The Vienna Secession (; also known as the Union of Austrian Artists or ) is an

art movement An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific art philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined ...

, closely related to

Art Nouveau Art Nouveau ( ; ; ), Jugendstil and Sezessionstil in German, is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and ...

, that was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian painters, graphic artists, sculptors and architects, including Josef Hoffman, Koloman Moser, Otto Wagner and Gustav Klimt. They resigned from the Association of Austrian Artists (

Vienna Künstlerhaus The Künstlerhaus in Vienna's 1st district has accommodated the Künstlerhaus Vereinigung since 1868. It is located in the Ringstrassenzone in between Akademiestraße, Bösendorferstraße and Musikvereinsplatz. The building was erected betwee ...

) in protest against its support for more traditional artistic styles. Their most influential architectural work was the Secession exhibitions hall designed by Joseph Maria Olbrich as a venue for expositions of the group. Their official magazine was called '' Ver Sacrum'' (''Sacred Spring'', in Latin), which published highly stylised and influential works of graphic art. In 1905 the group itself split, when some of the most prominent members, including Klimt, Wagner, and Hoffmann, resigned in a dispute over priorities, but it continued to function, and still functions today, from its headquarters in the Secession Building. In its current form, the Secession exhibition gallery is independently led and managed by artists.

History

Founding

The Vienna Secession was founded on 3 April 1897 by artist Gustav Klimt, designer Koloman Moser, architects Josef Hoffmann and Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil, Wilhelm Bernatzik and others. The architect Otto Wagner joined the group shortly after it was founded. The goals stated at the founding included establishing contact and an exchange of ideas with artists outside Austria, disputing artistic nationalism, renewing the decorative arts; creating a "total art", that unified painting, architecture, and the decorative arts; and, in particular, opposing the domination of the official Vienna Academy of the Arts, the Vienna ''Künstlerhaus'', and official art salons, with its traditional orientation toward

Historicism Historicism is an approach to explaining the existence of phenomena, especially social and cultural practices (including ideas and beliefs), by studying the process or history by which they came about. The term is widely used in philosophy, ant ...

. The movement took its name from

Munich Secession The Munich Secession (German language, German Münchener Secession) was an association of visual artists who broke away from the mainstream Munich Artists' Association in 1892, to promote and defend their art in the face of what they considered ...

movement that was founded in 1892. The goals of the new movement in Vienna were expressed by the literary critic Hermann Bahr in the first issue of the new journal begun by the group, called ''Ver Sacrum'' ("Sacred Spring"). Bahr wrote, "Our art is not a combat of modern artists against those of the past, but the promotion of the arts against the peddlers who pose as artists and who have a commercial interest in not letting art bloom. The choice between commerce and art is the issue at stake in our Secession. It is not a debate over aesthetics, but a confrontation between two different spiritual states."Fahr-Becker, ''L'Art Nouveau'', pp. 335–340 In the beginning, the Secession had fifty members, and at its first gathering elected the painter Gustav Klimt as its president. Other founding or early members included the architect Josef Hoffmann, the designer Koloman Moser, the designer and architect Joseph Maria Olbrich, and the painters Max Kurzweil and

Alphonse Mucha Alfons Maria Mucha (; 24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939), known internationally as Alphonse Mucha, was a Czech painter, illustrator, and graphic artist. Living in Paris during the Art Nouveau period, he was widely known for his distinctly stylized ...

, who resided in Paris and was already famous for his Art Nouveau posters. The established painter Rudolf von Alt, eighty-five years old, was chosen as the Honorary President of the group, and he led a delegation with an invitation to the Emperor Franz-Joseph to attend the first Exposition. The first architectural project of the Secession was the creation of an exhibit space which would introduce international artists and art movements to Vienna. The architect was Joseph Maria Olbrich, a student of Otto Wagner; and his domed gallery building, with a sculptural frieze over the entrance, in the center of Vienna, became the symbol of the movement. It was the first dedicated gallery of contemporary art in the city. This helped make the French Impressionists and others familiar to the Viennese public. With the help of a network of art dealers such as Paul Cassirer, Durand-Ruel and Bernheim-Jeune and the support of the delegate of the Vienna Secession in Paris François-Rupert Carabin works by Bonnard, Degas, Denis, Manet, Monet, Morisot, Pissarro, Renoir, Sisley, Toulouse-Lautrec, Valloton, Vuillard etc. were presented in the Vienna Secession between 1899 and 1903. The 14th Secession exhibition in 1902, designed by Josef Hoffmann and dedicated to

Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is one of the most revered figures in the history of Western music; his works rank among the most performed of the classical music repertoire ...

, was especially famous. A statue of Beethoven by

Max Klinger Max Klinger (18 February 1857 – 5 July 1920) was a German artist who produced significant work in painting, sculpture, prints and graphics, as well as writing a treatise articulating his ideas on art and the role of graphic arts and printmakin ...

stood at the center, with Klimt's '' Beethoven Frieze'' mounted around it. The Klimt frieze has been restored and can be seen in the gallery today.

Split within the Secession

In 1899, Olbrich left Vienna to join the Darmstadt Artists' Colony. In 1900, he obtained Hessian citizenship and did not work in

Austria Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine Federal states of Austria, states, of which the capital Vienna is the List of largest cities in Aust ...

again. In 1903, Hoffmann and Moser founded the

Wiener Werkstätte The Wiener Werkstätte ("Vienna Workshop"), established in 1903 by the graphic designer and painter Koloman Moser, the architect Josef Hoffmann and the patron Fritz Waerndorfer, was a productive association in Vienna, Austria that brought to ...

as a fine-arts society with the goal of reforming the applied arts (arts and crafts). In 1907, Wiener Werkstätte and Hoffmann personally became founding members of

Deutscher Werkbund The Deutscher Werkbund (; ) is a German association of artists, architects, designers and industrialists established in 1907. The ''Werkbund'' became an important element in the development of modern architecture and industrial design, parti ...

. After the founding of the Wiener Werkstätte, it was above all the organisation of the world exhibition in

St. Louis St. Louis ( , sometimes referred to as St. Louis City, Saint Louis or STL) is an independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It lies near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a populatio ...

in 1904 that sparked differences in the Secession. This failed exhibition led to fierce opposition within the association. An important division soon emerged inside the Secession between those who wished to give precedence to the painters and the traditional fine arts, and others, including Klimt, Hoffmann, Wagner, Moser and others who favored equal treatment for the decorative arts. This dispute came to a head in 1905 when Galerie Miethke's artistic consultant (and a painter himself), Carl Moll, proposed that the Secession purchase the Gallery, as an outlet for its work. This was supported by Klimt, Wagner, Hoffmann, Moser, and others. The issue was put to a vote by the members, and Klimt and his supporters lost by a single vote. On 14 June 1905, Klimt, Hoffmann, Moser and a group of other artists resigned from the Secession. The following year, Klimt formed the group called ''Kunstschau'' (Art Show) or ''Klimtgruppe'' (Klimt group), which also included Moll and Otto Wagner, among other important Austrian artists.

Later years

The Secession continued to function after the departure of Klimt, Hoffmann, Wagner and their supporters, giving regular exhibitions in the Secession building, but they lacked the originality and excitement of the earlier period. The designer Peter Behrens became a member of the Secession in 1938. Under the regime of the

Nazi Party The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor ...

the Secession building was destroyed as a symbol of degenerate art, but was faithfully reconstructed following

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

. In 1945, following the War, Hoffmann rejoined the Vienna Secession, the artistic movement from which he, Klimt and Wagner had dramatically quit in 1905. He was elected President of the Secession from 1948 to 1950. The Secession continues to function today, holding regular exhibitions in the Secession Hall.

Genres of Art

Painting and Graphic Arts

File:Ernst_Stöhr,_Vampir,_1899.png, Vampire in Ver Sacrum #12 (1899) p. 8 by Ernst Stöhr File:Klimt - Beethovenfries - Mittelwand.jpg, Section of the Beethoven Frieze by Gustav Klimt in the Secession Building (1902) File:Alfred roller, XIV austellung... secession, vienna 1902, 02.jpg, Poster for the 14th Secession Exhibit (1902), by Alfred Roller File:Kolo Moser - Serpentinentänzerin - ca1902.jpeg, ''Dance'' by Koloman Moser (1902), inspired by dancer Loïe Fuller File:Maximilian_Liebenwein_-_aus_dem_Märchen_Die_Gänsemagd.jpg, Illustration to The Goose Girl by Maximilian Liebenwein, published in ''Ver Sacrum'' in 1902 File:Josef_Maria_Auchentaller_-_Plakat_Seebad_Grado_-_Leopold_Museum_1906.jpg, Advertising poster of Grado by Josef Maria Auchentaller (1906) File:Dame_in_Gelb_Max_Kurzweil_1907.jpg, Woman in a Yellow Dress by Max Kurzweil (1899) File:The Kiss - Gustav Klimt - Google Cultural Institute.jpg, The Kiss by Gustav Klimt (1907–08)

Architecture

Along with painters and sculptors, several prominent architects were associated with the Vienna Secession, most notably Joseph Maria Olbrich, Otto Wagner and Josef Hoffmann. In 1897–98 Olbrich designed the Secession Building to display the art of Klimt and the members of the group, and also by foreign artists, including Max Klinger,

Eugène Grasset Eugène Samuel Grasset (; 25 May 1845 – 23 October 1917) was a Swiss decorative artist who worked in Paris, France in a variety of creative design fields during the Belle Époque. He is considered a pioneer in Art Nouveau design. Biography ...

Charles Rennie Mackintosh Charles Rennie Mackintosh (7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928) was a Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist. His artistic approach had much in common with European Symbolism. His work, alongside that of his wife Margaret Macd ...

, and Arnold Böcklin. Josef Hoffmann became the principal designer of exhibitions at the Secession House. The dome and stylized facade became a symbol of the movement. A group of artists including Koloman Moser, Othmar Schimkowitz,

Jože Plečnik Jože Plečnik () (23 January 1872 – 7 January 1957) was a Slovenian architect who had a major impact on the modern architecture of Vienna, Prague and of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, most notably by designing the iconic Triple Bridge a ...

, and others, under the direction of architect Otto Wagner, decorated two apartment buildings Wagner designed; the Linke Wienzeile Buildings in 1898–1899. The building at Linke Wienzeile 40 is known as ''Majolikahaus'' or Majolica House. Its facade is entirely covered with

majolica In different periods of time and in different countries, the term ''majolica'' has been used for two distinct types of pottery. Firstly, from the mid-15th century onwards, ''maiolica'' was a type of pottery reaching Italy from Spain, Majorca a ...

, or colorful fired clay tiles in floral designs. The Art Nouveau ornaments of its facade was done by his student . The other building, ''Linke Wienzeile 38'', is known as ''House with medallions'' because of its decor of gilded stucco medallions by Wagner's student and frequent collaborator, Koloman Moser. The most ornate earlier decoration was removed but later restored. During this period, Otto Wagner also built extraordinarily stylized stations for the new Vienna urban transport system, the Stadtbahn, which also became the symbols of the Secession style. The most famous of these is the Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station in the center of Vienna, Joseph Maria Olbrich was his collaborator for this project. The style of these buildings marked a transition toward more geometric forms, and the beginnings of modernism. Wagner's later buildings built after 1899, including the Church of St. Leopold (1902–1907) and especially the

Austrian Postal Savings Bank The Austrian Postal Savings Bank building (, ) is a famous building in Vienna, designed and built by the architect Otto Wagner. The building is regarded as an important work of the Vienna Secession movement, a branch of Art Nouveau. It was cons ...

(1903–1906, extended at 1910–12), had straight lines and geometric forms, a striking use of new materials, such reinforced concrete and aluminum, and a minimum of decoration on the facade or inside. The work of Josef Hoffmann also showed a gradual transition away from floral designs and curving lines. His best-known building, the Stoclet Palace in Brussels, had a tower of stacked cubic forms, minimum ornament on the facade, and an interior of right angles and geometric designs. The only Art Nouveau elements were the murals by Gustav Klimt. The Stoclet Palace best illustrated Hoffmann's transition from Art Nouveau toward modernism. Secession 2016, Vienna.jpg, Secession Building by Joseph Maria Olbrich (1897–98) Majolikahaus_Detail_10.JPG, Floral design by Alois Ludwig on the facade of one of the Linke Wienzeile Buildings by Otto Wagner (1898) Wienzeile.JPG, A medallion by Koloman Moser and sculptures by Othmar Schimkowitz at Linke Wienzeile 38 (1898) Penzing (Wien) - Kirche am Steinhof (2).JPG, Church of St. Leopold by Otto Wagner (1902–1907) Wien - Österreichische Postsparkasse, Georg-Coch-Platz.JPG,

by Otto Wagner (1904-1912) Woluwe-St-Pierre - Hoffmann 050917 (1).jpg, Stoclet Palace by

Josef Hoffmann Josef Hoffmann (15 December 1870 – 7 May 1956) was an Austrians, Austrian-Sudeten Germans, Moravian architect and designer. He was among the founders of Vienna Secession and co-establisher of the Wiener Werkstätte. His most famous architect ...

in Brussels (1905–1911)

Furniture

Secession architects often designed furniture to accompany their architectural projects, along with carpets, lamps, wallpaper, and even bathroom fixtures and even towels. The furniture presented by the Secession at the 1900 Paris Universal Exposition was particularly praised, and won international attention for its creators, including Else Unger and Emilio Zago. Later in the movement, in 1902, the architect Otto Wagner designed chairs using modern materials, including aluminum, combined with wood, to match the architecture of his Austrian Postal Savings Bank building. In 1905 Josef Hoffmann produced an adjustable-backed chair which reflected the more geometric forms of the late Secession. File:Otto wagner, sedia con braccioli n.8, vienna 1898-99.jpg, Armchair by Otto Wagner (1898–99) File:Pillar cabinet (pfeilerschrank) - LACMA M.2007.162.jpg, Cabinet by Joseph Maria Olbrich, of maple, fruitwood, ebony and brass (c. 1900) (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) File:Fauteuil de J.M. Olbrich (Musée de la colonie dartistes, Darmstadt) (7928651530).jpg, Armchair by Joseph Maria Olbrich made for the Darmstadt Artists' Colony (1900) File:Armchair model 718 F, Otto Wagner, Vienna, made by Gebruder Thonet, c. 1905-1906, beechwood, aluminum, caning under upholstery - Montreal Museum of Fine Arts - Montreal, Canada - DSC09152.jpg, Otto Wagner, Armchair of beechwood, aluminum, and cane under the upholstery (1905–06) (Montreal Museum of Fine Arts) File:Otto wagner, armadio, creato per la sede del giornale die zeit a vienna, 1902.JPG, Cabinet made for the offices of the newspaper ''Die Zeit'', Otto Wagner, (1902) File:Otto wagner, tavolino portavivande, creato per la villa dell'artista, vienna 1904.JPG, Wagner, Otto, Portable table made for Wagner's villa (1904) File:Bookcase - LACMA M.2003.29.jpg, Bookcase by Koloman Moser (1902) (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) File:Koloman_Moser_-_Inlaid_Armoire_from_the_Eisler-Terramare_Apartment_Bedroom_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg, Inlaid Armoire by Koloman Moser (1903) (Leopold Museum) File:Ngv design, josef hoffmann, adjustable-back chair (stitzmachine) 1905 circa 02.JPG, Adjustable-back chair ''Model 670 "Sitzmaschine"'' by

(1905)

Glass

Glass, particularly

stained glass Stained glass refers to coloured glass as a material or art and architectural works created from it. Although it is traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensio ...

windows, played a significant part in the Vienna Secession. Leopold Forstner was in important artist in this domain, working closely with Otto Wagner and other architects. He designed the windows for the Austrian Postal Savings Bank, one of the landmarks of the Vienna Secession style, and also for the St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church, the most notable of Vienna Secession churches. Another notable figure in Secession glass art was Johann Loetz Witwe, who made a striking series of iridescent vases which won a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition. File:Johann loetz witwe, vaso iridescente giallo e blu, serie farfalle 1900.jpg, Vase by Johann Loetz Witwe (1900) File:Johann loetz witwe, vasi iridescenti, 1900.jpg, Iridescent vases by Johann Loetz Witwe (1900) File:Karl-Borromäus-Kirche-Innen2.jpg, Stained glass window of St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church by Leopold Forstner (1908–1911) File:Phänomen.jpg, Loetz Phänomen 2/484 'Medici' in Maron glass (10") File:Spreading Chestnut.jpg,

Ceramics

Mosaics of

ceramic A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcela ...

tiles were another important element of the Vienna Secession style. They were used to decorate both building facades and interiors. Otto Wagner used them to decorate the Majolika House, where they served both as decoration and for a practical purpose; the facade could be efficiently cleaned with the use of fire hoses. File:Wien - Otto-Wagner-Kirche, Innenansicht.JPG, Altar wall mosaics of Church of St. Leopold by Leopold Forstner File:Otto-Wagner-Kirche Seitenaltar links 2.jpg, Altar mosaics of Church of St. Leopold by Bruno Mayer (1903–1907)

Other genres

File:Wien_-_Marc-Anton-Monument_(2).JPG, The monument to

Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman people, Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the Crisis of the Roman Republic, transformation of the Roman Republic ...

by Arthur Strasser (1899) File:Klinger_Beethoven2.jpg, ''Beethoven torso'' statue by

for XIV Secession exhibition (1902) File:Jugendstil lamp - Friedhofskirche zum Heiligen Karl Borromäus - Max Hegele - Vienna.jpg, A lamp in St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church File:Ankeruhr Wien.jpg, clock by Franz Matsch (1911–1914)

Influence

Art Nouveau is called after Vienna Secession in languages of former

Austro-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...

: , , , , , Serbian ''сецесија,'' Croatian ''secesija''. Vienna Secession also influenced the Polish movement '' Młoda Polska'' (Young Poland), that was also inclusive of other than Art Nouveau artistic styles and encompassed a broader approach to art, literature, and lifestyle. Vienna Secession influenced not only movements but also particular architects, e.g. Russian Illarion Ivanov-Schitz who created his own unique style on its base. From the mid-1890s onwards,

Mintons Mintons was a major company in Staffordshire pottery, "Europe's leading ceramic factory during the Victorian era", an independent business from 1793 to 1968. It was a leader in ceramic design, working in a number of different ceramic bodies, ...

in England made major contributions to

ceramics, many designed by Marc-Louis Solon's son Leon Solon and his colleague John Wadsworth. Leon Solon was hired by Mintons after his work was published in the hugely influential design magazine '' The Studio'' and he worked for the company from 1895 to 1905, including a brief stint as Art Director. Solon introduced designs influenced by the Vienna Secession, and a range in earthenware made from about 1901 to 1916 was branded as "Secessionist Ware". It was made mostly using industrial techniques that kept it relatively cheap, and was aimed at a broad market. The range concentrated on items bought singly or in pairs, such as jugs or vases, rather than full table services.

Commemoration

The Secession movement was selected as the theme for an Austrian commemorative coin: the 100 euro Secession commemorative coin minted on 10 November 2004. On the obverse side there is a view of the Secession exhibition hall in Vienna. The reverse side features a small portion of the '' Beethoven Frieze'' by Gustav Klimt. The extract from the painting features three figures: a knight in armor representing Armed Strength, one woman in the background symbolizing Ambition and holding up a wreath of victory, and a second woman representing Sympathy with lowered head and clasped hands. On the obverse side of the Austrian 50 euro-cent coin, the Vienna Secession Building figures within a circle, symbolising the birth of the movement and a new age in the country.

Other Secession artists

Artists of Vienna Secession not mentioned above are: *

Teodor Axentowicz Teodor Axentowicz (; 13 May 185926 August 1938) was a Polish-Armenian painter and university professor. He was also the rector of the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków. As an artist, Axentowicz was famous for his portraits and scenes of Hutsul lif ...

* Renate Bertlmann * Adolf Michael Boehm * Julian Fałat * Wlastimil Hofman * Maximilian Liebenwein *

Jacek Malczewski Jacek Malczewski (; 15 July 1854 – 8 October 1929) was a Polish symbolist painter who was one of the central figures of the patriotic Young Poland movement. His works combined the predominant style of his time with historical motifs of Pol ...

* Julius Mayreder * Emilie Mediz-Pelikan * Józef Mehoffer * Carl Moll * Maximilian Pirner * Kazimierz Pochwalski * Teresa Feoderovna Ries * Jan Stanisławski * Wacław Szymanowski * Wojciech Weiss * Leon Wyczółkowski *

Stanisław Wyspiański Stanisław Mateusz Ignacy Wyspiański (; 15 January 1869 – 28 November 1907) was a Polish playwright, painter, poet, and interior and furniture designer. A patriotic writer, he created symbolic national dramas accordant with the artisti ...

* Karl Hagenauer * Broncia Koller-Pinell *Wilhelm List Some artists from other cities and countries, like

Max Liebermann Max Liebermann (20 July 1847 – 8 February 1935) was a German painter and printmaker, and one of the leading proponents of Impressionism in Germany and continental Europe. In addition to his activity as an artist, he also assembled an important ...

from

Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...

Auguste Rodin François Auguste René Rodin (; ; 12 November 184017 November 1917) was a French sculptor generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Rodin possessed a u ...

and

from Paris were made corresponding members.

References

Bibliography

* Arnanson, Harvard H. "History of Modern Art". Ed. Daniel Wheeler. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc, 1986. . * Borsi, Franco, and Ezio Godoli. "Vienna 1900 Architecture and Design". New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc, 1986. * "Architecture in Austria in the 20th and 21st Centuries". Ed. Gudrun Hausegger. Basel, SW: Birkhauser, 2006. * * Kolja Kramer: Carabin & Die Wiener Secession – Die Rolle des Delegierten im Beziehungsnetz der Wiener Secession bei der Ankunft des französischen Impressionismus und der französischen Avantgarde in Wien um 1900, Verlag BoD, Norderstedt 2024, 404 pages. ISBN 9-783758-373862. * * O'Connor, Anne-Marie (2012). The Lady in Gold, The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, . * Kathrin Romberg (ed.): ''Maurizio Cattelan''. Text by Francesco Bonami, Wiener Secession, Wien. * Schorske, Carl E. "Gustav Klimt: Painting and the Crisis of the Liberal Ego" in ''Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture''. Vintage Books, 1981. * * Sekler, Eduard F. "Josef Hoffmann The Architectural Work". Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1985. * Topp, Leslie. "Architecture and truth in fin-de-siecle vienna". Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2004.

External links

Association of Visual Artists Vienna Secession

Graphic design of the Vienna Secession

iKlimt.com, Life and Work of Gustav Klimt

Exhibition catalogues of the Vienna Secession in the digital library of Belvedere, Vienna

Josef Hoffmann Biografie at WOKA (de/en)

Wiener Werkstaette

Arts and Crafts in Vienna 1900

Senses: Vienna Secession

The Vienna Secession in a video-portrait by CastYourArt
Vienna 2011
"This Kiss to the Whole World" ''Klimt and the Vienna Secession'' (NYARC)
{{Authority control Austrian artist groups and collectives 19th-century art groups European artist groups and collectives 1897 establishments in Austria Art Nouveau Austrian art Artist-run centres 1897 in art