
VistaVision is a higher resolution,
widescreen
Widescreen images are displayed within a set of aspect ratio (image), aspect ratios (relationship of image width to height) used in film, television and computer screens. In film, a widescreen film is any film image with a width-to-height aspect ...
variant of the
35 mm motion picture film format that was created by engineers at
Paramount Pictures
Paramount Pictures Corporation, commonly known as Paramount Pictures or simply Paramount, is an American film production company, production and Distribution (marketing), distribution company and the flagship namesake subsidiary of Paramount ...
in 1954.
Paramount did not use
anamorphic
Anamorphic format is a cinematography technique that captures widescreen images using recording media with narrower native Aspect ratio (image), aspect ratios. Originally developed for 35 mm movie film, 35 mm film to create widescreen pres ...
processes such as
CinemaScope
CinemaScope is an anamorphic format, anamorphic lens series used, from 1953 to 1967, and less often later, for shooting widescreen films that, crucially, could be screened in theatres using existing equipment, albeit with a lens adapter.
Its cr ...
but refined the quality of its flat widescreen system by orienting the 35 mm negative horizontally in the camera gate and shooting onto a larger area, which yielded a finer-grained projection print.
As finer-grained film stocks appeared on the market, VistaVision became obsolete. Paramount dropped the format after only seven years, although for another 40 years the format was used by some European and Japanese producers for feature films and by
American films such as the first three ''
Star Wars
''Star Wars'' is an American epic film, epic space opera media franchise created by George Lucas, which began with the Star Wars (film), eponymous 1977 film and Cultural impact of Star Wars, quickly became a worldwide popular culture, pop cu ...
'' films for
high-resolution
Image resolution is the level of detail of an image. The term applies to digital images, film images, and other types of images. "Higher resolution" means more image detail.
Image resolution can be measured in various ways. Resolution quantifies ...
special-effects sequences.
In many ways, VistaVision was a testing ground for cinematography ideas that evolved into
70 mm IMAX
IMAX is a proprietary system of High-definition video, high-resolution cameras, film formats, film projectors, and movie theater, theaters known for having very large screens with a tall aspect ratio (image), aspect ratio (approximately ei ...
and
OMNIMAX film formats in the 1970s. Both IMAX and OMNIMAX are oriented sideways, as is VistaVision.
History
As a response to an industry recession caused largely by the popularity of
television
Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. Additionally, the term can refer to a physical television set rather than the medium of transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertising, ...
, the Hollywood studios turned to large-format films in order to regain audience attendance. In 1952, the spherical format
Cinerama debuted in September, and consisted of three strips of 35 mm film projected side-by-side onto a giant,
curved screen, augmented by seven channels of
stereophonic sound
Stereophonic sound, commonly shortened to stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that recreates a multi-directional, 3-dimensional audible perspective. This is usually achieved by using two independent audio channels through a configurat ...
. In 1953,
Twentieth Century-Fox announced the introduction of a simpler version of Cinerama using
anamorphic
Anamorphic format is a cinematography technique that captures widescreen images using recording media with narrower native Aspect ratio (image), aspect ratios. Originally developed for 35 mm movie film, 35 mm film to create widescreen pres ...
lenses instead of multiple film strips, a widescreen process later known as
CinemaScope
CinemaScope is an anamorphic format, anamorphic lens series used, from 1953 to 1967, and less often later, for shooting widescreen films that, crucially, could be screened in theatres using existing equipment, albeit with a lens adapter.
Its cr ...
.
By January 1953, Paramount Pictures decided to convert ''
Sangaree'' (1953) into a 3D production, which had originally been filmed "flat" for the prior two weeks. When the film was screened for Paramount president
Barney Balaban, he talked in length with
Spyros Skouras
Spyros Panagiotis Skouras (; ; March 28, 1893 – August 16, 1971) was a Greek-American motion picture pioneer and film executive who was the president of 20th Century-Fox from 1942 to 1962. He resigned June 27, 1962, but was chairman of the comp ...
, president of Twentieth Century-Fox, in which Balaban stated he had preferred the CinemaScope process. By the next month, Paramount Pictures devised its own system to augment its
3-D process, known as Paravision. This process utilized a screen size that yielded an
aspect ratio
The aspect ratio of a geometry, geometric shape is the ratio of its sizes in different dimensions. For example, the aspect ratio of a rectangle is the ratio of its longer side to its shorter side—the ratio of width to height, when the rectangl ...
of five units wide by three units high. The first film released by Paramount to use the Paravision process was ''
Red Garters'' (1954).
This "flat" widescreen process was adopted by other studios, and by the end of 1953, more than half of the theaters in the U.S. had installed wide screens. However, because a smaller portion of the image was used and magnification was increased, excessive grain and soft images plagued early widescreen presentations. Some studios sought to compensate for these effects by shooting color films with a full aperture gate (rather than the academy aperture) and then reducing the image in
Technicolor
Technicolor is a family of Color motion picture film, color motion picture processes. The first version, Process 1, was introduced in 1916, and improved versions followed over several decades.
Definitive Technicolor movies using three black-and ...
's optical printer. This process is a predecessor of today's
Super 35 format, which also uses a 1.85:1 ratio but one-third more frame area than does a standard 1.85:1 matted into a
4:3 ratio.
The idea behind VistaVision originated with John R. Bishop, the head of Paramount's camera department. He had been impressed with the Cinerama process, although he took exception to the blow-up process. He told ''
Popular Science Magazine'': "the negative is the bad boy. We simply can't store enough detail in its small size. Sit close to the screen, and your eyes tire. Too fuzzy, too grainy."
He became interested in projecting the widescreen image in sharp detail. He installed a Leica lens in a
Mitchell Camera after remembering an abandoned two-frame color system developed by the William P. Stein Company that exposed both negatives to form a single projection image. Bishop turned the camera on its side and shot a film test which proved successful.
In shooting in the VistaVision process, the film was run horizontally rather than vertically, and instead of exposing two simultaneous four-perforation frames, the entire eight perforations were used for one image.
The negative frame area was approximated to be 1.472 x 0.997 inches.
During its technical development, Paramount's camera technicians dubbed this process the "Lazy 8" system, by which the term "lazy" stood for the horizontal film path, and "8" for the eight-sprocket image width.
Paramount trade-named the process "VistaVision" early in 1954, and the first production to utilize the camera process was ''
White Christmas'' (1954). The process afforded a wider
aspect ratio
The aspect ratio of a geometry, geometric shape is the ratio of its sizes in different dimensions. For example, the aspect ratio of a rectangle is the ratio of its longer side to its shorter side—the ratio of width to height, when the rectangl ...
of 1.5:1 versus the conventional 1.37:1 Academy ratio, and a much larger image area. In order to satisfy theaters with various screen sizes, VistaVision films were shot so that they could be shown in one of three recommended
aspect ratios: 1.66:1, 1.85:1 and 2.00:1.
In its lead-up to ''White Christmas'', Paramount Pictures' publicity department stressed the CinemaScope process was "uncomfortably wide", in which their "VistaVision" process would emphasize that "height is as important as width."
By then, several theaters had been equipped with horizontal screen projectors for VistaVision's eight-sprocket image frame. For theater exhibitors that were not equipped, an alternate 35 mm film print was used with a compatible sound system known as the "
Perspecta Stereo", encoded in the optical track.
The VistaVision fanfare, heard in most of the films produced in this ratio, was composed by
Nathan Van Cleave.
''White Christmas'' held its West Coast premiere at the Warner Beverly Hills Theatre on October 27, 1954. The ''
Los Angeles Times
The ''Los Angeles Times'' is an American Newspaper#Daily, daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles city of El Segundo, California, El Segundo since 2018, it is the List of new ...
'' detailed the VistaVision process was "a simple innovation, but not easy to grasp" by which they noted the "enlargement and compression process gives the picture a depth of focus which enhances its clarity." Prior to its release, in March 1954, Paramount chief engineer
Loren L. Ryder believed that VistaVision would become the forerunner of widescreen projection for the following reasons:
* VistaVision could be shown at widescreen aspect ratios between 1.66 and 2.00:1.
* VistaVision could be (and most often was) further printed down to standard vertical 35 mm reels, keeping its 1.66:1 widescreen aspect ratio, which meant that exhibitors did not need to purchase additional projection equipment, as was often required for
CinemaScope
CinemaScope is an anamorphic format, anamorphic lens series used, from 1953 to 1967, and less often later, for shooting widescreen films that, crucially, could be screened in theatres using existing equipment, albeit with a lens adapter.
Its cr ...
.
* VistaVision did not force the elimination of seats in any theater (as did
Cinerama, and CinemaScope at first).
* VistaVision allowed patrons to see more and therefore gain more enjoyment from a film.
Following the film's release, Paramount reiterated its policy to have their standard film prints "available to play in any theatre anywhere in the world with no requirement that the exhibitor alter
heir
Inheritance is the practice of receiving private property, titles, debts, entitlements, privileges, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual. The rules of inheritance differ among societies and have changed over time. Offi ...
equipment in order to play a VistaVision picture." Subsequent Paramount films including ''
Strategic Air Command
Strategic Air Command (SAC) was a United States Department of Defense Specified Command and a United States Air Force (USAF) Major Command responsible for command and control of the strategic bomber and intercontinental ballistic missile compon ...
'' (1955), ''
To Catch a Thief'' (1955), ''
The Man Who Knew Too Much'' (1956), ''
The Ten Commandments'' (1956), ''
Funny Face'' (1957), and ''
Vertigo
Vertigo is a condition in which a person has the sensation that they are moving, or that objects around them are moving, when they are not. Often it feels like a spinning or swaying movement. It may be associated with nausea, vomiting, perspira ...
'' (1958) were filmed in VistaVision.
Though it was not as prevalent as CinemaScope, rival studios adopted the VistaVision process, including MGM's ''
High Society
High society, sometimes simply Society, is the behavior and lifestyle of people with the highest levels of wealth, power, fame and social status. It includes their related affiliations, social events and practices. Upscale social clubs were open ...
'' (1956), Warner Bros.' ''
The Searchers'' (1956), and
United Artists
United Artists (UA) is an American film production and film distribution, distribution company owned by Amazon MGM Studios. In its original operating period, it was founded in February 1919 by Charlie Chaplin, D. W. Griffith, Mary Pickford an ...
' ''
The Vikings'' (1958).
By the late 1950s, VistaVision became obsolete with the industry preference for
Panavision
Panavision Inc. is an American motion picture equipment company (law), company founded in 1954 specializing in cameras and photographic lens, lenses, based in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, Woodland Hills, California. Formed by Robert Gottschalk a ...
and more refinements in
Eastmancolor film stock. Paramount produced their last Vistavision film, ''
One-Eyed Jacks
''One-Eyed Jacks'' is a 1961 American Western film directed by and starring Marlon Brando, his only directorial credit. Brando portrays the lead character Rio, and Karl Malden plays his partner, "Dad" Longworth. The supporting cast features Pin ...
'' in 1961. By the 1960s, they adopted
Technirama as its primary widescreen projection system.
Since the last American VistaVision film, ''One-Eyed Jacks'' which began shooting in 1958 but was not released until 1961, the format would not be used as a primary imaging system for a feature film until 2024. However, VistaVision's high resolution made it attractive for some special-effects work within some later feature films.
Special-effects usage
In 1975, a small group of artists and technicians (including
Richard Edlund, who was to receive two Academy Awards for his work) revived the long-dormant format to create the special effects shots for
George Lucas
George Walton Lucas Jr. (born May 14, 1944) is an American filmmaker and philanthropist. He created the ''Star Wars'' and ''Indiana Jones'' franchises and founded Lucasfilm, LucasArts, Industrial Light & Magic and THX. He served as chairman ...
's space epic ''
Star Wars
''Star Wars'' is an American epic film, epic space opera media franchise created by George Lucas, which began with the Star Wars (film), eponymous 1977 film and Cultural impact of Star Wars, quickly became a worldwide popular culture, pop cu ...
''. A retooled VistaVision camera dubbed the
Dykstraflex (named for special effects master
John Dykstra) was used by the group (later called
Industrial Light & Magic
Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) is an American Film, motion picture visual effects, computer animation and stereo conversion digital studio founded by George Lucas on May 26, 1975. It is a division of the film production company Lucasfilm, which Lu ...
) in complex process shots. For more than two decades after this, VistaVision was often used as an originating and intermediate format for shooting
special effect
Special effects (often abbreviated as F/X or simply FX) are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game, amusement park and simulator industries to simulate the fictional events in a story or virtual world. ...
s because a larger negative area compensates against the increased grain created when shots are optically composited. By the early 21st century,
computer-generated imagery
Computer-generated imagery (CGI) is a specific-technology or application of computer graphics for creating or improving images in Digital art, art, Publishing, printed media, Training simulation, simulators, videos and video games. These images ...
, advanced film scanning,
digital intermediate methods and
film stock
Film stock is an analog medium that is used for recording motion pictures or animation. It is recorded on by a movie camera, developed,
edited, and projected onto a screen using a movie projector. It is a strip or sheet of transparent pl ...
s with higher resolutions optimized for special effects work had together rendered VistaVision mostly obsolete even for special effects work. Nevertheless, in 2008, ILM was still using the format in some production steps, such as for ''
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull'' is a 2008 American action adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg from a screenplay by David Koepp, based on a story by George Lucas and Jeff Nathanson. It is the fourth installm ...
'', and a VistaVision camera was used in the semi-trailer flip scene in ''
The Dark Knight
''The Dark Knight'' is a 2008 superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan, from a screenplay co-written with his brother Jonathan. Based on the DC Comics superhero Batman, it is the sequel to ''Batman Begins'' (2005), and the second inst ...
'' because there were not enough IMAX cameras to cover all of the angles needed for the shot. In 2010, certain key sequences of the film ''
Inception'' were shot in VistaVision, and in the film ''
Scott Pilgrim vs. the World'', shots that needed to be optically enlarged were shot in VistaVision.
Technical specifications
;VistaVision (8/35)
* Spherical lenses, usually adapted and remounted
Leica full-frame
Rangefinder camera lenses; SOM Berthiot made a special zoom just for VistaVision applications, but it saw very little use.
* Eight perforations per frame.
* Horizontal pulldown from right to left (viewed from emulsion side).
* Slightly less depth of field than that of vertical pulldown 35 mm.
* Camera
aperture of 1.485 inches (37.72 mm) by 0.981 inches (24.92 mm).
Films shot in VistaVision
1954's ''
White Christmas'' was the first Paramount film to utilize the VistaVision method, but perhaps the most well-known film to be filmed completely in VistaVision format is Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 film ''
Vertigo
Vertigo is a condition in which a person has the sensation that they are moving, or that objects around them are moving, when they are not. Often it feels like a spinning or swaying movement. It may be associated with nausea, vomiting, perspira ...
''. The use of VistaVision faded by the beginning of the 1960s, with ''
One-Eyed Jacks
''One-Eyed Jacks'' is a 1961 American Western film directed by and starring Marlon Brando, his only directorial credit. Brando portrays the lead character Rio, and Karl Malden plays his partner, "Dad" Longworth. The supporting cast features Pin ...
'' in 1961 being the last American film of the 20th Century to be shot entirely using the VistaVision process.
By the 21st century, however, the format saw a revival with ''
The Brutalist'' in 2024. That same year, it was reported that
Paul Thomas Anderson
Paul Thomas Anderson (born June 26, 1970), also known by his initials PTA, is an American filmmaker. Often described as one of the most preeminent writer-directors of his generation, List of awards and nominations received by Paul Thomas Anders ...
filmed his 2025 film ''
One Battle After Another'' in VistaVision, as well as
Yorgos Lanthimos's ''
Bugonia'' (2025) and
Alejandro González Iñárritu's
untitled 2026 film starring
Tom Cruise
Thomas Cruise Mapother IV (born July 3, 1962) is an American actor and film producer. Regarded as a Cinema of the United States, Hollywood icon, he has received List of awards and nominations received by Tom Cruise, various accolades, includ ...
.
Legacy
The camera numbered VistaVision #1 that was used on
Cecil B. DeMille's ''
The Ten Commandments'' and several
Alfred Hitchcock
Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English film director. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema. In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 featu ...
films was offered at auction on September 30, 2015 by
Profiles in History with an estimated value of US$30,000 to $50,000, with a winning bid of US$65,000.
[ (Auction took place September 30, 2015. Catalog 83MB PDF and Prices Realized List PDF available a]
ProfilesinHistory.com
.) Also offered at the same auction was VistaVision High Speed #1 (VVHS1), which was used to film the parting of the
Red Sea
The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and th ...
in ''The Ten Commandments'' and
special effects for ''Star Wars'' (winning bid: US$60,000.)
[ (Auction took place September 30, 2015. Catalog 83MB PDF and Prices Realized List PDF available a]
ProfilesinHistory.com
.)
The
RED Monstro & V-Raptor 8K VV sensors are modern incarnations of the VistaVision film format. Cameras that utilize the Monstro sensor include the Red Ranger Monstro, DSMC2 Monstro
and the
Panavision
Panavision Inc. is an American motion picture equipment company (law), company founded in 1954 specializing in cameras and photographic lens, lenses, based in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, Woodland Hills, California. Formed by Robert Gottschalk a ...
Millennium DXL & DXL2. Cameras that utilize the V-Raptor 8K VV sensor include the Red V-Raptor and the Red V-Raptor XL.
See also
*
Technirama
*
List of film formats
Notes
*
References
Bibliography
* "The Story of VistaVision" by Keith Wilson, ''
Cinema Retro,'' Vol. 11, Issue 31, 2015 (on US newsstands Feb 2015), pages 40–41. Large format magazine article with nine photos, including technical.
External links
VistaVisionat in70mm
VistaVision titlesat
IMDb
IMDb, historically known as the Internet Movie Database, is an online database of information related to films, television series, podcasts, home videos, video games, and streaming content online – including cast, production crew and biograp ...
VistaVision Wingat the Widescreen Museum
by
Robert A. Harris
VistaVision Referenceat the Widescreen Museum
at the Widescreen Museum
in the ''Theatre Catalog 1954-55''
{{Film formats
Motion picture film formats
Paramount Pictures