The vanadyl or oxovanadium(IV)

cation An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convent ...

, VO²⁺, is a

functional group In organic chemistry, a functional group is any substituent or moiety (chemistry), moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions r ...

that is common in the

coordination chemistry A coordination complex is a chemical compound consisting of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the ''coordination centre'', and a surrounding array of chemical bond, bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ' ...

vanadium Vanadium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery-grey, malleable transition metal. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an ...

. Complexes containing this functional group are characteristically blue and paramagnetic. A triple bond is proposed to exist between the V⁴⁺ and O²⁻ centers. The description of the bonding in the vanadyl ion was central to the development of modern

ligand-field theory Ligand field theory (LFT) describes the bonding, orbital arrangement, and other characteristics of coordination complexes. It represents an application of molecular orbital theory to transition metal complexes. A transition metal ion has nine vale ...

Natural occurrence

Minerals

Cavansite and pentagonite are vanadyl-containing minerals.

Water

VO²⁺, often in an ionic pairing with sodium (NaH₂VO₄), is the second most abundant

transition metal In chemistry, a transition metal (or transition element) is a chemical element in the d-block of the periodic table (groups 3 to 12), though the elements of group 12 (and less often group 3) are sometimes excluded. The lanthanide and actinid ...

seawater Seawater, or sea water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). This means that every kilogram (roughly one liter by volume) of seawater has approximat ...

, with its concentration only being exceeded by

molybdenum Molybdenum is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Mo (from Neo-Latin ''molybdaenum'') and atomic number 42. The name derived from Ancient Greek ', meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores. Molybdenum minerals hav ...

. In the ocean the average concentration is 30 nM. Some

mineral water Mineral water is water from a mineral spring that contains various minerals, such as salts and sulfur compounds. It is usually still, but may be sparkling ( carbonated/ effervescent). Traditionally, mineral waters were used or consumed at t ...

springs also contain the ion in high concentrations. For example, springs near

Mount Fuji is an active stratovolcano located on the Japanese island of Honshu, with a summit elevation of . It is the highest mountain in Japan, the second-highest volcano on any Asian island (after Mount Kerinci on the Indonesian island of Sumatra), a ...

often contain as much as 54

μg In the metric system, a microgram or microgramme is a Physical unit, unit of mass equal to one millionth () of a gram. The unit symbol is μg according to the International System of Units (SI); the recommended symbol in the United States and Uni ...

per

liter The litre ( Commonwealth spelling) or liter ( American spelling) (SI symbols L and l, other symbol used: ℓ) is a metric unit of volume. It is equal to 1 cubic decimetre (dm3), 1000 cubic centimetres (cm3) or 0.001 cubic metres (m3). A cu ...

Vanadyl containing compounds

Oxovanadium(IV)

vanadyl acetylacetonate Vanadyl acetylacetonate is the chemical compound with the chemical formula, formula VO(acac)2, where acac– is the conjugate base of acetylacetone. It is a blue-green solid that dissolves in polar organic solvents. The complex (chemistry), coordin ...

, VO(acac)₂ * vanadyl sulfate, VOSO₄ * vanadyl acetate, VO(CH₃COO)₂

Oxovanadium(V)

vanadyl isopropoxide Vanadyl isopropoxide is the metal alkoxide with the formula VO(O-iPr)3 (iPr = CH(CH3)2). A yellow volatile liquid, it is a common alkoxide of vanadium Vanadium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol V and atomic number 23. ...

, VO(O-iPr)₃ (iPr denotes

isopropyl In organic chemistry, a propyl group is a three-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula for the linear form. This substituent form is obtained by removing one hydrogen atom attached to the terminal carbon of propane. A propyl substituent ...

) * vanadyl nitrate, VO(NO₃)₃ * vanadyl perchlorate, * vanadyl fluoride, * vanadyl chloride,

Related species

* pervanadyl ion, , also known as the dioxovanadium(V) ion * metavanadate ion, * orthovanadate ion, * thiovanadyl ion, VS²⁺ * titanyl ion, TiO²⁺ * niobyl ion, NbO²⁺ * tantalyl ion, TaO²⁺

References

External links

*{{Commonscatinline, Vanadyl ion Oxycations