The amalgamation of Winnipeg,

Manitoba Manitoba is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada at the Centre of Canada, longitudinal centre of the country. It is Canada's Population of Canada by province and territory, fifth-most populous province, with a population ...

(also known as Unicity) was the

municipal incorporation Municipal corporation is the legal term for a local government, local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to) city, cities, county, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. The term can also be used ...

of the old City of Winnipeg, eleven surrounding

municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...

, and the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg (Metro) into one. The amalgamated city's boundaries were established by the 1971 ''City of Winnipeg Act'', combining the former Winnipeg and Metro with the

rural municipalities A rural municipality is a classification of municipality, a type of local government, found in several countries. These include: * Rural municipalities in Canada, a type of municipal status in the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, a ...

of Charleswood,

Fort Garry Fort Garry, also known as Upper Fort Garry, was a Hudson's Bay Company trading post located at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers in or near the area now known as The Forks in what is now central Winnipeg, Manitoba. Fort Garr ...

North Kildonan North Kildonan is a city ward located in northern Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It was previously a separate municipality before being amalgamated into Winnipeg. As of the 2016 census, the population of North Kildonan was 44,664. History What is ...

, and

Old Kildonan Old Kildonan is the northernmost city ward of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Before the '' City of Winnipeg Act'' of 1972, it was an independent unincorporated municipality called the Municipality of Old Kildonan; prior to that, from 1914, it was a subdi ...

; the Town of

Tuxedo Black tie is a semi-formal Western dress code for evening events, originating in British and North American conventions for attire in the 19th century. In British English, the dress code is often referred to synecdochically by its principal ...

; and the cities of East Kildonan, West Kildonan,

St. Vital St. Vital () is a ward and neighbourhood of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Located in the south-central part of the city, it is bounded on the north by Carrière Avenue; on the south by the northern limit of the Rural Municipality of Ritchot; on ...

Transcona Transcona is a ward and suburb of Winnipeg, Manitoba, located about east of the downtown area. Until 1972, it was a separate municipality, having been incorporated first as the Town of Transcona on 6 April 1912 and then as the City of Transc ...

St. Boniface Boniface, OSB (born Wynfreth; 675 –5 June 754) was an English Benedictine monk and leading figure in the Anglo-Saxon mission to the Germanic parts of Francia during the eighth century. He organised significant foundations of the church i ...

, and St. James-Assiniboia. The city-metropolitan government officially replaced the existing municipal governments on 1 January 1972. Though officially joined in 1972, these areas and their respective civic services (e.g. police departments) were not completely merged until years later.

Background

The creation of a 'unicity' has been recognized as an ambitious experiment and unique innovation in metropolitan government reform.Wichern, Phil H. 1986.
Evaluating Winnipeg’s Unicity: The City of Winnipeg Act Review Committee, 1984-1986
," Research and Working Paper No. 26 The Institute of Urban Studies, University of Winnipeg. Retrieved 2021 February 8. In 1955, the provincial government of Manitoba created the Greater Winnipeg Investigating Commission to look into inter-municipal issues in the Greater Winnipeg Area. The Commission took four years and concluded with the recommendation that a strong

central government A central government is the government that is a controlling power over a unitary state. Another distinct but sovereign political entity is a federal government, which may have distinct powers at various levels of government, authorized or deleg ...

be formed. With this, the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg (Metro Winnipeg) was incorporated in 1960. From its creation until 1971, the Metro Winnipeg administrative system comprised Winnipeg and 12 other municipalities under a single

metropolitan Metropolitan may refer to: Areas and governance (secular and ecclesiastical) * Metropolitan archdiocese, the jurisdiction of a metropolitan archbishop ** Metropolitan bishop or archbishop, leader of an ecclesiastical "mother see" * Metropolitan ar ...

government, in a "two-tier" system in which councillors were elected through

single transferable vote The single transferable vote (STV) or proportional-ranked choice voting (P-RCV) is a multi-winner electoral system in which each voter casts a single vote in the form of a ranked ballot. Voters have the option to rank candidates, and their vot ...

. In this framework, each municipality managed their own affairs, levied their own taxes, and took responsibility for local roads, water, and parks. On top of this, however, an additional metropolitan level of government existed as well, holding responsibility for planning major roads, major parks, and major water and sewer systems. The Unicity model thus sought to make such matters more efficient and coordinated, by centralizing service delivery and administration while equalizing property taxes and decentralizing the political process. The Unicity reforms were originally proposed by the

Manitoba New Democratic Party The New Democratic Party of Manitoba (Manitoba NDP; ), branded as Manitoba's NDP, is a social democratic political party in Manitoba, Canada. It is the provincial section of the federal New Democratic Party, and is a successor to the Manitob ...

(NDP) government, led by

Edward Schreyer Edward Richard Schreyer (born December 21, 1935) is a Canadian politician, diplomat, and statesman who served as the 22nd governor general of Canada from 1979 to 1984. He previously served as the 16th premier of Manitoba from 1969 to 1977. Schr ...

, elected in 1969. That year,

Saul Cherniack Saul Mark Cherniack, (January 10, 1917 – March 30, 2018) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1962 to 1981, and served as a cabinet minister in the government of Edward Schreyer ...

was appointed as the Minister responsible for the amalgamation, in addition to becoming the

Minister of Finance A ministry of finance is a ministry or other government agency in charge of government finance, fiscal policy, and financial regulation. It is headed by a finance minister, an executive or cabinet position . A ministry of finance's portfolio ...

. James Currie Gilmour was also a supervisor of the Unicity project. The coordination of policy and administration was to be facilitated by the close cooperation of a

Board of Commissioners A county commission (or a board of county commissioners) is a group of elected officials (county commissioners) collectively charged with administering the county government in some states of the United States. A county usually has three to five ...

, who would act as the senior officers of the city's civil service, and the 50-member

City Council A municipal council is the legislative body of a municipality or local government area. Depending on the location and classification of the municipality it may be known as a city council, town council, town board, community council, borough counc ...

with its 3 standing committees (Finance, Environment, and Works and Operations). In order to deliver services at the local level, the city was to be divided into 13 community committee areas. The community committee would be composed of the City Councillors within the given community's boundaries, and each committee was to be advised by a "Resident’s Advisory Group." The goals of the NDP included greater citizen participation in government,"Thus a key goal was to reduce citizen alienation through electoral distribution and political decentralization..." Brownstone and Plunkett 1983 ("Metropolitan Winnipeg: politics and reform of local government," University of California Press). as quoted in McAllister, Mary Louise. 2005. ''Governing Ourselves? The Politics of Canadian Communities''. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. , . p. 104. "financial equity, the elimination of conflict and stalemate between the Metro and municipal levels, greater efficiency in the delivery of services, and a greater degree of involvement by the public at large in local politics." However, the unicity reforms as actually enacted were far from those laid out in the NDP's original December 1970

white paper A white paper is a report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue and presents the issuing body's philosophy on the matter. It is meant to help readers understand an issue, solve a problem, or make a decision. Since the 199 ...

on the subject ("Proposals for Urban Reorganization in the Greater Winnipeg Area"). Then-Mayor of Winnipeg

Stephen Juba Stephen Juba (July 1, 1914 – May 2, 1993) was a Canadian politician. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1953 to 1959, and served as the 37th Mayor of Winnipeg from 1957 to 1977. He was the first Ukrainian Cana ...

played an integral role in the amalgamation project. He actively opposed the idea of having a

cabinet government A cabinet in governing is a group of people with the constitutional or legal task to rule a country or state, or advise a head of state, usually from the executive branch. Their members are known as ministers and secretaries and they are ...

—wherein the Mayor would be elected from Council rather than by the residents of Winnipeg—that was intended for Unicity. Juba argued for

direct election Direct election is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the persons or political party that they want to see elected. The method by which the winner or winners of a direct election are chosen ...

, a view that proved to be popular, and pushed the continuation of the office of the mayor as a strong

executive Executive ( exe., exec., execu.) may refer to: Role or title * Executive, a senior management role in an organization ** Chief executive officer (CEO), one of the highest-ranking corporate officers (executives) or administrators ** Executive dir ...

that is independent of the City Council.

Amalgamation

The 1971 ''City of Winnipeg Act'', which established the city's boundaries and defined its neighbourhoods, incorporated the City of Winnipeg (1874–1971); the

of Charleswood,

, and

; the Town of

; the cities of East Kildonan, West Kildonan,

, and St. James-Assiniboia; and the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg into one city, commonly referred to as ''unicity''. The ''Act'' also guaranteed

bilingual Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. When the languages are just two, it is usually called bilingualism. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolin ...

services in some parts of St. Boniface and St. Vital, as well as in certain City of Winnipeg offices. Donald Ian MacDonald became the first

Chief Commissioner A chief commissioner is a commissioner of high rank, usually in chief of several commissioners or similarly styled officers. Colonial In British India the gubernatorial style was chief commissioner in various (not all) provinces (often after bein ...

of the new City of Winnipeg in 1971. The unicity system replaced the two-tier metropolitan system with

first-past-the-post First-past-the-post (FPTP)—also called choose-one, first-preference plurality (FPP), or simply plurality—is a single-winner voting rule. Voters mark one candidate as their favorite, or First-preference votes, first-preference, and the cand ...

voting. The election of the first

Winnipeg City Council The Winnipeg City Council () is the governing body of the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The Council is seated in the Council Building of Winnipeg City Hall.6 October 1971 and the new City came into legal existence on 1 January 1972. Beginning in 1972, the new unified Council consisted of 50 councillors, one elected from each of the city's 50

wards Ward may refer to: Division or unit * Hospital ward, a hospital division, floor, or room set aside for a particular class or group of patients, for example the psychiatric ward * Prison ward, a division of a penal institution such as a pris ...

, and a

mayor In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a Municipal corporation, municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilitie ...

, elected by voters in the city-at-large. The inaugural meeting of the new City Council subsequently took place in the Council Chamber of the

Winnipeg Civic Centre Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Manitoba. It is centred on the confluence of the Red River of the North, Red and Assiniboine River, Assiniboine rivers. , Winnipeg h ...

on 4 January 1972. Though officially joined in 1972, the total amalgamation of all areas and their respective civic departments (e.g. police) was not completed until years later, taking place in stages after considerable research and consultation. The Unicity-area

Fire Departments A fire department (North American English) or fire brigade (Commonwealth English), also known as a fire company, fire authority, fire district, fire and rescue, or fire service in some areas, is an organization that provides fire prevention and ...

, for instance, amalgamated in January 1974. The Winnipeg ambulance service subsequently formed in 1975. The scale of this operation was due to the fact that each former municipality had its own civil service with its own

seniority list Seniority is the state of being older or placed in a higher position of status relative to another individual, group, or organization. For example, one employee may be senior to another either by role or rank (such as a CEO vice a manager), or by ...

pension plan A pension (; ) is a fund into which amounts are paid regularly during an individual's working career, and from which periodic payments are made to support the person's retirement from work. A pension may be either a "Defined benefit pension pla ...

benefits Benefit(s) may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Benefit'' (album), by Jethro Tull, 1970 * "Benefits" (''How I Met Your Mother''), a 2009 TV episode * "Benefits", a 2018 song by Zior Park * '' The Benefit'', a 2012 Egyptian action film Busi ...

classification system Classification is the activity of assigning objects to some pre-existing classes or categories. This is distinct from the task of establishing the classes themselves (for example through cluster analysis). Examples include diagnostic tests, identif ...

s, and

collective agreement A collective agreement, collective labour agreement (CLA) or collective bargaining agreement (CBA) is a written contract negotiated through collective bargaining for employees by one or more trade unions with the management of a company (or with a ...

s with employees.

Police forces

Not all functions within the new city joined together immediately. Though officially joined in 1972, the total amalgamation of all areas and their respective civic departments was not completed until 1974. The various Police Departments continued working as independent forces, each still maintaining their own radio system, stations, and distinct uniforms. In case of an emergency, they would use a

Civil Defence Civil defense or civil protection is an effort to protect the citizens of a state (generally non-combatants) from human-made and natural disasters. It uses the principles of emergency management: prevention, mitigation, preparation, response, ...

radio network to connect all of the departments. The change that would occur in 1972 was that the existing forces would be combined into 8 community districts. The

Police Force (who had 18 members) left their building on 1400

Henderson Highway Route 42 is a major arterial road located in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It connects the suburbs of North Kildonan, East Kildonan, Fort Rouge, Fort Garry, and St. Norbert with the city's downtown core. In the north, it is a continuation of Manitob ...

to move in with the East Kildonan Police Department (39 members) at 545 Watt Street. The

Police Force (7 member) similarly moved out of their location at McPhillips/Jefferson to work at 260 Hartford Avenue, the station of the West Kildonan Police Department (22 members). On 1 October 1972, the Tuxedo Police Force (5 members) joined the Winnipeg Police Department (WPD; 528 members) in Winnipeg Inner City; thereafter, the former Tuxedo Police Station at 2020

Corydon Avenue Corydon may refer to: Literature * Corydon (character), a stock name for a shepherd in pastorals * ''Corydon'' (book), an early 20th-century book by André Gide People * Bent Corydon (born 1942), American author and journalist * Bjarne Corydon (b ...

would be used as an ancillary office. Winnipeg also overtook responsibility for the RM of Charleswood, whose contract with the

RCMP The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP; , GRC) is the Law enforcement in Canada, national police service of Canada. The RCMP is an agency of the Government of Canada; it also provides police services under contract to 11 Provinces and terri ...

had expired. The remaining police forces at this time were those of Winnipeg, Fort Garry, St. Boniface, St. James-Assiniboia, St. Vital, and Transcona—each of whom continued working out of their own stations and wearing their respective shoulder flashes. By 1973, the WPD continued to increase in size with the expanding workload, consisting of 493 officers and 141 staff. The early years of amalgamation also saw the creation of various specialty units within the Winnipeg Police, in addition to the

canine Canine may refer to: Zoology and anatomy * Animals of the family Canidae, more specifically the subfamily Caninae, which includes dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals and coyotes ** ''Canis'', a genus that includes dogs, wolves, coyotes, and jackals ** Do ...

unit which began in 1972. For instance, an underwater recovery unit existed in the Fort Garry Police Department and was enlarged; a

letter bomb A letter bomb is an explosive device sent via the postal service, and designed with the intention to injure or kill the recipient when opened. They have been used in terrorist attacks such as those of the Unabomber. Some countries have agenc ...

explosion in Winnipeg inspired the establishment of a

bomb disposal Bomb disposal is an explosives engineering profession using the process by which hazardous explosive devices are disabled or otherwise rendered safe. ''Bomb disposal'' is an all-encompassing term to describe the separate, but interrelated fun ...

unit; the possibilities of large

public disorder Public security or public safety is the prevention of and protection from events that could endanger the safety and security of the public from significant danger, injury, or property damage. It is often conducted by a state government to ensure ...

s brought on the creation of a

crowd control Crowd control is a public security practice in which large crowds are managed in order to prevent the outbreak of crowd crushes, affray, fights involving drunk and disorderly people or riots. Crowd crushes in particular can cause many hundre ...

unit; and the need for specially trained negotiators and weapons experts lead to the formation of an

emergency response Emergency services and rescue services are organizations that ensure public safety, security, and health by addressing and resolving different emergencies. Some of these agencies exist solely for addressing certain types of emergencies, while oth ...

unit. Additionally, in order to enforce all laws within the

public parks A park is an area of natural, semi-natural or planted space set aside for human enjoyment and recreation or for the protection of wildlife or natural habitats. Urban parks are green spaces set aside for recreation inside towns and cities. N ...

and other City-owned properties, section 661 of the new ''City of Winnipeg Act'' provided for the employment of

watchmen ''Watchmen'' is a comic book Limited series (comics), limited series by the British creative team of writer Alan Moore, artist Dave Gibbons, and colorist John Higgins (comics), John Higgins. It was published monthly by DC Comics in 1986 and 19 ...

, who had "all the authority and powers of, and

ere Ere or ERE may refer to: * ''Environmental and Resource Economics'', a peer-reviewed academic journal * ERE Informatique, one of the first French video game companies * Ere language, an Austronesian language * Ebi Ere (born 1981), American-Nigeria ...

subject to the same liability and to the performance of the same duties as, a constable under the ''Provincial Police Act''." The final amalgamation of the individual police forces took place on 21 October 1974, when the 8 remaining departments merged into the unified City of Winnipeg Police Department, commanded by Chief of Police Norman M. Stewart. Six separate districts would be formed based on geography, as St. Vital Police joined St. Boniface to become District #5 and East Kildonan Police joined Transcona to become District #4. The other districts became: * District #1 was the former Winnipeg Inner City Police in the downtown area * District #2, the former St.James-Assiniboia Police to the west * District #3, to the north, was the former West Kildonan Police * District #6, to the south, was made up from the Fort Garry Police with the parts of Winnipeg Police who were now patrolling Tuxedo, Charleswood, and Headingley. When this final amalgamation took place, the force nearly doubled with the authorized strength of 1975 at 921 officers and 171 staff—excluding 35 Commissionaires for parking patrol. Effective January 1975, all officers were required to be wearing the new Winnipeg Police Department shoulder flashes, "One With The Strength of Many", thereby completing the transition to a new force.

Fire departments

The fire departments of the Unicity-area amalgamated in January 1974 to become the City of Winnipeg Unified Fire Department. Upon the formation of Unicity in 1972, changes to Winnipeg's fire stations included: * Fire Hall #8 (325 Talbot Ave) became an

ambulance An ambulance is a medically-equipped vehicle used to transport patients to treatment facilities, such as hospitals. Typically, out-of-hospital medical care is provided to the patient during the transport. Ambulances are used to respond to ...

depot. * Fire Hall #12 (1055 Dorchester Ave) was closed. * Fire Hall #15 (524 Osborne St) was initially closed, but converted into an

ambulance station An ambulance station is a structure or other area set aside for storage of ambulance vehicles and their medical equipment, as well as working and living space for their staff. Ambulance stations have facilities for maintaining ambulance vehicle ...

between 1975 and 1978 and re-designated as Ambulance Station #10. Further changes occurred for fire departments upon their official amalgamation in 1974, primarily the renumbering of various fire stations: * Fire Hall #7 (349 Burrows Ave) became #6. * Fire Hall #11 (180 Sinclair St) became #7. * Fire Hall #17 (1710 Grosvenor) became #12. * St. James Fire Hall (200 Berry St) became Winnipeg Fire Hall #11. * St. Boniface Fire Hall #3 (864 Marion St) became Winnipeg Fire Hall #9. * Transcona Public Safety Building (730 Pandora Ave. West) became Winnipeg Fire Hall #21.

Other civic service

Following the formation of Unicity, various civic features of the former municipalities were changed, including: * East Kildonan City Hall (755 Henderson Hwy) became the city's East Kildonan – Transcona Community Office. * Public libraries of the former municipalities joined the

Winnipeg Public Library The Winnipeg Public Library () is a public library system in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Branches provide programming for children, teens, and adults. The Library also contains an Outreach Department which works with the community, as well as people who ...

(WPL) system: ** St. Boniface Public Library Provencher Branch (255 Avenue de la Cathedrale) became the WPL Provencher Park Branch ** St. Boniface Public Library Norwood Branch (120 Eugenie St) became the WPL Coronation Park Branch. ** Transcona Public Library (111 Victoria Ave. West) became the WPL Transcona Branch. * The Winnipeg Incinerator (Henry Ave) was renamed the Maude Street Incinerator to differentiate from other facilities. In 1971, 6 former municipalities had their own parks & recreation boards or recreation commissions: East Kildonan, Fort Garry, St. Boniface, St. James-Assiniboia, St. Vital, and West Kildonan. The other 6 (including the City of Winnipeg) had run their parks & recreation programs through a council committee. Winnipeg's former Metropolitan Parks and Protection Division would provide the basis for the central administration for the new, unified Parks and Recreation Department.

Aftermath

To review the ''City of Winnipeg Act'', a provincial Committee of Review (the "Taraska" Commission) was appointed in 1975, chaired by Peter Stanley Taraska. The Committee found numerous problems in the political structure of the unicity, attributing such to the failure of the provincial government to fully implement the ideas of the original architects of the unicity plan. In 1976, the Commission recommended a

parliamentary system A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a form of government where the head of government (chief executive) derives their Election, democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of t ...

for Unicity. Insofar as it did not achieve many of its lofty goals, the Unicity amalgamation has been widely regarded as a failure. However, it did have some success in equalizing

property tax A property tax (whose rate is expressed as a percentage or per mille, also called ''millage'') is an ad valorem tax on the value of a property.In the OECD classification scheme, tax on property includes "taxes on immovable property or Wealth t ...

rates across the city, eliminating the

suburb A suburb (more broadly suburban area) is an area within a metropolitan area. They are oftentimes where most of a metropolitan areas jobs are located with some being predominantly residential. They can either be denser or less densely populated ...

an "property

tax haven A tax haven is a term, often used pejoratively, to describe a place with very low tax rates for Domicile (law), non-domiciled investors, even if the official rates may be higher. In some older definitions, a tax haven also offers Bank secrecy, ...

s" that had coupled low tax rates with a high level of services provided by the city at the cost of higher tax rates overall. In 1984, the provincial government appointed a City of Winnipeg Act Review Committee, chaired by former City Councillor Lawrie Cherniack. In 1986, the Committee released the Cherniack Report, concluding that "the unicity structure, with its many suburban councillors and large

tax base A tax is a mandatory financial charge or levy imposed on an individual or legal person, legal entity by a governmental organization to support government spending and public expenditures collectively or to Pigouvian tax, regulate and reduce nega ...

, facilitated the building of suburban

infrastructure Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and pri ...

, to the detriment of

inner-city The term inner city (also called the hood) has been used, especially in the United States, as a euphemism for majority-minority lower-income residential districts that often refer to rundown neighborhoods, in a downtown or city centre area. Soc ...

investment." This may have been inevitable, since the incorporation of so many large suburban areas into a unicity naturally increased the political clout of the suburbs at the expense of the old City of Winnipeg.

Developments since

Initially following the amalgamation,

Winnipeg City Council The Winnipeg City Council () is the governing body of the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The Council is seated in the Council Building of Winnipeg City Hall.mayor In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a Municipal corporation, municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilitie ...

). The council was reduced to 29 councillors in 1980; and to 15 councillors in 1992. These reductions have garnered pushback: according to the

Canadian Union of Public Employees The Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE; ) is a Canadian trade union serving the public sector – although it has in recent years organized workplaces in the non-profit and para-public sector as well. CUPE is the largest union in Canada, ...

Local 500, "One of the cornerstones of Unicity was the assurance to all citizens that amalgamation would not reduce resident involvement in civic politics."Toews, Owen.
Winnipeg Free for All: Towards Democracy at City Hall
." Winnipeg:

Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA) is an independent think tank in Canada. It has been described as "left leaning". The CCPA concentrates on economic policy, international trade, environmental justice and social policy. It is es ...

Manitoba Office. . On 7 October 1992, the ''City of Winnipeg Act'' was amended, as per the recommendation of the Winnipeg Wards Boundaries Commission, in order to provide for the definition and recognition of 5 Community Committee areas comprising a total of 15 wards. Later that year, on December 31,

Headingley Headingley is a suburb of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, approximately two miles out of the city centre, to the north west along the A660 road. Headingley is the location of the Beckett Park campus of Leeds Beckett University and Headingley ...

seceded from the City of Winnipeg. On 29 October 1997, the ''City of Winnipeg Act'' was again amended, providing for a 4-term of office for Mayors and City Councillors, as well as replacing the Board of Commissioners with a chief administrative officer model. Six years later, on 1 January 2003, the Act was amended yet again, this time being replaced by the ''City of Winnipeg Charter''.