William Friedkin

William David Friedkin (; August 29, 1935 – August 7, 2023) was an American film, television and opera director, producer, and screenwriter who was closely identified with the "New Hollywood" movement of the 1970s. Beginning his career in documentaries in the early 1960s, he is best known for his crime thriller film '' The French Connection'' (1971), which won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and the horror film ''The Exorcist'' (1973), which earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Director.

Friedkin's other films in the 1970s and 1980s include the drama '' The Boys in the Band'' (1970), considered a milestone of queer cinema; the originally deprecated, now lauded thriller '' Sorcerer'' (1977); the crime comedy drama '' The Brink's Job'' (1978); the controversial thriller '' Cruising'' (1980); and the neo-noir thriller '' To Live and Die in L.A.'' (1985). Although Friedkin's works suffered an overall commercial and critical decline in the late 1980s, his last three feature films, all based on plays, were positively received by critics: the psychological horror film '' Bug'' (2006), the crime film '' Killer Joe'' (2011), and the legal drama film '' The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial'' (2023), released two months after his death. He also worked extensively as an opera director from 1998 until his death, and directed various television films and series episodes for television.

Early life and education

Friedkin was born in Chicago, Illinois, on August 29, 1935, the son of Rachael (née Green) and Louis Friedkin. His father was a semi-professional softball player, merchant seaman, and men's clothing salesman. His mother, whom Friedkin called "a saint," was a nurse.Biskind, p. 200. His parents were Jewish emigrants from Ukraine, in the Russian empire. His grandparents, parents, and other relatives fled Russia during a particularly violent anti-Jewish pogrom in 1903. Friedkin's father was somewhat uninterested in making money, and the family was generally lower middle class while he was growing up. According to film historian Peter Biskind, "Friedkin viewed his father with a mixture of affection and contempt for not making more of himself."

After attending public schools in Chicago, Friedkin enrolled at Senn High School, where he played basketball well enough to consider turning professional.Biskind, p. 201. He was not a serious student and barely received grades good enough to graduate, which he did at the age of 16. He said this was because of social promotion and not because he was bright.

Friedkin began going to movies as a teenager, and cited ''Citizen Kane'' as one of his key influences. Several sources claim that Friedkin saw this motion picture as a teenager, but Friedkin himself said that he did not see the film until 1960, when he was 25 years old. Only then, Friedkin said, did he become a true cineaste. Among the movies that he also saw as a teenager and young adult were '' Les Diaboliques'', '' The Wages of Fear'' (which many consider he remade as '' Sorcerer''), and '' Psycho'' (which he viewed repeatedly, like ''Citizen Kane''). Televised documentaries such as 1960's '' Harvest of Shame'' were also important to his developing sense of cinema.

Friedkin began working in the mail room at WBKB-TV immediately after high school. Within two years (at the age of 18),Walker and Johnson, p. 15. he started his directorial career doing live television shows and documentaries. His efforts included '' The People vs. Paul Crump'' (1962), which won an award at the San Francisco International Film Festival and contributed to the commutation of Crump's death sentence. Its success helped Friedkin get a job with producer David L. Wolper. He also made the football-themed documentary '' Mayhem on a Sunday Afternoon'' (1965).

Career

1965–1979

As mentioned in his voice-over commentary on the DVD re-release of Alfred Hitchcock's ''Vertigo'', Friedkin directed one of the last episodes of '' The Alfred Hitchcock Hour'' in 1965, called "Off Season". Hitchcock admonished Friedkin for not wearing a tie while directing.

In 1965, Friedkin moved to Hollywood and two years later released his first feature film, '' Good Times'' starring Sonny and Cher. He has referred to the film as "unwatchable". Several other films followed: '' The Birthday Party'', based on an unpublished screenplay by Harold Pinter, which he adapted from his own play; the musical comedy '' The Night They Raided Minsky's'', starring Jason Robards and Britt Ekland; and the adaptation of Mart Crowley's play '' The Boys in the Band''.

His next film, '' The French Connection'', was released to wide critical acclaim in 1971. Shot in a gritty style more suited for documentaries than Hollywood features, the film won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. Friedkin's next film was 1973's ''The Exorcist'', based on William Peter Blatty's best-selling novel, which revolutionized the horror genre and is considered by some critics to be one of the greatest horror movies of all time. ''The Exorcist'' was nominated for 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. It won for Best Screenplay and Best Sound. Following these two pictures, Friedkin, along with Francis Ford Coppola and Peter Bogdanovich, was deemed one of the premier directors of New Hollywood. In 1973, the trio announced the formation of an independent production company at Paramount Pictures, The Directors Company. Whereas Coppola directed '' The Conversation'' and Bogdanovich, the Henry James adaptation, '' Daisy Miller'', Friedkin abruptly left the company, which was soon closed by Paramount.

Friedkin's later movies did not achieve the same success. '' Sorcerer'' (1977), a $22 million American remake of the French classic '' The Wages of Fear'', co-produced by both Universal and Paramount, starring Roy Scheider, was overshadowed by the blockbuster box-office success of ''Star Wars'', which had been released exactly one week prior. Friedkin considered it his finest film, and was personally devastated by its financial and critical failure (as mentioned by Friedkin himself in the 1999 documentary series ''The Directors''). ''Sorcerer'' was shortly followed by the crime-comedy '' The Brink's Job'' (1978), based on the real-life Great Brink's Robbery in Boston, Massachusetts, which was also unsuccessful at the box-office.

1980–1999

In 1980, Friedkin directed an adaptation of the Gerald Walker crime thriller '' Cruising'', starring Al Pacino, which was protested during production and remains the subject of heated debate. It was critically assailed but performed moderately at the box office.

Friedkin had a heart attack on March 6, 1981, due to a genetic defect in his circumflex left coronary artery, and nearly died. He spent months in rehabilitation. His next picture was 1983's '' Deal of the Century'', a satire about arms dealing starring Chevy Chase, Gregory Hines, and Sigourney Weaver.

In 1985, Friedkin directed the music video for Barbra Streisand's rendition of the ''West Side Story'' song "Somewhere", which she recorded for her twenty-fourth studio LP, ''The Broadway Album''. He later appears as Streisand's interviewer (uncredited) on the television special, "Putting It Together: The Making of the Broadway Album".

The action/crime movie '' To Live and Die in L.A.'' (1985), starring William Petersen and Willem Dafoe, was a critical favorite and drew comparisons to Friedkin's own ''The French Connection'' (particularly for its car chase sequence), while his courtroom drama/thriller '' Rampage'' (1987) received a fairly positive review from Roger Ebert. He next directed the cult classic horror film ''The Guardian'' (1990) and the thriller ''Jade'' (1995), starring Linda Fiorentino. Though the latter received an unfavorable response from critics and audiences, he said it was one of the favorite films he directed.

2000–2023

In 2000, ''The Exorcist'' was re-released in theaters with extra footage and grossed $40 million in the U.S. alone. Friedkin directed the 2006 film '' Bug'' due to a positive experience watching the stage version in 2004. He was surprised to find that he was, metaphorically, on the same page as the playwright and felt that he could relate well to the story. The film won the FIPRESCI prize at the Cannes Film Festival. Later, Friedkin directed an episode of the TV series '' CSI: Crime Scene Investigation'' titled "Cockroaches", which re-teamed him with ''To Live and Die in L.A.'' star William Petersen. He directed again for ''CSI''s 200th episode, "Mascara".

In 2011, Friedkin directed '' Killer Joe'', a black comedy written by Tracy Letts based on Letts' play, and starring Matthew McConaughey, Emile Hirsch, Juno Temple, Gina Gershon, and Thomas Haden Church. ''Killer Joe'' premiered at the 68th Venice International Film Festival, prior to its North American debut at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival. It opened in U.S. theaters in July 2012, to some favorable reviews from critics but did poorly at the box office, possibly because of its restrictive NC-17 rating. In April 2013, Friedkin published a memoir, ''The Friedkin Connection''. He was presented with a lifetime achievement award at the 70th Venice International Film Festival in September. In 2017, Friedkin directed the documentary '' The Devil and Father Amorth'' about the ninth exorcism of a woman in the Italian village of Alatri. In August 2022, it was announced officially that Friedkin would be returning to film directing to helm an adaptation of the two-act play '' The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial'' with Kiefer Sutherland starring as Lt. Commander Queeg. The film was completed before Friedkin's death, and debuted in September 2023 in the out-of-competition category at the Venice Film Festival.

Influences

Friedkin cited Jean-Luc Godard, Federico Fellini, François Truffaut, and Akira Kurosawa as influences. Friedkin named Woody Allen as "the greatest living filmmaker".

In regard to influences of specific films on his films, Friedkin noted that ''The French Connection'' s documentary-like realism was the direct result of the influence of having seen '' Z'', a French film by Costa-Gavras:

Personal life

Friedkin was married four times:
* Jeanne Moreau, married February 8, 1977, and divorced in 1979.
* Lesley-Anne Down, married in 1982 and divorced in 1985."Names in the News." ''Associated Press.'' August 15, 1985.
* Kelly Lange, married on June 7, 1987, and divorced in 1990.
* Sherry Lansing, married on July 6, 1991.

While filming ''The Boys in the Band'' in 1970, Friedkin began a relationship with Kitty Hawks, daughter of director Howard Hawks. It lasted two years, during which the couple announced their engagement, but the relationship ended about 1972. Friedkin began a four-year relationship with Australian dancer and choreographer Jennifer Nairn-Smith in 1972. Although they announced an engagement twice, they never married. They had a son, Cedric, on November 27, 1976. Friedkin and his second wife, Lesley-Anne Down, also had a son, Jack, born in 1982. Friedkin was raised Jewish, but called himself an agnostic later in life, although he said that he strongly believed in the teachings of Jesus Christ.

Death

Friedkin died from heart failure and pneumonia at his home in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles on August 7, 2023.

Work

Film

Narrative films

Documentary films

Music videos

Television

TV series

TV movies

Stage

Operas

Plays

Unrealized projects

An LA Opera production of Wagner's '' Tannhäuser'' was announced by Friedkin, but a spokesperson revealed it had been delayed indefinitely. Friedkin had also been set to direct the premiere of an opera titled ''An Inconvenient Truth'' to debut in 2011, but he later departed from it when creative differences arose between him and the librettist. In 2013, it was reported that he would helm a stage production of Harold Pinter's '' The Birthday Party'' (which he had already directed as a feature film in 1968), for Geffen Playhouse. A cast including Katie Amess, Frances Barber, Steven Berkoff, Tim Roth and Nick Ullett was assembled, but the production was soon postponed for an unknown reason, and never revived.

Awards and nominations

Bibliography

* Friedkin, William. ''The Friedkin Connection: A Memoir.'' New York: HarperCollins, 2013.
* Friedkin, William. ''Conversations at the American Film Institute With the Great Moviemakers: The Next Generation.'' George Stevens, Jr., ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012.

References

Notes

Further reading

* Biskind, Peter. ''Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-And Rock 'N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood.'' New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998.
* Claggett, Thomas D. ''William Friedkin: Films of Aberration, Obsession, and Reality.'' Los Angeles: Silman-James Press, 2003.
* Derry, Charles, ed. ''Dark Dreams 2.0: A Psychological History of the Modern Horror Film From the 1950s to the 21st Century.'' Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2009.
* Edmonds, I. G. and Mimura, Reiko. ''The Oscar Directors.'' San Diego: A.S. Barnes, 1980.
* Emery, Robert J., ed. ''The Directors: In Their Own Words.'' Vol. 2. New York: TV Books, 1999.
* Hamm, Theodore. ''Rebel and a Cause: Caryl Chessman and the Politics of the Death Penalty in Postwar California, 1948–1974.'' Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2001.
* Segaloff, Nat. ''Hurricane Billy: The Stormy Life and Films of William Friedkin.'' New York: Morrow, 1990.
* Stevens, Jr., George, ed. ''Conversations at the American Film Institute With the Great Moviemakers: The Next Generation.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012.
* Wakeman, John. ''World Film Directors, 1945–1985.'' New York: Wilson, 1988.
* Walker, Elsie M. and Johnson, David T., eds. ''Conversations With Directors: An Anthology of Interviews From 'Literature/Film Quarterly'.'' Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2008.

External links

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"From 'Popeye' Doyle to Puccini: William Friedkin"
NPR's Robert Siegel interviews Friedkin, September 14, 2006

EXCL: Bug Director William Friedkin

''The Reeler'' interview with Friedkin

William Friedkin papers
Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

{{DEFAULTSORT:Friedkin, William
1935 births
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American male screenwriters
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Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement recipients
Directors of Best Picture Academy Award winners