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Winged tanks were the subject of several unsuccessful experiments in the 20th century. It was intended that these could be towed behind, or carried under, an airplane, to glide into a battlefield, in support of
infantry Infantry, or infantryman are a type of soldier who specialize in ground combat, typically fighting dismounted. Historically the term was used to describe foot soldiers, i.e. those who march and fight on foot. In modern usage, the term broadl ...
forces. In war,
airborne forces Airborne forces are ground combat units carried by aircraft and airdropped into battle zones, typically by parachute drop. Parachute-qualified infantry and support personnel serving in airborne units are also known as paratroopers. The main ...
use parachutes to drop soldiers behind enemy lines to capture and hold important objectives until more heavily equipped friendly troops can arrive. Military planners have always sought ways to provide airborne troops with combat support equipment in the form of light armored vehicles or
artillery Artillery consists of ranged weapons that launch Ammunition, munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and l ...
which can be dropped by parachute or
military glider Military gliders (an offshoot of common gliders) have been used by the militaries of various countries for carrying troops ( glider infantry) and heavy equipment to a combat zone, mainly during the Second World War. These engineless aircraft wer ...
. The problem with air-dropping vehicles is that their crews drop separately, and may be delayed or prevented from bringing them into action.
Military glider Military gliders (an offshoot of common gliders) have been used by the militaries of various countries for carrying troops ( glider infantry) and heavy equipment to a combat zone, mainly during the Second World War. These engineless aircraft wer ...
s allow crews to arrive at the drop zone along with their vehicles. They also minimize exposure of the valuable towing aircraft, which need not appear over the battlefield. An improvement would be a
tank A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engine; ...
which could glide into the battlefield, drop its wings, and be ready to fight within minutes. This would allow the crew to immediately begin operation.


Development


United States

In the early 1930s, American engineer J. Walter Christie experimented with the concept of a self-powered flying tank. Christie's design had a detachable set of wings attached to the roof of a lightly armoured tank and a propeller driven by the tank's engine. A prototype without wings was constructed, but the concept was never developed further.


Soviet experiments

In 1930, the Grokhovskiy Special Design Bureau experimented with dropping "air buses" full of troops: the bicycle-wheeled G-45 onto land, and the
amphibious Amphibious means able to use either land or water. In particular it may refer to: Animals * Amphibian, a vertebrate animal of the class Amphibia (many of which live on land and breed in water) * Amphibious caterpillar * Amphibious fish, a fish ...
"hydro bus" into water. When the hydro bus disintegrated on landing, the chief designer and his assistant were strapped into the G-45 for a test drop; they survived, but the project was cancelled. Later, the Soviets used heavy bombers to land on the battlefield carrying T-27 tankettes and
T-37 tank T37 may refer to: Vehicles * T-37A tank, a Soviet amphibious light tank * T37 light tank, a prototype American tank developed into the M41 Walker Bulldog * Bugatti Type 37, a French sports car * Cessna T-37 Tweet The Cessna T-37 Tweet (desig ...
light tanks, and experimented with air-dropping light tanks (both with and without parachutes). In 1941, airborne units were issued
T-40 amphibious tank The T-40 amphibious scout tank was an amphibious light tank used by the Soviet Union during World War II. It was armed with one 12.7 mm (0.5 in) DShK machine gun. It was one of the few tanks that could cross an unfordable river withou ...
s. None of these were completely satisfactory, so in 1942 the
Soviet Air Force The Soviet Air Forces (, VVS SSSR; literally "Military Air Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics"; initialism VVS, sometimes referred to as the "Red Air Force") were one of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The other was the Sovie ...
ordered Oleg Antonov to design a glider for landing tanks. Antonov was more ambitious, and instead added a detachable cradle to a lightened
T-60 The T-60 scout tank was a light tank produced by the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1942. During this period, 6,292 units were built. The tank was designed to replace the obsolete T-38 amphibious scout tank and saw action during World War II. The K ...
light tank, bearing large wood and fabric
biplane A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings stacked one above the other. The first powered, controlled aeroplane to fly, the Wright Flyer, used a biplane wing arrangement, as did many aircraft in the early years of aviation. While ...
wings and
twin tail A twin tail is a type of vertical stabilizer arrangement found on the empennage of some aircraft. Two vertical stabilizers—often smaller on their own than a single conventional tail would be—are mounted at the outside of the aircraft's ho ...
. Although one semi-successful test flight was completed, due to the lack of sufficiently powerful aircraft to tow it at the required 160 km/h, the project was abandoned.


Japanese projects

The Imperial Japanese Army's experimental Special No. 3 Flying Tank ''So-Ra'' or ''Ku-Ro'', was developed in 1943. Like the Soviet models, it had detachable wings, but it could also be transported by heavy gliders, namely the
Kokusai Ku-7 The Kokusai Ku-7 ''Manazuru'' (真鶴 "white-naped crane"; Allied code-name Buzzard) was a large, experimental twin boom Japanese military glider. Design and development An enlarged version of the earlier Maeda Ku-1 glider, it was developed du ...
"Buzzard" and
Kokusai Ku-8 The (Kokusai Army Type 4 Special Transport Glider) was a Japanese military glider used during the Second World War. They were usually towed by Mitsubishi G3M or Mitsubishi Ki-21 aircraft. Design and development Design of the Ku-8-II began in D ...
I "Gander". These could be towed by aircraft such as the
Mitsubishi Ki-21 The was a Japanese heavy bomber during World War II. It began operations during the Second Sino-Japanese War participating in the Nomonhan Incident, and in the first stages of the Pacific War, including the Malayan, Burmese, Dutch East Indie ...
"Sally" heavy bomber. However, the Japanese Flying Tank project was abandoned before it went into production. The tank transport gliders were deployed to the Philippines during 1944. Another prototype was Maeda Ku-6 Flying Tank, but it also did not advance to experimental phases.


United Kingdom

In 1941, L.E. Baynes produced a design for a wingspan "Carrier Wing Glider", a large tailless wing to carry a tank. A reduced scale experimental glider – the
Baynes Bat The Baynes Bat (or sometimes Slingsby-Baynes Bat) was an experimental glider of the Second World War, designed by L. E. Baynes. It was used to test the tailless design that he had suggested as a means to convert tanks into temporary gliders ...
– was tested. It was satisfactory but the project was dropped and work on gliders that could carry vehicles internally was taken up. This led to the
Airspeed Horsa The Airspeed AS.51 Horsa was a British troop-carrying glider used during the Second World War. It was developed and manufactured by Airspeed Limited, alongside various subcontractors; the type was named after Horsa, the legendary 5th-century ...
and
General Aircraft Hamilcar The General Aircraft Limited GAL.49 Hamilcar or Hamilcar Mark I was a large British Military gliders, military glider produced during the Second World War, which was designed to carry heavy cargo, such as the Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch, Tetrar ...
that could carry a Jeep and a light tank respectively.


After World War II

The Soviet Union continued to develop methods to efficiently deploy airborne vehicles, but focusing on parachute deployment from large fixed-wing aircraft instead, in an effort to render their "winged infantry" fully mechanized as well. By the mid-1970s, they were able to drop BMD-1s with crew members aboard, using a combination of a parachute and
retrorocket A retrorocket (short for ''retrograde rocket'') is a rocket engine providing thrust opposing the motion of a vehicle, thereby causing it to decelerate. They have mostly been used in spacecraft, with more limited use in short-runway aircraft land ...
.


See also

*
Military glider Military gliders (an offshoot of common gliders) have been used by the militaries of various countries for carrying troops ( glider infantry) and heavy equipment to a combat zone, mainly during the Second World War. These engineless aircraft wer ...
*
Messerschmitt Me 321 The Messerschmitt Me 321 ''Gigant'' was a large German cargo glider developed and used during World War II. Intended to support large-scale invasions, the Me 321 had very limited use due to the low availability of suitable tug aircraft, high vul ...
and
Junkers Ju 322 The Junkers Ju 322 ''Mammut'' (German for mammoth) was a heavy transport military glider, resembling a giant flying wing, proposed for use by the ''Luftwaffe'' in World War II; only two prototypes were completed, a further 98 were scrapped before ...
, German gliders designed to be capable of carrying light armored vehicles. * The
T-80 The T-80 is a main battle tank (MBT) that was designed and manufactured in the former Soviet Union and manufactured in Russia. The T-80 is based on the T-64, while incorporating features from the later T-72 and changing the engine to a gas turbi ...
and
T-84 The T-84 is a Ukraine, Ukrainian main battle tank (MBT), based on the Soviet Union, Soviet T-80 MBT introduced in 1976, specifically the diesel engine version: T-80UD. The T-84 was first built in 1994 and entered service in the Ukrainian Arme ...
have also been nicknamed ''Flying Tank'' for their speed * The
M22 Locust The M22 Locust, officially Light Tank (Airborne), M22, was an American-designed airborne light tank which was produced during World War II. The Locust began development in 1941 after the British War Office requested that the American governmen ...
is an American Light Tank used for the British Airborne that is suspended under a
C-54 Skymaster The Douglas C-54 Skymaster is a four-engined transport aircraft used by the United States Army Air Forces in World War II and the Korean War. Like the Douglas C-47 Skytrain derived from the DC-3, the C-54 Skymaster was derived from a civilian ...
or a
General Aircraft Hamilcar The General Aircraft Limited GAL.49 Hamilcar or Hamilcar Mark I was a large British Military gliders, military glider produced during the Second World War, which was designed to carry heavy cargo, such as the Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch, Tetrar ...
glider but not as a winged tank, but as a glider under the Skymaster or inside the Glider. *
Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch The light tank Mk VII (A17), also known as the Tetrarch, was a British light tank produced by Vickers-Armstrongs in the late 1930s and used during the Second World War. The Tetrarch was the latest in the line of light tanks built by the compan ...
, Also available for the British Airborne that be put on a
General Aircraft Hamilcar The General Aircraft Limited GAL.49 Hamilcar or Hamilcar Mark I was a large British Military gliders, military glider produced during the Second World War, which was designed to carry heavy cargo, such as the Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch, Tetrar ...
glider.


References

{{reflist Airborne tanks * Soviet inventions History of the tank