William A. Darity Jr.
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William A. "Sandy" Darity Jr. (born April 19, 1953) is an American
economist An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social sciences, social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this ...
and social scientist at
Duke University Duke University is a Private university, private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity, North Carolina, Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1 ...
. Darity's research spans economic history, development economics, economic psychology, and the history of economic thought, but most of his research is devoted to group-based inequality, especially with respect to race and ethnicity. His 2005 paper in the Journal of Economics and Finance established Darity as the "founder of stratification economics." His varied research interests have also included the trans-Atlantic slave trade, African American reparations and the economics of black reparations, and social and economic policies that affect inequities by race and ethnicity. For the latter, he has been described as "perhaps the country’s leading scholar on the economics of racial inequality." He is currently the Samuel DuBois Cook Professor of Public Policy, African and African American Studies, and Economics at
Duke University Duke University is a Private university, private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity, North Carolina, Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1 ...
; he is also the director of the Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity at Duke University. Previously he was the Cary C. Boshamer Professor of Economics and Sociology at the
University of North Carolina The University of North Carolina is the Public university, public university system for the state of North Carolina. Overseeing the state's 16 public universities and the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, it is commonly referre ...
. Darity was a visiting scholar at the
Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve System (often shortened to the Federal Reserve, or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of ...
's board of governors in 1984, a fellow at the National Humanities Center (1989–1990), a Visiting Fellow at the Center for the Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (2011–2012), and a visiting senior fellow at the Russell Sage Foundation. For the 2022–2023 academic year, he is the Katherine Hampson Bessett Fellow at the Radcliffe Institute. He is also a former president of the National Economic Association (1986), the Southern Economic Association (1996), and the Association of Black Sociologists (2015–2017).


Early life, education

Darity was born in Norfolk, Virginia, and spent time in his childhood in Beirut, Lebanon;
Alexandria, Egypt Alexandria ( ; ) is the List of cities and towns in Egypt#Largest cities, second largest city in Egypt and the List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea, largest city on the Mediterranean coast. It lies at the western edge of the Nile ...
; and
Chapel Hill, North Carolina Chapel Hill is a town in Orange County, North Carolina, Orange and Durham County, North Carolina, Durham counties, North Carolina, United States. Its population was 61,960 in the 2020 United States census, making Chapel Hill the List of municipa ...
. His adolescent years were spent primarily in
Amherst, Massachusetts Amherst () is a city in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States, in the Connecticut River valley. Amherst has a council–manager form of government, and is considered a city under Massachusetts state law. Amherst is one of several Massach ...
. His parents were William A. Darity Sr., a long-time faculty member and the founding Dean of the School of Public Health at the
University of Massachusetts at Amherst The University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass Amherst) is a Public university, public land-grant university, land-grant research university in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States. It is the Flagship university, flagship campus of the Univer ...
, and Evangeline Royal Darity, a faculty member and administrator at
Smith College Smith College is a Private university, private Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts Women's colleges in the United States, women's college in Northampton, Massachusetts, United States. It was chartered in 1871 by Sophia Smit ...
and Mt. Holyoke College. He has one sibling, Janiki Evangelia Darity, who works as an attorney. Darity Jr. graduated
magna cum laude Latin honors are a system of Latin phrases used in some colleges and universities to indicate the level of distinction with which an academic degree has been earned. The system is primarily used in the United States. It is also used in some Sout ...
with a bachelor's degree from
Brown University Brown University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. It is the List of colonial colleges, seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the US, founded in 1764 as the ' ...
in 1974, where he earned honors in
economics Economics () is a behavioral science that studies the Production (economics), production, distribution (economics), distribution, and Consumption (economics), consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interac ...
and
political science Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and Power (social and political), power, and the analysis of political activities, political philosophy, political thought, polit ...
. He was named a Marshall Scholar after undergraduate school, and on the scholarship spent one year studying at the
London School of Economics and Political Science The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), established in 1895, is a public university, public research university in London, England, and a member institutions of the University of London, member institution of the University ...
. In 1978 he completed a
doctorate A doctorate (from Latin ''doctor'', meaning "teacher") or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism '' licentia docendi'' ("licence to teach ...
in economics at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a Private university, private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of moder ...
.


Academic career

In 1980, Darity became a staff economist in the research department of the National Urban League. He began a long period as a professor at the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC, UNC–Chapel Hill, or simply Carolina) is a public university, public research university in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. Chartered in 1789, the university first began enrolli ...
in 1983. He was then a visiting scholar at the
Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve System (often shortened to the Federal Reserve, or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of ...
's
Board of Governors A board of directors is a governing body that supervises the activities of a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government agency. The powers, duties, and responsibilities of a board of directors are determined by government regulations ...
in 1984. Darity has served as a director or on the board of a number of organizations. From 1989 to 1990 was a fellow at the National Humanities Center. He became a member of the
American Economic Association The American Economic Association (AEA) is a learned society in the field of economics, with approximately 23,000 members. It publishes several peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Review, an ...
's executive committee from 1993 to 1996, and in 1997 he was President of the Southern Economic Association. He is also a former president of the
National Economic Association The National Economic Association (NEA) is a learned society established in 1969, focused on initiatives in the field of economics. The purposes of the Association are "to promote the professional lives of minorities within the profession. In a ...
. He has served as a professor at
Grinnell College Grinnell College ( ) is a Private college, private Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college in Grinnell, Iowa, United States. It was founded in 1846 when a group of Congregationalism in the United States, Congregationalis ...
, the University of Maryland at College Park, the
University of Texas at Austin The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public university, public research university in Austin, Texas, United States. Founded in 1883, it is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System. With 53,082 stud ...
, Simmons College in Boston, and
Claremont McKenna College Claremont McKenna College (CMC) is a Private college, private Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college in Claremont, California. It has a curricular emphasis on government, economics, public affairs, finance, and internat ...
. From 2003 to 2005 he was a William and Camille Cosby Endowed Professor at
Spelman College Spelman College is a Private college, private, Historically black colleges and universities, historically black, Women's colleges in the United States, women's Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college in Atlanta, Georgia ...
. He has also either taught or served as a fellow at London School of Economics and Political Science, the
University of Tulsa The University of Tulsa (TU) is a Private university, private research university in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It has a historic affiliation with the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), Presbyterian Church, although it is now nondenominational, and the campus ...
and the Centro de Excelencia Empresarial ( Monterey, Mexico). Darity was awarded the 2012 Westerfield Award from the
National Economic Association The National Economic Association (NEA) is a learned society established in 1969, focused on initiatives in the field of economics. The purposes of the Association are "to promote the professional lives of minorities within the profession. In a ...
, their highest honor. Previous recipients include
Nobel Laureate The Nobel Prizes (, ) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in th ...
Sir W. Arthur Lewis, Phyllis Ann Wallace and Marcus Alexis. He was also honored as the Lewis-Oaxaca Distinguished Lecturer at the 2016 American Economic Association's Summer Mentoring Pipeline Conference. Other accolades include the 2021 Theodore W. Schultz Memorial Award and Lecture from the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, the 2021 Defender of Justice Award for Research and Advocacy from the North Carolina Justice Center, and the 2022 Raymond Gavins Distinguished Faculty Award from the Samuel DuBois Cook Society at Duke University. He has received honorary degrees from
Bard College Bard College is a private college, private Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. The campus overlooks the Hudson River and Catskill Mountains within the Hudson River Historic District ...
(2021) and
The New School The New School is a Private university, private research university in New York City. It was founded in 1919 as The New School for Social Research with an original mission dedicated to academic freedom and intellectual inquiry and a home for p ...
(2022). He was named a Fellow of the National Academy of Social Insurance in 2021 and the W.E.B. Du Bois Fellow of the American Academy of Political and Social Science in 2022. Darity was a
Harvard Radcliffe Institute The Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University, also known as the Harvard Radcliffe Institute, is an institute of Harvard University that fosters interdisciplinary research across the humanities, sciences, social sciences, arts ...
Fellow in the 2022–23 academic year. He was also a 2023 Distinguished Fellow of the Southern Economic Association and a 2024 Distinguished Fellow of the
American Economic Association The American Economic Association (AEA) is a learned society in the field of economics, with approximately 23,000 members. It publishes several peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Review, an ...
. In 2024 Darity received the William Spriggs Memorial Award from the
Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management The Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM) is an American organization whose focus is improving public policy Public policy is an institutionalized proposal or a Group decision-making, decided set of elements like laws, r ...
.


University of North Carolina

After joining the staff in 1983, Darity became the Cary C. Bohamer Professor of Economics and Sociology at the
University of North Carolina The University of North Carolina is the Public university, public university system for the state of North Carolina. Overseeing the state's 16 public universities and the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, it is commonly referre ...
He taught economics and was a research professor of public policy, African and African-American studies, and economics. He directed the economics department's undergraduate honors and graduate studies programs. In 2001 he was appointed Director of UNC's Institute of African American Research. The institute's stated mission is "to help lead scholarly investigation into all aspects of black life, as well as public and private policies and programs affecting their lives."


Duke University

As of 2014, Darity is Samuel DuBois Cook Professor of Public Policy, African and African American Studies, and Economics at
Duke University Duke University is a Private university, private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity, North Carolina, Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1 ...
. He is the founding director of the Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity (established 2015).


Publications

Darity has published more than 250 articles in professional journals, including the ''
American Economic Review The ''American Economic Review'' is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal first published by the American Economic Association in 1911. The current editor-in-chief is Erzo FP Luttmer, a professor of economics at Dartmouth College. The journal is ...
'', the ''
Journal of Economic Perspectives The ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'' (''JEP'') is an economic journal published by the American Economic Association. The journal was established in 1987. The JEP was founded by Joseph Stiglitz, Carl Shapiro, and Timothy Taylor. It is orien ...
'', the ''
Journal of Economic Literature The ''Journal of Economic Literature'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal, published by the American Economic Association, that surveys the academic literature in economics. It was established by Arthur Smithies in 1963 as the ''Journal of Econo ...
'', '' The Review of Black Political Economy'', the '' Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization'', the ''
American Sociological Review The ''American Sociological Review'' is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering all aspects of sociology. It is published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the American Sociological Association. It was established in 1936. It is along ...
'', the '' Journal of Socio-Economics'', and the '' Journal of Human Resources''. His research has also been featured on
National Public Radio National Public Radio (NPR) is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California. It serves as a national Radio syndication, syndicator to a network of more ...
and PBS. He has made editorial contributions to news outlets including the ''
New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'', the ''
Washington Post ''The Washington Post'', locally known as ''The'' ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'' or ''WP'', is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital. It is the most widely circulated newspaper in the Washington m ...
'', the ''
Philadelphia Inquirer ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'', often referred to simply as ''The Inquirer'', is a daily newspaper headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded on June 1, 1829, ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'' is the third-longest continuously operating da ...
'', the '' Philadelphia Tribune'', the ''
Boston Globe ''The Boston Globe,'' also known locally as ''the Globe'', is an American daily newspaper founded and based in Boston, Massachusetts. The newspaper has won a total of 27 Pulitzer Prizes. ''The Boston Globe'' is the oldest and largest daily new ...
'', Bloomberg, the ''
Los Angeles Times The ''Los Angeles Times'' is an American Newspaper#Daily, daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles city of El Segundo, California, El Segundo since 2018, it is the List of new ...
'', and '' Black Star News''. In 2008, Darity was editor-in-chief of the '' International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences''.


Research


Focus

Darity's research has been wide-ranging, but a central organizing theme of his work has been exploration of multiple aspects of economic inequality. That interest has led him to examine the phenomenon of colorism, discrimination in the
labor market Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the Market (economics), markets for wage labour. Labour (human activity), Labour is a commodity that is supplied by labourers, usually in exchange for a wage paid by demanding ...
and "marriage market" outcomes, parallels between caste inequality in India and racial inequality in the United States, ethnic diversity and conflict, the social psychological effects of exposure to unemployment, and schooling and the racial achievement gap. At the international level, Darity has studied financial crises in
developing countries A developing country is a sovereign state with a less-developed Secondary sector of the economy, industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to developed countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. ...
, North-South theories of development and trade, and the relationship between the Trans-Atlantic slave trade and the
Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succee ...
. He also has examined the relationship between research in the social sciences on race and racism and African American fictional literature and film. Darity has published extensively on racial economic inequality, wealth disparities, and reparations. His 2020 book "From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century," co-authored with A. Kirsten Mullen, presents a comprehensive case for reparations for descendants of enslaved people in the United States.


Stratification Economics

Darity coined the term "stratification economics" in 2005, establishing a subfield that insights from economics, sociology, and social psychology to explain persistent group-based economic disparities Darity's work draws from diverse intellectual traditions, including Veblenian evolutionary economics, Du Bois's historical empiricism, and
social identity theory Social identity is the portion of an individual's self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group. As originally formulated by social psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s and the 1980s, social id ...
to create a comprehensive framework for understanding group inequality. Darity's contributions synthesize these perspectives to argue that the maintenance of social hierarchies serves the material interests of dominant groups. His work emphasizes that discrimination is not merely a market imperfection but a strategic behavior that preserves advantageous positions. This theoretical foundation has economic and policy implications, as Darity argues that addressing human capital disparities alone is insufficient, and challenges neoclassical economic theories that view discrimination as irrational market behavior. Darity's economic research suggests that dominant groups rationally maintain economic hierarchies through collective action and institutional mechanisms, and that broad public interventions and identity-conscious policies are needed to disrupt entrenched patterns of stratification.


Notable studies


Discrimination in employment

With Samuel Myers Jr., Darity conducted a series of studies on the statistical measurement of discrimination in labor markets. In 1998, he published his most cited paper with Patrick Mason in the Journal of Economic Perspective where they advanced a detailed critique of the two dominant theoretical approaches to discrimination in economics, the taste and the statistical models. His research with Arthur Goldsmith on the psycho-emotional impact of joblessness led to a companion study demonstrating that taking into account motivation more than offset the negative impact on estimates of discrimination from inclusion of measures of Armed Forces Qualification Test Scores in the analysis. With Major Coleman and Rhonda Sharpe, Darity was a member of a team that found in a paper published in the American Journal of Economics and Sociology in 2008 that white workers tend to grossly over-report their exposure to discrimination in the workplace, while black workers tend to grossly under-report their exposure to discrimination in the workplace.


Baby bonds program

With economist Darrick Hamilton, Darity has proposed a federal asset building program aimed at remediating the racial wealth gap. Popularly labeled " baby bonds," the program calls for the issuance of a publicly funded trust account for each newborn child accessible when the child reaches young adulthood. The amount of the trust account is to be calibrated on the basis of the child's family's wealth position.


Job guarantee

A long-time advocate of a federal job guarantee, in 2012, in response to the protracted economic crisis produced by the Great Recession, Darity called for establishment of the National Investment Employment Corps, assuring all U.S. citizens over the age of 18 employed work at a salary above the poverty line as well as the standard benefits package for all civil servants, including medical coverage and retirement savings.


Reparations

In 1989, while preparing the introduction for a volume of essays, edited by Richard America, by economists gauging the size of a reparations fund for African Americans, Darity became convinced that a program of redress of this type is an essential step that must be taken by the nation. He has spent the subsequent three decades doing intensive research on and engaged in advocacy for black reparations. As early as 2003, he published a paper coauthored with Dania Frank Francis in the proceedings of the American Economic Association called “The Economics of Reparations.” Subsequently, in 2008, he published the article “Forty Acres and a Mule in the Twenty-First Century” in ''Social Science Quarterly''. In 2020, with A. Kirsten Mullen, he published ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century'', a book that synthesized and extended his previous work on the topic. As a leading voice in the current national conversation on African American reparations, Darity argues recipients must be black Americans whose ancestors were enslaved in the United States, the monetary target must be sufficient funds to eliminate black-white differences in average wealth, the federal government must execute the program, and the major form of outlays must be direct payments to eligible recipients.


Partial publication history

*''Labor Economics: Problems in Analyzing Labor Markets'' (1992, editor) *''Macroeconomics'' (1994, co-author) *''Persistent Disparity: Race and Economic inequality in the United States since 1945'' (1999, co-author) * ''Boundaries of Clan and Color: Transnational Comparisons of Inter-Group Disparity'' (2003, co-editor) * ''Economics, Economists, and Expectations: Microfoundations to Macroapplications'' (2004, co-author) * '' International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences'' (2007, editor-in-chief) *''International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences Volume 2: Cohabitation Ethics in Experimentation'' (2007, editor-in-chief) *''For-Profit Universities: The Shifting Landscape of Marketized Higher Education'' (2017, editor) *''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twentieth Century'' (2020, co-author) *''The Black Reparations Project: A Handbook for Racial Justice'' (2023, co-editor)


References


External links

*
Complete publication history

Interview on BlogTalkRadio
March 2010)
OurCommonGround.com
* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Darity, Sandy, Jr. Living people 1953 births Brown University alumni Alumni of the London School of Economics MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni 20th-century American economists 21st-century American economists African-American economists Grinnell College faculty University of Maryland, College Park faculty University of Texas at Austin faculty Simmons University faculty Claremont McKenna College faculty Spelman College faculty Academics of the London School of Economics University of Tulsa faculty University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty Duke University faculty American macroeconomists Marshall Scholars American public economists Black studies scholars American economic historians Welfare economists Political economists American labor economists Cultural economists Historians from California Presidents of the National Economic Association Radcliffe fellows