inc. (New York, 1947). , - , Schilpp 138 , , 1921 , , ''Teoría de la relatividad especial y general'' , , F. Lorente de Nó , , Peláez (
Toledo Toledo most commonly refers to: * Toledo, Spain, a city in Spain * Province of Toledo, Spain * Toledo, Ohio, a city in the United States Toledo may also refer to: Places Belize * Toledo District * Toledo Settlement Bolivia * Toledo, Or ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Spanish translation of publication #129. Two later editions were Ruiz de Lara (
Cuenca Cuenca may refer to: People * Cuenca (surname) Places Ecuador * Cuenca Canton, in the Azuay Province ** Cuenca, Ecuador, capital of Cuenca Canton and Azuay Province ** Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuenca Peru * Cuenca District, Huarochirí ...
, 1923) and Medina (
Toledo Toledo most commonly refers to: * Toledo, Spain, a city in Spain * Province of Toledo, Spain * Toledo, Ohio, a city in the United States Toledo may also refer to: Places Belize * Toledo District * Toledo Settlement Bolivia * Toledo, Or ...
, 1925). , - , Schilpp 139 , , 1921 , , ''Sulla teoria speciale e generale della relatività: Volgarizzazione'' , , G. L. Calisse , , Zanichelli (
Bologna Bologna ( , , ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. It is the List of cities in Italy, seventh most populous city in Italy, with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its M ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Italian translation of publication #129. , - , Schilpp 140 , , 1921 , , ''Teoriia Otnositel'nosti: Obshchedostypnoe Izlozhenie'' , , G. B. Itel'son , , Slowo (Berlin) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Russian translation of publication #129. Re-published in 1922 with the same imprint. , - , Schilpp 141 , , 1921 , , ''La théorie de la relativité restreinte et géneralisée'' , , Mlle. J. Rouviere , , Gauthier (Paris) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. French translation of publication #129. , - , Schilpp 142 , , 1921 , , '' The Meaning of Relativity: Four Lectures Delivered at Princeton University'' , , Edwin P. Adams , , Princeton University Press (
Princeton Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the Unit ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
.Pais, Chap. 6, ref. E1. Reprinted in 1922 and 1923. Also released in 1922 and 1924 under the imprint Methuen (London). Translations are found in publications #166,
167 Year 167 ( CLXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Quadratus (or, less frequently, year 920 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 167 for t ...
, and
179 Year 179 (Roman numerals, CLXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Veru (or, less frequently, year 932 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination ...
, whereas the German text is listed as publication #156. A second edition was also released; see publication #297. , - , Schilpp 144 , , 1921 , , ''La géometrie et l'expérience'' , , Maurice Solovine , , Gauthier (Paris) , ,
General relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. French translation of publication #143. A second edition was also published by Gauthier in 1934. , - , Schilpp 145 , , 1921 , , ''L'éther et la théorie de la relativité'' , , Maurice Solovine , , Gauthier (Paris) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. French translation of publication #131. Reprinted in 1925. , - , Schilpp 152 , , 1922 , , ''Sidelights on Relativity: I. Ether and Relativity. II. Geometry and Experience'' , , GB Jeffrey and W Perrett , , Methuen (London) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Translation of publications #131 and 143. Republished in 1923 by Dutton (New York) imprint. The second part, ''Geometry and Experience'', was published separately in 1947 as chapter 8 of ''Methods of the sciences'' from the Chicago University. , - , Schilpp 153 , , 1922 , , ''Prospettive Relativistiche dell'Etere e della Geometria'' , , R. Cantù and T. Bembo , , Andare (
Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Italian translation of publications #131 and 143. , - , Schilpp 154 , , 1922 , , ''A Különleges és az Általános Relativitás, Elmélete'' , , Unknown , , Patheon irodalmi (
Budapest Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Hungarian translation of publication #129. , - , Schilpp 155 , , 1922 , , ''O Fizicheskoi Prirodie Prostranstva'' , , GB Itel'son , , Slowo (Berlin) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Russian translation of publications #131 and #143 under the title "Physical nature of space". , - , Schilpp 166 , , 1923 , , ''Cztery odczyty o teorji Wzglednosci wygloszone w 1921 na Uniwersytecie w Princeton'' , , A Gottfryda , , Renaissance-Verlag (
Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Polish translation of publication #142. , - , Schilpp 167 , , 1923 , , ''Matematicheskija Osnovy Teorii Otnositel'nosti'' , , GB Itel'son , , Slowo (Berlin) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Russian translation of publication #142. , - , Schilpp 169 , , 1923 , , 'A Popular Exposition of the Special and General Theories of Relativity'', , Unknown , , Gitlina (
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Yiddish translation (in Hebrew characters) of publication #129. , - , Schilpp 179 , , 1924 , , ''Quatre conférences sur la théorie de la relativité, faîtes à l'université de Princeton'' , , Maurice Solovine , , Gauthier (Paris) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. French translation of publication #142. A second printing was dated 1925. , - , Schilpp 189 , , 1925 , , ''Sur l'électrodynamique des corps en mouvement'' , , Maurice Solovine , , Gauthier (Paris) , ,
Special relativity In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between Spacetime, space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, Annus Mirabilis papers#Special relativity, "On the Ele ...
. French translation of publications #9 and 10, part of the series ''Maîtres de la pensée scientifique''. , - , Schilpp 198 , , 1926 , , '' Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement'' (R. Fürth, ed.) , , AD Cowper , , Methuen (London) , ,
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
. English translation of publication #157. Also published under the Dutton imprint in New York. , - , Schilpp 215 , , 1928 , , ''Al Torath Ha-Yahasiuth Ha-Peratith Weha-Kelalith (Harzaah Popularith)'' , , Jacob Greenberg , , Dvir (
Tel Aviv Tel Aviv-Yafo ( or , ; ), sometimes rendered as Tel Aviv-Jaffa, and usually referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the Gush Dan metropolitan area of Israel. Located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline and with a popula ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Hebrew translation of publication #129. , - , Schilpp 280 , , 1938 , , ''Drie Eeuwen Physica van Galilei tot Relativiteitstheorie en Quantumtheorie'' , , MC Geerling , , Centen (
Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , ; ; ) is the capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, largest city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population of 933,680 in June 2024 within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the City Re ...
) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. Dutch translation of publication #279. , - , Schilpp 281 , , 1938 , , ''L'évolution des idées en physique des premiers concepts aux théories de la relativité et des quanta'' , , Maurice Solovine , , Flammarion (Paris) , ,
History of physics Physics is a branch of science in which the primary objects of study are matter and energy. These topics were discussed across many cultures in ancient times by philosophers, but they had no means to distinguish causes of natural phenomena fro ...
. French translation of publication #279. , - , Schilpp 304 , , 1948 , , ''El Significado de la Relatividad'' , , Dr. Carlos E. Prelat , , Espasa-Calpe (
Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, controlled by the government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Argentina. It is located on the southwest of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires is classified as an Alpha− glob ...
) , ,
Special Special or specials may refer to: Policing * Specials, Ulster Special Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force * Specials, Special Constable, an auxiliary, volunteer, or temporary; police worker or police officer * Special police forces ...
and
general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the differential geometry, geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of grav ...
. Spanish translation of publication #297.


See also

*
Albert Einstein Archives Albert Einstein Archives refers to an archive on the Givat Ram ( Edmond J. Safra) campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Jerusalem housing the personal papers of 20th century physicist Albert Einstein. Overview In his will, Albert Eins ...
*
Einstein Papers Project The Einstein Papers Project (EPP) produces the historical edition of the writings and correspondence of Albert Einstein. The EPP collects, transcribes, translates, annotates, and publishes materials from Einstein's literary estate and a multitude ...
*
History of special relativity The history of special relativity consists of many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert A. Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others. It culminated in the theory of special relativity proposed by Albert Ein ...
*
History of general relativity History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some theorists categ ...
* History of the Big Bang theory *
History of quantum mechanics The history of quantum mechanics is a fundamental part of the History of physics#20th century: birth of modern physics, history of modern physics. The major chapters of this history begin with the emergence of quantum ideas to explain individual ...
*
History of thermodynamics The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely wov ...
*
Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity The following is a timeline of gravitational physics and general relativity. Before 1500 * 3rd century B.C. – Aristarchus of Samos proposes the Heliocentrism, heliocentric model. 1500s * 1543 – Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De revolutionib ...


Footnotes


References

Many of the following references are drawn from
Abraham Pais Abraham Pais (; May 19, 1918 – July 28, 2000) was a Dutch- American physicist and science historian. Pais earned his Ph.D. from University of Utrecht just prior to a Nazi ban on Jewish participation in Dutch universities during World War II ...
' biography of
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (14 March 187918 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known for developing the theory of relativity. Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence f ...
, ''Subtle is the Lord''; see the Bibliography for a complete reference.


Bibliography

* * * * * * *


External links

*
List of Scientific Publications of Albert Einstein from 1901–1922
from the Einstein website
Einstein Papers Project
at the
California Institute of Technology The California Institute of Technology (branded as Caltech) is a private research university in Pasadena, California, United States. The university is responsible for many modern scientific advancements and is among a small group of institutes ...

Einstein Archives Online
at
Hebrew University The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI; ) is an Israeli public research university based in Jerusalem. Co-founded by Albert Einstein and Chaim Weizmann in July 1918, the public university officially opened on 1 April 1925. It is the second-ol ...

Einstein's publications on BibNetWiki
{{DEFAULTSORT:Scientific Publications By Albert Einstein Scientific Publications By Albert Einstein, List Of Scientific Publications Einstein, Albert List Of Scientific Publications By Einstein, Albert List of Scientific Publications By Einstein, Albert List of Scientific Publications By Einstein, Albert List of Scientific Publications By Einstein, Albert List of Scientific Publications By