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Ulrich Fleischhauer (14 July 1876 – 20 October 1960) (
Pseudonym A pseudonym (; ) or alias () is a fictitious name that a person assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true meaning ( orthonym). This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individual's o ...
s ''Ulrich Bodung'', and ''Israel Fryman'') was a leading publisher of antisemitic books and news articles reporting on a perceived Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory and "nefarious plots" by clandestine
Jewish Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
interests to dominate the world.


Early life

Fleischhauer was born in Thamsbrück,
Thuringia Thuringia (; officially the Free State of Thuringia, ) is one of Germany, Germany's 16 States of Germany, states. With 2.1 million people, it is 12th-largest by population, and with 16,171 square kilometers, it is 11th-largest in area. Er ...
,
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
, the son of a
Lutheran Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that emerged under the work of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German friar and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church launched ...
deacon A deacon is a member of the diaconate, an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. Major Christian denominations, such as the Cathol ...
. His career was at first grounded in the
Imperial German Army The Imperial German Army (1871–1919), officially referred to as the German Army (), was the unified ground and air force of the German Empire. It was established in 1871 with the political unification of Germany under the leadership of Kingdom o ...
where by 1918 Fleischhauer rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and regimental commander of a field artillery unit in Colmar. After suffering serious wounds, Fleischhauer retired from military service and received a government pension, although he continued to serve for some time as chairman of the National Federation of German Officers (''Nationalverbandes Deutscher Offiziere''). After the army, Fleischhauer sought out something else to do full-time. The draw of the public policy arena attracted him. In the aftermath of the defeat of the German and Austria-Hungarian empires, a number of new political parties emerged, many arguing for pan-Germanism. Fleischhauer joined the
German National People's Party The German National People's Party (, DNVP) was a national-conservative and German monarchy, monarchist political party in Germany during the Weimar Republic. Before the rise of the Nazi Party, it was the major nationalist party in Weimar German ...
(Deutschnationale Volkspartei, or DNVP) and was a representative of the
far right Far-right politics, often termed right-wing extremism, encompasses a range of ideologies that are marked by ultraconservatism, authoritarianism, ultranationalism, and Nativism (politics), nativism. This political spectrum situates itself on ...
wing. Intellectually, Fleischhauer was a disciple of Theodor Fritsch and through their common
Völkisch movement The ''Völkisch'' movement ( , , also called Völkism) was a Pan-Germanism, Pan-German Ethnic nationalism, ethno-nationalist movement active from the late 19th century through the dissolution of the Nazi Germany, Third Reich in 1945, with remn ...
circles he also developed friendships with a number of other revolutionary nationalists in secretive
Aryan ''Aryan'' (), or ''Arya'' (borrowed from Sanskrit ''ārya''), Oxford English Dictionary Online 2024, s.v. ''Aryan'' (adj. & n.); ''Arya'' (n.)''.'' is a term originating from the ethno-cultural self-designation of the Indo-Iranians. It stood ...
organizations such as the Thule Society. Fleischhauer was especially close to
poet A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator (thought, thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems (oral t ...
and political activist Dietrich Eckart, an early backer of
Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...
.


Entry into publishing

Fleischhauer's connections to revolutionary nationalists led him to create an anti-Jewish publishing firm called U. Bodung-Verlag in
Erfurt Erfurt () is the capital (political), capital and largest city of the Central Germany (cultural area), Central German state of Thuringia, with a population of around 216,000. It lies in the wide valley of the Gera (river), River Gera, in the so ...
,
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
that over time became increasingly powerful. Its rise in influence corresponded with the popular successes of National Socialism during the later
Weimar Weimar is a city in the state (Germany), German state of Thuringia, in Central Germany (cultural area), Central Germany between Erfurt to the west and Jena to the east, southwest of Leipzig, north of Nuremberg and west of Dresden. Together w ...
period, leading up to the establishment of the
Third Reich Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictat ...
. On 1 December 1933, he founded ''Welt-Dienst'' or ''Weltdienst'' (''World-Service'', ''Service Mondial'' etc.) which served as an international antisemitic
news agency A news agency is an organization that gathers news reports and sells them to subscribing news organizations, such as newspapers, magazines and All-news radio, radio and News broadcasting, television Broadcasting, broadcasters. A news agency ma ...
and journalistic source for numerous other publications. For a nominal fee, subscribers to ''Welt-Diensts twice monthly series of mimeographed information sheets received summaries of news stories and other developments worldwide which tended to discredit anyone and anything linked to
Judaism Judaism () is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic, Monotheism, monotheistic, ethnic religion that comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jews, Jewish people. Religious Jews regard Judaism as their means of o ...
and Jewish Bolshevism.


Controversial Berne Trial expands Fleischhauer's influence

Fleischhauer's influence grew in 1934–1935 following his participation in
Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...
as a key defense organizer at the Berne Trial of distributors of the book ''
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' is a fabricated text purporting to detail a Jewish plot for global domination. Largely plagiarized from several earlier sources, it was first published in Imperial Russia in 1903, translated into multip ...
''. This notorious title had re-entered the headlines in June 1933 when a Swiss organization known as the '' Nationale Front'' began distributing it during a right wing demonstration. In 1934, Dr. Alfred Zander, a Swiss Nazi, further inflamed public opinion by publishing a series of articles accepting ''The Protocols description of a Jewish plot to take over the world as fact. Outraged, a group of leading Swiss Jews filed a lawsuit in the ''Amtsgericht'' (district court) of
Bern Bern (), or Berne (), ; ; ; . is the ''de facto'' Capital city, capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".; ; ; . According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has gov ...
on 29 October 1934 to censor ''The Protocols'' as "indecent writings" under a Bernese statute prohibiting the distribution of "immoral, obscene or brutalizing" texts. The plaintiffs were represented by Georges Brunschvig and Emil Raas. Vladimir Burtsev, a Russian émigré, anti-Bolshevik and anti-Fascist who exposed numerous Okhrana agent provocateurs in the early 1900s, served as a witness for the plaintiffs at the Berne Trial. Subsequently, while in Paris Burtsev published a Russian-language book in 1938 based on his testimony called ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A proven forgery''. ''Welt-Dienst'' entered the picture by spearheading efforts to secure other Russian émigré experts as part of the effort to defend the veracity of ''The Protocols''. Defense testimony presented personally in court was limited, with Zander turning up as the only witness for the defendants. However, Fleischhauer helped coordinate efforts by other defense experts and himself provided media with extensive commentary and written material in support of the defendants (Theodore Fischer and Silvio Schnell), with Bodung-Verlag issuing a comprehensive German-language version of his ''The real Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion. Expert's report''. Despite these exertions, on 19 May 1935, the court declared ''The Protocols'' to be forgeries, plagiarisms, and obscene literature. The Judge Walter Meyer, a Christian who had not heard of ''The Protocols'' prior to the trial, said in conclusion: "I hope the time will come when nobody will be able to understand how in 1935 nearly a dozen sane and responsible men were able for two weeks to mock the intellect of the Bern court discussing the authenticity of the so-called Protocols, the very Protocols that, harmful as they have been and will be, are nothing but laughable nonsense". However, on 1 November 1937, the defendants appealed the verdict to the ''Obergericht'' (Cantonal Supreme Court) of Berne. A panel of three judges acquitted them, holding that ''The Protocols'', while false, did not violate the statute at issue because they were used as a means of political propaganda. The presiding judge's opinion stated, for the record, that in his opinion the forgery of ''The Protocols'' was not in question and expressed regret that the law did not provide adequate protection for Jews from this sort of literature. The court also imposed the fees for both trials on the defendants. This decision gave grounds for later allegations that the appeal court "confirmed the authenticity of ''The Protocols''", which is opposite to the facts—even though technically the pro-Nazi side won the case. A definitive scholarly work on the trial is a 139-page monograph by Swiss artist Urs Lüthi. Other especially important scholarly work on the controversy continues to be published by researcher Michael Hagemeister.


Worldwide propaganda

The excitement engendered by his appearance at the trial was a boon to Fleischhauer. By the mid-1930s, the ''Welt-Dienst'' emerged as the largest antisemitic operation in the world, publishing works in many foreign languages, and the nearest
fascist Fascism ( ) is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement. It is characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural soci ...
equivalent to the rival
communist Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...
Third International (
Comintern The Communist International, abbreviated as Comintern and also known as the Third International, was a political international which existed from 1919 to 1943 and advocated world communism. Emerging from the collapse of the Second Internatio ...
). Fleischhauer credited a conversation he had years earlier with Eckart with sparking the original idea. In April 1938 he wrote the NSDAP Hauptarchiv that "Dietrich Eckart then spoke to me alone, in a wine-cellar where we were sitting, about the subject which could today describe the ''Welt-Dienst''. He said something to the effect: 'If our idea comes to power, the Jew will try again, as he's tried before with any State which attempts to solve the Jewish Problem, to starve us out. And if that's no use, then try to ruin us through wars and revolutions. Adolf must therefore have an international movement that can help him from the outside, just as '' Der Stahlhelm'' and other groups help the Party from the outside today.'" Over time, a veritable international "who's who" of antisemitic collaborators and correspondents contributed to ''Welt-Dienst'' publications and in turn quoted from them, including Henry Coston (
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
), Louis Darquier (
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
), Arnold Leese (founder of the Imperial Fascist League in
Britain Britain most often refers to: * Great Britain, a large island comprising the countries of England, Scotland and Wales * The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, a sovereign state in Europe comprising Great Britain and the north-eas ...
), Ludwig Heiden ("Luis el-Hadj" – an SS official and
journalist A journalist is a person who gathers information in the form of text, audio or pictures, processes it into a newsworthy form and disseminates it to the public. This is called journalism. Roles Journalists can work in broadcast, print, advertis ...
who converted to
Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...
and translated Hitler's ''
Mein Kampf (; ) is a 1925 Autobiography, autobiographical manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The book outlines many of Political views of Adolf Hitler, Hitler's political beliefs, his political ideology and future plans for Nazi Germany, Ge ...
'' into the
Arabic language Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...
), Ion Moţa (or Motza, one of the leaders of the ultranationalist
Iron Guard The Iron Guard () was a Romanian militant revolutionary nationalism, revolutionary Clerical fascism, religious fascist Political movement, movement and political party founded in 1927 by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu as the Legion of the Archangel M ...
from
Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...
who fought on the
fascist Fascism ( ) is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement. It is characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural soci ...
side as a volunteer in the
Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War () was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republicans and the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the Left-wing p ...
), Juan Sampelayo (secretary of the Falange Party's Jefatura Nacional de Prensa y Propaganda epartment of Exchange of the National Leadership of Press and Propagandain
Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...
), as well as Boris Tödtli (
Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
and
Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...
). In the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
, a number of organizations sympathetic to
Nazi Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...
ideology An ideology is a set of beliefs or values attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely about belief in certain knowledge, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones". Form ...
subscribed to the inexpensive English-language ''World-Service'' bulletins. William Dudley Pelley frequently printed ''World-Service'' articles in his Silver Legion of America magazine, ''Liberation'', advocating a "purge of Jews and Communists in Hollywood". Other American publications, including Father
Charles Coughlin Charles Edward Coughlin ( ; October 25, 1891 – October 27, 1979), commonly known as Father Coughlin, was a Canadian-American Catholic Church, Catholic priest based near Detroit. He was the founding priest of the National Shrine of the Lit ...
's ''Social Justice'', Robert Edward Edmondson's ''American Vigilante Bulletins'', and those issued by the Rev. Gerald Burton Winrod, were equally willing to push the ''World-Service'' line on the Jewish question via word-for-word syndicated reproduction of news items appearing in their periodicals. When it suited his purposes, Fleischhauer published Jewish authors such as Marcus Eli Ravage, a Romanian emigrant to the United States.


Host of international antisemitic congresses

During the 1930s, Fleischhauer further expanded his
propaganda Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded l ...
efforts by organizing the Pan-Aryan Anti-Jewish Union and a series of international antisemitic congresses to actively push for the suppression of Freemasonry, combat the alleged " Jewish conspiracy for world domination," and encourage the geopolitical depopulation of Jews from within Europe through mandatory resettlement in southern
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...
as was envisioned by the Nazi-promoted Madagascar Plan. Typical of this
rhetoric Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. It is one of the three ancient arts of discourse ( trivium) along with grammar and logic/ dialectic. As an academic discipline within the humanities, rhetoric aims to study the techniques that speakers or w ...
were the views expressed by a Japanese representative to the ''Welt-Dienst'' congress hosted in 1938 by Fleischhauer. On behalf of Imperial
Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
, he stated that " Judeo-Masonry is forcing the Chinese to turn
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
into a spearhead for an attack on Japan, and thereby forcing Japan to defend herself against this threat. Japan is at war not with China but with
Freemasonry Freemasonry (sometimes spelled Free-Masonry) consists of fraternal groups that trace their origins to the medieval guilds of stonemasons. Freemasonry is the oldest secular fraternity in the world and among the oldest still-existing organizati ...
, represented by General Chiang Kai-shek, the successor of his master, the Freemason
Sun Yat-Sen Sun Yat-senUsually known as Sun Zhongshan () in Chinese; also known by Names of Sun Yat-sen, several other names. (; 12 November 186612 March 1925) was a Chinese physician, revolutionary, statesman, and political philosopher who founded the Republ ...
".


Fleischhauer superseded at ''Welt-Dienst''

For many years Fleischhauer and his activities at ''Welt-Dienst'' took place with the approval of the Nazi regime. As was the case with a number of similar organizations and their leaders, he received secret direct financing from the German government. From 1933-37 this funding came from Joseph Goebbels' Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. After a shakeup in lines of authority, by 1938 the responsibility for international antisemitism was shifted to the Foreign Affairs Office of the Nazi Party (Aussenpolitisches Amt der NSDAP, shortened to APA). This was one of several agencies within the vast Amt Rosenberg (Rosenberg Bureau or Rosenberg Office), the collective term for the various agencies controlled by Reichsleiter Alfred Rosenberg. However, Fleischhauer's personal role at ''Welt-Dienst'' declined as Germany neared the start of
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. Researcher Carmen Callil reports that Fleischhauer's political radicalism was beginning to hurt the
Third Reich Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictat ...
's international image. By 1938, she writes, "Hitler was advised that Fleischhauer was placing Germany in embarrassing positions abroad, as he was the kind of ‘anti-Semite who pretends to see a threatening Jew behind every street corner of the world and who tries to deal with the matter in a psychosis of fear and secretiveness’." In late July 1939, August Schirmer, an Amt Rosenberg functionary who had headed the "American Section" of ''Welt-Dienst'', took over publication of the periodical and its related operations. This change was connected with a relocation of ''Welt-Diensts editorial offices to
Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main () is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Hesse. Its 773,068 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the List of cities in Germany by population, fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located in the forela ...
as part of a more formal reorganization of all anti-Jewish research establishments under Rosenberg's control, culminating in 1941 with the establishment of the Institut der NSDAP zur Erforschung der Judenfrage (Institute of the National Socialist German Workers Party for Research Into the Jewish Question). Fleischhauer was largely cut out of the publishing empire he founded. In fact, in 1941 he was living in the cellar of his home in Erfurt, running only a "tiny rump" version of the organizations he created as the focus of his life's work . The ''Welt-Dienst'' organization on the other hand continued for a time to prosper. By its high point in August 1943 ''Welt-Dienst'' was published in 18 languages. At that time, Schirmer stepped down and was replaced by an individual named Kurt Richter, who in addition to being the new publisher was also director of an "International Institute for the Enlightenment of the Jewish Question". As the war turned against Nazi Germany, ''Welt-Dienst'' continued with diminished distribution until finally ending all publication operations early in 1945.


After the war

During the post-war occupation, Fleischhauer underwent denazification in a series of American internment camps and hospitals where he was held from 1945–46. Upon his release in 1947, Fleischhauer even issued a written statement in which he denied any
Nazi Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...
or fanatical antisemitic views.The original copy of his statement can be consulted in the Thüringisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Weimar Amt zum Schutz des Volkseigentums Nr. LK 2787, Ulrich Fleischhauer, 11 August 1947. After this Fleischhauer retired from public life and lived quietly until his death on 20 October 1960 in Giengen.


See also

* George E. Deatherage * Elizabeth Dilling * Fascism worldwide#United States * L. Fry * Great Sedition Trial of 1944 * Joe McWilliams


Chronology

* 1 December 1933 - 15 June 1939, ''World-Service'' (Erfurt: Bondung-Verlag) edited and headed by its founder, Ulrich Fleischhauer. * beginning 1 July 1939 - 1 September 1943, ''World-Service'' (Frankfurt am Main: Welt-Dienst-Verlag) edited and headed by August Schirmer. * from 15 September 1943 - January 1945 [end of publication], ''World-Service'' (Frankfurt am Main: Welt-Dienst-Verlag) under the direction of Kurt Richter.


References


Bibliography

* Louis W. Bondy. ''Racketeers of hatred. Julius Streicher and the Jew-baiters' international''. London: Newman Wolsey, 1946. * Vladimir Burtsev. ''«Протоколы Сионских мудрецов» - доказанный подлог. (The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A proven forgery)''. Paris: 1938. Republished by Слово, 1991. * Carmen Callil. ''Bad faith: A forgotten history of family, fatherland and Vichy France''. London: Jonathan Cape, 2006; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006; New York: Vintage Books, 2007. * John Roy Carlson [pseud. of Aredis Derounian]. ''Under cover: My four years in the Nazi underworld of America — The amazing revelation of how Axis agents and our enemies within are now plotting to destroy the United States''. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1943. * Ulrich Fleischhauer. ''Die echten Protokolle der Weisen von Zion; Sachverständigengutachten erstattet im Auftrage des Richteramtes V in Bern von Ulrich Fleischhauer'' (''The real Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion. Expert's report, reported by Order of the Judicial Office V in Bern by Ulrich Fleischhauer''). Erfurt, Germany: U. Bodung-Verlag, 1935. * Michael Hagemeister. "Russian émigrés in the Bern Trial of the 'Protocols of the Elders of Zion' (1933–1935)," ''Cahiers Parisiens / Parisian Notebooks'', Vol. 5 (2009), pages 375–391. * Michael Hagemeister. "The 'Protocols of the Elders of Zion' in court: The Bern trials 1933-1937," in Webman, Esther (ed.), ''The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion - A century-old myth,'' London and New York: Routledge, 2011, pages 241-253. * Ion Motza. ''Corrispondenza col "Welt-Dienst" (1934–1936) (Correspondence with the "World-Service" (1934–1936)''. Parma, Italy: All'insegna del Veltro, 1996. * ''Papers of the Weltdienst and the Bern Trial re the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 1930-1972.'' MF Doc 54/ Reel 20. London: The Wiener Library Institute of Contemporary History. * Eckart Schörle. "Internationale der Antisemiten. Ulrich Fleischhauer und der ''Welt-Dienst''". ''WerkstattGeschichte'', Vol. 51 (2009), pages 57–72. * Robert C. Williams. "Tödtli - A Berne defender of the "Protocols". ''Wiener Library Bulletin'', Vol. XXIII, Nos. 2 & 3, New Series Nos. 15 & 16 (1969), pages 67–70.


External links


Collection of many links related to the Berne Process
(German)
''Gerichts-Gutachten zum Berner Prozess. Die echten "Protokolle der Weisen von Zion"'' by Ulrich Fleischhauer at Archive.org
German. Expert´s report authored by Fleischhauer for the Berne Process, defending the authenticity of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the Protocols {{DEFAULTSORT:Fleischhauer, Ulrich 1876 births 1960 deaths Anti-Masonry in Germany German anti-Zionists German magazine founders German anti-communists German conspiracy theorists German nationalists German Nazi propagandists Officials of Nazi Germany People from Bad Langensalza Protocols of the Elders of Zion Prisoners and detainees of the United States military Critics of Freemasonry