Urdu Braille is the braille alphabet used for

Urdu Urdu (; , , ) is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. It is the Languages of Pakistan, national language and ''lingua franca'' of Pakistan. In India, it is an Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of Indi ...

. There are two standard

braille Braille ( , ) is a Tactile alphabet, tactile writing system used by blindness, blind or visually impaired people. It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone device ...

alphabets for

, one in

Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...

and the other in

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

. The Pakistani alphabet is based on Persian Braille and is in use throughout the country, while the Indian alphabet is based on the national Bharati Braille.

Differences from Persian and Bharati Braille

Besides the addition of Urdu-specific consonants analogous to the additional letters in the print Urdu alphabet compared to the

Persian alphabet The Persian alphabet (), also known as the Perso-Arabic script, is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Persian language. It is a variation of the Arabic script with four additional letters: (the sounds 'g', 'zh', 'ch', and 'p', respecti ...

, Pakistani Urdu Braille differs from Persian Braille in the transcription of the print letter ''ž'', which is written as a digraph in Urdu braille rather than as Persian , which in Urdu is used for ''ḍ''. (The use of ژ is negligible in Urdu by comparison; the only common use for it is to represent the “s” sound in the English word “division.”) Indian Urdu Braille differs from other Bharati braille alphabets in having several letters borrowed from Persian, such as for ''q'' (Bharati ''kṣ''), for ''ḥ'' (Bharati ''jñ''), and for ''‘'' (Bharati ''ḻ''). Another such letter, for ''x'', is shared with Gurmukhi Braille ਖ਼ ''x'' but with no other Bharati alphabet, where is otherwise the vowel ''o''.

Alphabets

:''Note: Unlike the Perso-Arabic script, Urdu Braille is read left-to-right.'' It is not clear if vowels in Indian Urdu Braille follow pronunciation and their Devanagari Braille equivalents, or print orthography.

Contractions

Pakistani Urdu Braille has several contractions beyond the aspirated consonants: : , , , ,Presumably for writing the subjunctive first person singular forms of verbs, as in , , , , , .

Punctuation

Basic punctuation in Pakistan is the same as in India. See Bharati Braille#Punctuation.

References

{{Urdu topics French-ordered braille alphabets Bharati braille alphabets Urdu script Arabic braille

Differences from Persian and Bharati Braille

Alphabets

Contractions

Punctuation

See also

References