USS Johnston (DD-557)

USS ''Johnston'' (DD-557) was a built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was named after Lieutenant John V. Johnston, an officer of the US Navy during the American Civil War. ''Johnston'' was laid down in May 1942 and was launched on 25 March 1943. She entered active duty on 27 October 1943 under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ernest E. Evans and was assigned to the US Pacific Fleet. ''Johnston'' provided naval gunfire support for American ground forces during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign in January and February 1944 and again, after three months of patrol and escort duty in the Solomon Islands, during the recapture of Guam in July. Thereafter, ''Johnston'' was tasked with escorting escort carriers during the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign and the liberation of the Philippines.

On 25 October 1944, while assigned as part of the escort to six escort carriers, ''Johnston'', two other ''Fletcher''-class destroyers, and four destroyer escorts were engaged by a large Imperial Japanese Navy flotilla. In what became known as the Battle off Samar, ''Johnston'' and the other escort ships charged the Japanese ships to protect nearby US carriers and transport craft. After engaging several Japanese capital ships and a destroyer squadron, ''Johnston'' was sunk with 187 dead, including Evans. ''Johnston''s wreck was discovered on 30 October 2019 but was not properly identified until March 2021. Lying more than below the surface of the ocean, it was the deepest shipwreck ever surveyed until the 22 June 2022 discovery of , sunk during the same engagement.

Design and characteristics

To rectify the top-heaviness and stability problems of the preceding and es, the ''Fletcher'' class was greatly increased in size over the older designs. This allowed them to accept additional anti-aircraft (AA) guns and electronic equipment as well as their operators without sacrificing guns or torpedoes as the older ships were forced to do during the war. The ''Fletcher''s displaced at standard load and at deep load, roughly 30 percent more than the ''Benson''s and ''Gleaves''.

In early 1942, the design of the ''Fletcher''s was modified to reduce top weight and to simplify the construction of the bridge by squaring off the curves at its front. One deck was removed from the aft superstructure and the base of the fire-control director above the bridge was shortened by . The splinter plating protecting the bridge and the director was also reduced in thickness. In addition, visibility from the bridge was improved by the addition of an open platform connected to the bridge wings.

The ships had an overall length of , with a draft of and beam of . The ships were powered by two General Electric geared steam turbines that each drove one propeller shaft using steam provided by four Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The turbines produced which was intended to give the ships a top speed of . The destroyers carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of at . They were crewed by 9 officers and 264 enlisted men.

Armament, fire control, protection and sensors

The main battery of the ''Fletcher''-class destroyers consisted of five dual-purpose /38 caliber guns in single mounts which were grouped in superfiring pairs fore and after of the superstructure. The fifth mount was positioned on the aft superstructure forward of the aft pair. The guns were controlled by the Mark 37 director. Their anti-aircraft battery depended on the availability of the weapons, but ''Johnston'' was built with ten Bofors guns in five powered twin-gun mounts and seven manually operated Oerlikon cannons. The forward pair of Bofors mounts were located forward of the bridge and the second pair were on platforms abreast the aft funnel with one mount on each broadside; the last mount was positioned between the aft superfiring pair of guns and the single mounts forward of them. Each mount was controlled by a nearby Mark 51 director. Four Oerlikons were located amidships, two on each broadside, and three were grouped in a triangle at the stern, next to the depth charge racks.

The ships were fitted with two racks, each holding eight depth charges and adjacent to them were two storage racks with five depth charges each. Abreast the aft superstructure were six "K-gun" throwers, three on each side, with five depth charges. The destroyers were equipped with two quintuple rotating torpedo tube mounts for Mark 15 torpedoes.

The ''Fletcher''s had only minimal armor that was intended to protect against shell splinters and fragments. The sides of the propulsion machinery compartments consisted of plates of special treatment steel (STS) while the deck above them consisted of STS. The "square bridge" ships like ''Johnston'' had the splinter armor of the bridge reduced from the 0.75-inch armor of the earlier "round bridge" ships to . Furthermore, the protective plating of the Mark 37 director was reduced from the earlier 0.75 inches to 0.5 inches.

The ''Fletcher''-class destroyers were equipped with a Mark 4 or Mark 12 fire-control radar on the roof of the Mark 37 director. A SC-2 early-warning radar and a SG surface-search radar were fitted on the foremast. For anti-submarine work, the ships used a QC series sonar.

Construction and service history

Construction of ''Johnston'', named after Lieutenant John V. Johnston, an officer of the US Navy during the American Civil War, began with the laying of her keel at the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation's yard on 6 May 1942. Her launch, sponsored by Marie S. Klinger, Lt. Johnston's grandniece, took place on 25 March 1943. ''Johnston'' was finally commissioned into the United States Navy and placed under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ernest E. Evans, a man of Native American Cherokee descent who previously commanded the elderly destroyer USS Alden which partook in the Battle of the Java Sea, on 27 October 1943. She then sailed to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and fitted out into early November. On 15 November, ''Johnston'' sailed for San Diego, California. From 19 November to 1 January 1944, ''Johnston'' put out to sea for her shakedown cruise and her crew trained with fleet units near San Diego.

Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign

On 13 January 1944 ''Johnston'' set sail for Hawaii with a US Navy squadron led by Rear Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf and arrived 21 January. From there, ''Johnston'' sailed to join the ongoing campaign against the Japanese Empire in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands. She arrived by 29 January and was assigned to Fire Support Group 53.5 under Oldendorf. On 30 January, she screened for the cruisers , , , and the battleship as they provided naval gunfire support for American forces in the Wotje Atoll. ''Johnston'' sailed for the Kwajalein Atoll, where from 31 January to 3 February she provided gunfire support for American forces attacking Roi-Namur Island.

''Johnston'' was reassigned on 5 February 1944 to escort transport ships to the Ellice Islands with destroyers and , and the destroyer-minesweeper . The convoy set sail on 6 February but en route ''Johnston'' was ordered to return to the Marshalls for resupply. She arrived on 8 February, refueled, and then set sail for Kwajalein on 10 February. Her arrival was delayed until the next day after jellyfish clogged and overheated her condensers.

Almost as soon ''Johnston'' arrived, she was tasked with investigating a sighting of a Japanese submarine. No such vessel was detected. Early on 12 February, Japanese bombers attacked Roi-Namur, inflicting heavy casualties to the occupying Americans. In response to their detection on radar, ''Johnston'' and the other present American ships laid smoke to obscure their positions. They were not attacked. Over the next three days, ''Johnston'' resupplied, took on supplies from , 5 in shells from , and fuel oil from . ''Johnston'' was then attached to Operation Catchpole, the American attack on Enewetak Atoll. From 16 to 18 February, ''Johnston'' screened for , , , ''Indianapolis'', and cruisers and as they bombarded Engebi Island. Then, from 19 to 25 February, ''Johnston'' provided gunfire support for American troops herself and patrolled for submarines.

Solomon Islands campaign

On 25 February 1944, ''Johnston'' was relieved of patrol duty and was assigned to screen the escort carrier with . The trio was ordered back to the Marshall Islands on 28 February and arrived on 1 March. ''Johnston'' resupplied over the next five days. On 7 March the flotilla, joined by , sailed for Espiritu Santo and arrived on 13 March. ''Johnston'' docked in the auxiliary floating drydock for minor repairs from 18 to 19 March, then set out for the Solomon Islands on 20 March. She arrived at Purvis Bay, near Guadalcanal, the following day and was subsequently assigned to patrol duties around New Ireland. On 27–28 March, ''Johnston'' and her sister ships , , and were dispatched to bombard Kapingamarangi Atoll, in the Caroline Islands. Upon their return to the Solomons on 29 March, the destroyers were assigned additional patrol duties. For the rest of March and all of April, they patrolled the northern Solomons, escorted Allied shipping to and from them, and occasionally provided gunfire support for the US Army's XIV Corps (United States), XIV Corps on Bougainville Island.

''Johnston'' began May 1944 moored in Purvis Bay undergoing minor repairs. On 6 May, she sailed to New Georgia with ''Franks'', ''Haggard'', ''Hailey'', and ''Hoel'' to screen for and and then for a minelaying operation between Bougainville and Buka Island on 10 May. Two days later, ''Haggard'', ''Franks'' and ''Johnston'' were alerted by an American scout plane to the presence of the off Buka. The destroyers immediately began searching for the vessel and, late on 16 May, discovered it. ''Haggard'', then ''Johnston'', and then ''Franks'' attacked the submarine with depth charges and sank it after midnight on 17 May. The destroyers resumed their anti-submarine patrols on 18 May, then screened for ''Montpelier'', ''Cleveland'', and as they shelled Japanese coastal guns on the Shortland Islands two days later. ''Johnston'' thereafter resumed patrol and escort duty, then docked with the destroyer tender for minor repairs from 27 May to 2 June.

Mariana and Palau Islands campaign

On 3 June 1944, ''Johnston'' joined a convoy of US warships headed to Kwajalein to join a fleet gathering to Battle of Guam (1944), recapture Guam. The convoy arrived on 8 June, then made for Guam four days later with the invasion force and arrived by 18 June. The ongoing Battle of Saipan, however, delayed the invasion. On 30 June, the fleet was ordered to return to Kwajalein; ''Johnston'' arrived on 3 July and returned to patrol duty. When the invasion force was ordered back to Guam on 14 July, ''Johnston'' again sailed as part of its screen. The fleet arrived four days later. From 21 July to 1 August, ''Johnston'' joined several battleships, cruisers, and destroyers to furnish gunfire support for the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, 1st Marine Brigade and the 77th Sustainment Brigade, 77th Infantry Division. Afterwards, from 2 to 9 August, she screened for American ships. On 9 August, ''Johnston'' was ordered, with ''Franks'', ''Haggard'', ''Haily'', , , , ''Cleveland'', and to return to the Marshalls.

The flotilla arrived on 12 August, resupplied, and then sailed for Espiritu Santo from 19 to 24 August. Three days later, after undergoing minor repairs, ''Johnston'' set sail for Purvis Bay with ''Pennsylvania'', , ''Louisville'', ''Minneapolis'', and seven other destroyers. The flotilla arrived on 29 August and joined escort carriers , , , , with whom ''Johnston'' trained for carrier escort duty. On 4 September, ''Johnston'', ''Haggard'', ''Hailey'', and , escorting ''Petrof Bay'', ''Kalinan Bay'', and , set sail for the Palau Islands and the invasions Battle of Peleliu, of Peleliu and Battle of Angaur, of Angaur. ''Johnston'' escorted these escort carriers until 18 September, when ''Johnston'' was reassigned to escort , , and . ''Johnston'' and her charges received orders on 21 September to proceed to Ulithi, an atoll in the Caroline Islands, where they arrived on 23 September.

Battle off Samar

The flotilla departed Ulithi on 25 September 1944 and arrived in Seeadler Harbor, in the Admiralty Islands on 1 October 1944. There, on 12 October, ''Johnston'' was assigned to the US 7th Fleet, which was preparing to liberation of the Philippines, invade the Philippines. ''Johnston'' was attached, with ''Hoel'', , and the destroyer escorts , , , and , to the escort carriers , , ''White Plains'', ''Gambier Bay'', ''Kalinin Bay'', and ''Kitkun Bay''. These ships formed TU 77.4.3 (call sign "Taffy 3"), a sub-unit of the 7th Fleet's Escort Carrier Group (TG 77.4) commanded by Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague, aboard ''Fanshaw Bay'', and sailed into Leyte Gulf on 17 October.

In response to the Invasion of the Philippines, on 18 October, the Imperial Japanese Navy dispatched three fleets to cut off and destroy the American ground forces. The largest fleet was placed under the command of Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita and took a path that, on 25 October, led it to TG 77.4.

Though Kurita's fleet – by 25 October numbering four battleships, eight cruisers, and 11 destroyers – had been attacked by US submarines and aircraft over the previous two days, TG 77.4 was not made aware of the Japanese force until Taffy 3's surface radar detected it at 0646. ''Johnston'', south-east from the Japanese, was informed of its presence at 0650; eight minutes later, the Japanese opened fire, beginning the Battle off Samar. The force was led by Kurita's flagship, the battleship , the largest and most powerfully armed and armored battleship ever built, displacing 72,808 tons and armed with nine 46 cm/45 Type 94 naval gun, 18.1-inch (46 cm) guns. Escorting ''Yamato'' came the older but still capable battleships , , and , six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and eleven destroyers.

''Johnston''s torpedo charge

At 0657, Sprague ordered Taffy 3 to head east at top speed and lay smoke. Despite the overwhelming odds against the force, finding ''Johnston'' at the rear of the formation, Commander (United States), Commander Ernest E. Evans ordered a turn to the northeast so that ''Johnston'' could charge the Japanese for a torpedo attack and lay smoke to cover the flotilla's escape. Charging at the enemy, ''Johnston'' would come under fire from several ships. ''Nagato'' fired a single full salvo from her 16.1-inch (41 cm) guns, while ''Haruna'' fired numerous 6-inch (152 mm) secondary shells, but all missed their mark as Johnston remained undamaged. At 07:10, ''Johnston'' singled out a target, the heavy cruiser , leading a column of cruisers, as she sailed into the range of ''Johnston''s 5-inch (127 mm) main battery. ''Kumano'' and her sister ship fired off numerous salvos, but again, not a single Japanese shell hit the American destroyer. In contrast ''Johnston'' fired more than 200 main battery shells at ''Kumano'' over the next five minutes, striking the cruiser at least 45 times and setting her superstructure on fire. Then, having closed to , ''Johnston'' fired all 10 of her torpedoes at ''Kumano'' and then turned to hide in her own smoke. The exact number of hits is unknown, but at least one torpedo hit ''Kumano'' and blew off her bow, forcing her out of the battle alongside ''Suzuya'' to escort her, right as a 14-inch (356 mm) shell from ''Kongō'' landed mere inches from Johnston (but did not hit her), spraying red dye on the hull. Dashing back to the escort carriers, Commander Evans forced two heavy cruisers out of the engagement without being hit by a single Japanese projectile.

Damage from ''Yamato''

However, at 0730, at , battleship ''Yamato'' engaged a US "cruiser" and fired a single full nine gun broadside. Suddenly, three 18.1-inch (46 cm) shells smashed into ''Johnston''. Seconds later, three 6.1-inch (155 mm) shells out of six fired from ''Yamato''s secondary battery made their mark. The damage was initially recorded as three 14-inch (356 mm) shells from ''Kongō'' at a distance of , but Japanese records displayed ''Kongō'' to be much farther and blinded by a rain squall, unable to fire her guns, as where ''Yamato'' claimed numerous hits with her main and secondary guns on a US "cruiser" at the same exact moment ''Johnston'' was hit. The light cruiser and the destroyer also observed ''Yamato'' sinking a US "cruiser" matching ''Johnston''s location.

Having mistaken ''Johnston'' for a cruiser'', Yamato'' fired armour-piercing ammunition from her main guns, which over penetrated ''Johnston''s unarmored hull without exploding. Still, the damage resulted in numerous casualties as ''Yamato''s 6.1-inch (155 mm) shells mostly landed upon her superstructure. One landed amidships, taking out an AA fire director, while the remaining two hit forward, tearing into the torpedo director and shredding the bridge, blowing off two of Evans's fingers and his shirt, and causing the loss of her gyrocompass. Meanwhile, two 18.1-inch (46 cm) shells landed amidships, severely damaging ''Johnston''s engines, cutting her speed to . The remaining 18.1-inch (46 cm) shell hit two thirds down the ship, cutting power to all of ''Johnston''s 5-inch (127 mm) guns. Hidden in her smoke and a rain squall for the next ten minutes, ''Johnston''s crew restored power to the forward main guns. The third was permanently disconnected from fire control and had to be operated manually.

Defense of the escort carriers

After turning south to rejoin Taffy 3, ''Johnston'' encountered ''Hoel'', ''Heermann'', and ''Samuel B. Roberts'', en route to make their own torpedo attacks. Despite such immense damage, Evans turned ''Johnston'' around to follow and support them, in the process exchanging gunfire with the heavy cruiser . By 0820, the escorts had launched their torpedoes and turned south, making smoke and still exchanging fire with the Japanese, to rejoin Taffy 3. This was accomplished by 0840, when ''Heermann'' and ''Johnston'', enveloped in smoke, nearly collided. At that time, ''Johnston'' spotted ''Kongō'', distant, fired 30 shells at her, and then evaded returned fire from ''Kongō''. ''Johnston'' next sighted ''Gambier Bay'', immobile, listing to port, and under fire from numerous warships, and briefly fired on the heavy cruiser as the remaining destroyers attempted to cover her, achieving partial success at their own risk as ''Hoel'' was sunk by gunfire from ''Nagato'', ''Haguro'' and ''Yamato''s secondary battery, while ''Chikuma'' engaged in an intense point blank range duel with ''Heermann'' and ''Samuel B. Roberts'' (''Yamato'' still targeted ''Gambier Bay'' with her main guns, which would later sink at 0911). ''Johnston'' ceased fire as the light cruiser leading the destroyers ''Japanese destroyer Yukikaze (1939), Yukikaze, Japanese destroyer Isokaze (1939), Isokaze, Japanese destroyer Urakaze (1940), Urakaze,'' and ''Japanese destroyer Nowaki (1940), Nowaki'' approached the other carriers.

''Johnston'' engaged the entire squadron, opening fire on ''Yahagi'' at 0850 from 10,000 yards and closed to . ''Johnston'' attempted to Crossing the T, cross the squadron's T, limiting them to their forward guns, but the Japanese squadron reacted, turning and engaging the American destroyer with their broadsides. ''Johnston'' hit ''Yahagi'' 12 times and was in turn struck by several 5-inch (127 mm) shells. ''Yahagi'' scored critical damage as at least two 6-inch (152 mm) shells hit the bow and disabled one of ''Johnston''s remaining 5-inch (127 mm) guns, leaving her completely defenseless and starting a large fire that forced the evacuation of the bridge. ''Yahagi'' was then strafed by US aircraft, turned to starboard and disengaged. ''Johnston'' turned her fire on the Japanese destroyers, which soon also banked starboard and, with ''Yahagi'', discharged their torpedoes at the carriers without effect. The destroyers then focused on ''Johnston'', and, in short order, denuded her of her main mast, last engine and gun, rendered the bridge uninhabitable, and set much of the ship ablaze. Evans moved his command to the stern, fantail, where, at 0945, he ordered the crew to abandon ship, as under sustained and intense gunfire damage, ''Johnston'' began to split apart around two thirds down the ship where she was hit by an 18.1-inch (46 cm) shell from ''Yamato'' earlier in the battle. At 1010, ''Johnston'' rolled over and sank. As she sank, the crew of the ''Yukikaze'' sailed past ''Johnston'' and saluted her crew. Of her complement of 327 men, 186 men and officers died. Commander Ernest E Evans was observed abandoning ship in a lifeboat but was never seen again and presumed dead. The remaining 141 men were rescued by American vessels after 50 hours at sea. ''Johnston'' was struck from the Navy Register on 27 November 1944.

Awards

''Johnston'' received six battle stars and, for the action at Samar, a Presidential Unit Citation (United States), Presidential Unit Citation. For the same action, Commander Evans was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.

Wreck discovery

On 30 October 2019, the research vessel (RV) , belonging to Vulcan Inc., discovered the remains of what was believed to be ''Johnston'' at the bottom of the Philippine Trench. The remains consisted of a deck gun, a propeller shaft, and some miscellaneous debris that could not be used to identify the wreck, but additional debris was observed lying deeper than the RV could reach. On 31 March 2021, the research vessel of Caladan Oceanic, financed and piloted by Victor Vescovo, surveyed and photographed the deeper wreck and definitively identified it as ''Johnston'' at a depth of . Until (22,621 ft; 6,895 m) was discovered on 22 June 2022, ''Johnston'' was the deepest discovered shipwreck in the world.

Starboard bow of the wreck of the USS Johnston DD-557.jpg, Starboard bow of the wreck of USS ''Johnston''
Bridge and Mk 37 Gun Fire Control System (top) of wreck of the USS Johnston DD-557.jpg, Bridge and Mk 37 Gun Fire Control System (top) of wreck
Gun turret No. 51 on the bow of the wreck of the USS Johnston DD-557.jpg, Gun turret No. 51 on the bow of the wreck
Naval historian Parks Stevenson created a 3-D model of ''Johnston''s wreck which shows just how much damage the ship took, and the state the wreck is in. The forward two thirds of the hull still sit upright with her forward 5-inch (127 mm) guns and rangefinder turned to starboard at the enemy ships she faced before she went down. Her hull number, 557, is still a bright white and clearly visible, and her hull is buried in the sand up to the waterline. Enemy damage plagued ''Johnston'' as shell holes from numerous destroyers and ''Yahagi'' riddled the ship, punching into the sides and wrecking her superstructure, and ''Johnston'' split in two where she was hit by an 18.1-inch (46 cm) shell from ''Yamato'', leaving ''Johnston''s back third undiscovered, if it is even recognizable. Despite that, the bridge is still fully intact and recognizable, with damage from a 6.1-inch (155 mm) shell from ''Yamato''s secondary battery putting a hole beneath where Evans commanded the ship. Her AA guns are still trained, and several holes in ''Johnston'' line up with accounts of enemy damage (such as a 5-inch (127 mm) destroyer shell plunging into the superstructure and disabling her radio control).

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnston (DD-557), USS
1943 ships
2019 archaeological discoveries
Fletcher-class destroyers of the United States Navy
Maritime incidents in October 1944
Ships built in Seattle
Shipwrecks of the Philippines
World War II destroyers of the United States
World War II shipwrecks in the Philippine Sea