Voice classification

A voice type is a classification of the human singing voice into perceivable categories or groups. Particular human singing voices are identified as having certain qualities or characteristics of vocal range, vocal weight, tessitura, vocal timbre, and vocal transition points ('' passaggio''), such as breaks and lifts within the voice. Other considerations are physical characteristics, speech level, scientific testing, and vocal register. A singer's voice type is identified by a process known as voice classification, by which the human voice is evaluated and thereby designated into a particular voice type. The discipline of voice classification developed within European classical music and is not generally applicable to other forms of singing. Voice classification is often used within opera to associate possible roles with potential voices. Several different voice classification systems are available to identify voice types, including the German '' Fach'' system and the choral music system among many others; no system is universally applied or accepted.

Voice classification is a tool for singers, composers, venues, and listeners to categorize vocal properties and to associate roles with voices. While useful, voice classification systems have been used too rigidly, i.e. a house assigning a singer to a specific type and only casting them in roles they consider belonging to this category.
While choral singers are classified into voice parts based on their vocal range, solo singers are classified into voice types based more on their tessitura – where their voice feels most comfortable for the majority of the time.

Singers ultimately choose a repertoire that suits their instrument. Some singers such as Enrico Caruso, Rosa Ponselle, Joan Sutherland, Maria Callas, Ewa Podleś, or Plácido Domingo have voices that enable them to sing roles from a range of types; some singers such as Shirley Verrett or Grace Bumbry change type and even voice part over their careers; and some singers such as Leonie Rysanek have voices that lower with age, causing them to cycle through types over their careers. Some roles as well are hard to classify, having very unusual vocal requirements; Mozart wrote many of his roles for specific singers who often had remarkable voices, and some of Verdi's early works make extreme demands on his singers.

Voice types

Many different voice types are used in vocal pedagogy in a variety of voice classification systems. Most of these types, however, are sub-types that fall under seven different major voice categories that are for the most part acknowledged across all of the major voice classification systems. Women are typically divided into three groups: soprano, mezzo-soprano, and contralto. Men are usually divided into four groups: countertenor, tenor, baritone, and bass. When considering the pre-pubescent male voice an eighth term, treble, can be applied. Within each of these major categories, there are several sub-categories that identify specific vocal qualities like coloratura facility and vocal weight to differentiate between voices.

Female voices

Alto

“Alto” is a general term for a lower female voice, or the voice itself. In choruses, the alto part is the second highest, sung by either high men or low women. In four-part voice leading, alto is higher than the tenor. The term “alto” comes from the Latin word altus, meaning “high”. It originally referred to a man's high voice, singing falsetto. In Renaissance music, contratenor altus referred to the part above the tenor

Soprano

Soprano range: The soprano is the highest singing voice. The typical soprano voice lies between C₄ (middle C) and C₆ (''high C''). The low extreme for sopranos is roughly A₃ (just below middle C). Most soprano roles do not extend above C₆ although there are several standard soprano roles that call for D₆. At the highest extreme, some coloratura soprano roles may reach to F₆ (the F above ''high C'').

Soprano tessitura: The tessitura of the soprano voice lies higher than all the other voices except the sopranino. In particular, the coloratura soprano has the highest tessitura of all the soprano subtypes.

Soprano subtypes: As with all voice types, sopranos are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of voice, and dexterity of the voice. Sopranos are often broken down into five subcategories: coloratura soprano, soubrette, lyric soprano, spinto soprano, and dramatic soprano.

Two types of soprano especially dear to the French are the '' Dugazon'' and the ''Falcon'', which are intermediate voice types between the soprano and the mezzo soprano. A Dugazon is a darker-colored soubrette. A Falcon is a darker-colored soprano drammatico.

Mezzo-soprano

Mezzo-soprano range: The mezzo-soprano is the middle-range voice type for females. The mezzo-soprano voice lies between the soprano voice and contralto voice, over-lapping both of them. The typical range of this voice is between A₃ (the A below middle C) to A₅ (two octaves higher). In the lower and upper extremes, some mezzo-sopranos may extend down to F₃ (the F below middle C) and as high as C₆ (''high C'').

Mezzo-soprano tessitura: Although this voice overlaps both the contralto and soprano voices, the tessitura of the mezzo-soprano is lower than that of the soprano and higher than that of the contralto.

Mezzo-soprano subtypes: Mezzo-sopranos are often broken down into three subcategories: Lyric mezzo-soprano, Coloratura mezzo-soprano and Dramatic mezzo-soprano.

Contralto

Contralto range: The contralto voice is the lowest female voice. A true operatic contralto is rare, so much so that often roles intended for contraltos are performed by mezzo-sopranos. The typical contralto range lies between F₃ (the F below middle C) to F₅ (the second F above middle C). In the lower and upper extremes some contralto voices can sing from D₃ (the D below middle C) to B₅ (the second B-flat above), one whole step short of the soprano ''high C''.

Contralto tessitura:
The contralto voice has the lowest tessitura of the female voices. In current operatic practice, female singers with very low vocal tessituras are often included among mezzo-sopranos.

Contralto subtypes: Contraltos are often broken down into three subcategories: coloratura contralto, lyric contralto and dramatic contralto. A soprano sfogato is a contralto who has an extended high range reaching the soprano ''high C''.

Male voices

Countertenor

Countertenor range: The countertenor is the highest male voice, and is therefore sometimes labeled alto. Many countertenor singers perform roles originally written for a castrato in baroque operas. Except for a few very rare voices (such as the American male soprano Michael Maniaci or singers with a disorder such as Kallmann syndrome), singers called countertenors generally sing in the falsetto register, sometimes using their modal voice for the lowest notes. Historically, there is much evidence that the countertenor, in England at least, also designated a very high tenor voice, the equivalent of the French ''haute-contre''. Until about 1830, all male voices used some falsetto-type voice production in their upper range. Countertenor voices span a broad range, covering C₄ to C₆ (some as high as F₆) to a range just above tenor covering D₃ to about D₅.

Countertenor subtypes:
Countertenors are often broken down into three subcategories: sopranist or "male soprano", the "male alto", and the castrato. The last actual castrato singer, Alessandro Moreschi, died in 1922.

Tenor

Tenor range: The tenor is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between C₃ (one octave below middle C) to C₅ (one octave above middle C). The low extreme for tenors is roughly B₂ (the second B-flat below middle C). At the highest extreme, some tenors can sing up to F₅ (the second F above middle C).

Tenor tessitura: The tessitura of the tenor voice lies above the baritone voice and below the countertenor voice. The ''leggero'' tenor has the highest tessitura of all the tenor subtypes.

Tenor subtypes: Tenors are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Tenors are often broken down into seven subcategories: ''tenore contraltino'', ''leggero'' tenor or '' tenore di grazia'', lyric tenor, spinto tenor or ''tenore spinto'', dramatic tenor, heldentenor, and baritenor. Famous tenors include Enrico Caruso, Juan Diego Flórez, Alfredo Kraus, and Luciano Pavarotti.

Baritone

Baritone range: The vocal range of the baritone lies between the bass and tenor ranges, overlapping both of them. The typical baritone range is from A₂ (the second A below middle C) to A₄ (the A above middle C). A baritone's range might extend down to F₂ or up to C₅. The baritone is the most common type of male voice.

Baritone tessitura: Although this voice overlaps both the tenor and bass voices, the tessitura of the baritone is lower than that of the tenor and higher than that of the bass.

Baritone subtypes: Baritones are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Baritones are often broken down into nine subcategories: baryton-Martin, lyric baritone, bel canto or coloratura baritone, ''kavalierbariton'', heldenbaritone, Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, ''baryton-noble'', and bass-baritone.

Bass

Bass range: The bass is the lowest male voice. The bass voice has the lowest tessitura of all the voices. The typical bass range lies between E₂ (the second E below middle C) to E₄ (the E above middle C). In the lower and upper extremes of the bass voice, some basses can sing from C₂ (two octaves below middle C) to G₄ (the G above middle C).

Bass subtypes: Basses are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Basses are often broken down into six subcategories: basso profondo, basso buffo, bel canto bass, basso cantante, dramatic bass, and bass-baritone.

Children's voices

The voice from childhood to adulthood

The human voice is in a constant state of change and development just as the whole body is in a state of constant change. A human voice will alter as a person gets older moving from immaturity to maturity to a peak period of prime singing and then ultimately into a declining period. The vocal range and timbre of children's voices does not have the variety that adults' voices have. Both boys and girls prior to puberty have an equivalent vocal range and timbre. The reason for this is that both groups have a similar larynx size and height and a similar vocal cord structure. With the onset of puberty, both men and women's voices alter as the vocal ligaments become more defined and the laryngeal cartilages harden. The laryngeal structure of both voices change but more so in men. The height of the male larynx becomes much longer than in women. The size and development of adult lungs also changes what the voice is physically capable of doing. From the onset of puberty to approximately age 22, the human voice is in an in-between phase where it is not quite a child's voice nor an adult one yet. This is not to suggest that the voice stops changing at that age. Different singers will reach adult development earlier or later than others, and as stated above there are continual changes throughout adulthood as well.PowerPoint Presentation
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Treble

Treble can refer to either a young female or young male singer with an unchanged voice in the mezzo-soprano range. Initially, the term was associated with boy sopranos but as the inclusion of girls into children's choirs became acceptable in the 20th century the term has expanded to refer to all pre-pubescent voices. The lumping of children's voices into one category is also practical as boys and girls share a similar range and timbre.

Treble range:
Most trebles have an approximate range from A₃ (the A below middle C) to F₅ (the F one and a half octaves above middle C). Some trebles, however, can extend their voices higher in the modal register to C₆ (''high C''). This ability may be comparatively rare, but the Anglican church repertory, which many trained trebles sing, frequently demands A₅. Many trebles are also able to reach higher notes by use of the whistle register but this practice is rarely called for in performance.

Classifying singers

Vocal pedagogues generally consider four main qualities of a human voice when attempting to classify it: vocal range, tessitura, timbre, and vocal transition points known as '' passaggio''. However, teachers may also consider physical characteristics, speech level, scientific testing, and other factors such as vocal register. Voice classification into the correct voice type is important for vocal pedagogues and singers as a guiding tool for the development of the voice.

Misclassification of a singer's voice type is dangerous. It can damage the vocal cords, shorten a singing career, and lead to the loss of both vocal beauty and free vocal production. Some of these dangers are not immediate ones; the human voice is quite resilient, especially in early adulthood, and the damage may not make its appearance for months or even years. Unfortunately, this lack of apparent immediate harm can cause singers to develop bad habits that will over time cause irreparable damage to the voice. Singing outside the natural vocal range imposes a serious strain upon the voice. Clinical evidence indicates that singing at a pitch level that is either too high or too low creates vocal pathology.
According to vocal pedagogue Margaret Greene, "The need for choosing the correct natural range of the voice is of great importance in singing since the outer ends of the singing range need very careful production and should not be overworked, even in trained voices."
Singing at either extreme of the range may be damaging, but the possibility of damage seems to be much more prevalent in too high a classification. A number of medical authorities have indicated that singing at too high a pitch level may contribute to certain vocal disorders. Medical evidence indicates that singing at too high of a pitch level may lead to the development of vocal nodules. Increasing tension on the vocal cords is one of the means of raising pitch. Singing above an individual's best tessitura keeps the vocal cords under a great deal of unnecessary tension for long periods of time, and the possibility of vocal abuse is greatly increased. Singing at too low a pitch level is not as likely to be damaging unless a singer tries to force the voice down.

Dangers of quick identification

Many vocal pedagogues warn of the dangers of quick identification. Premature concern with classification can result in misclassification, with all its attendant dangers. Notable vocal pedagogue William Vennard has stated, "I never feel any urgency about classifying a beginning student. So many premature diagnoses have been proved wrong, and it can be harmful to the student and embarrassing to the teacher to keep striving for an ill-chosen goal. It is best to begin in the middle part of the voice and work upward and downward until the voice classifies itself."
Most vocal pedagogues believe that it is essential to establish good vocal habits within a limited and comfortable range before attempting to classify the voice. When techniques of posture, breathing, phonation, resonation, and articulation have become established in this comfortable area, the true quality of the voice will emerge and the upper and lower limits of the range can be explored safely. Only then can a tentative classification be arrived at, and it may be adjusted as the voice continues to develop. Many vocal pedagogues suggest that teachers begin by assuming that a voice is of a medium classification until it proves otherwise. The reason for this is that the majority of individuals possess medium voices and therefore this approach is less likely to misclassify or damage the voice.

Choral music classification

Unlike other classification systems, choral music divides voices solely on the basis of vocal range. Choral music most commonly divides vocal parts into high and low voices within each sex: soprano and alto vocal ranges for females, tenor and bass vocal ranges for males (SATB), and occasionally treble for children. As a result, the typical chorus affords many opportunities for misclassification to occur. Since most people have medium voices, they are often assigned a part that is either too high or too low for them; the mezzo-soprano must sing soprano or alto and the baritone must sing tenor or bass. Either option can present problems for the singer, but for most singers there are fewer dangers in singing too low, than in singing too high.

See also

* Voice classification in non-classical music
* Place of articulation
* Bel canto
* Puberphonia
* Vocal music

References

Further reading

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External links

Singwise: Understanding Vocal Range, Vocal Registers and Voice TypeCollection of librettos and translationsVerdi librettos
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Aria database

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Voice types
Opera terminology