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USS ''Gyatt'' (DD-712/DDG-1/DDG-712) was a of the
United States Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...
operated between 1945 and 1968. The ship was named for Edward Gyatt, a
United States Marine Corps The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines or simply the Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is responsible for conducting expeditionar ...
private and
Marine Raider The Marine Raiders are special operations forces originally established by the United States Marine Corps during World War II to conduct amphibious warfare, amphibious light infantry warfare. Despite the original intent for Raiders to serve ...
killed during the
Battle of Guadalcanal The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by the United States, was an Allied offensive against forces of the Empire of Japan in the Solomon Islands during the Pacific Theater of W ...
. She was laid down in 1944, commissioned in 1945, and missed combat during the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. In 1955, she was converted into the world's first
guided missile destroyer A guided-missile destroyer (DDG) is a destroyer whose primary armament is guided missiles so they can provide anti-aircraft warfare screening for the fleet. The NATO standard designation for these vessels is DDG, while destroyers which have a pr ...
(DDG) to evaluate the
RIM-2 Terrier The Convair RIM-2 Terrier was a two-stage medium-range naval surface-to-air missile (SAM), among the earliest SAMs to equip United States Navy ships. It underwent significant upgrades while in service, starting with beam-riding guidance with a r ...
surface-to-air missile A surface-to-air missile (SAM), also known as a ground-to-air missile (GTAM) or surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of anti-ai ...
and the practicality of similar weapons. Her service contributed to the development of dedicated air-defense missile escorts and of later anti-air missiles by identifying flaws in both designs. Her goal was completed in 1962, and she was converted into a floating test bed for
radar Radar is a system that uses radio waves to determine the distance ('' ranging''), direction ( azimuth and elevation angles), and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. It is a radiodetermination method used to detect and track ...
s and other electronic equipment. By 1969, structural issues caused by missile launches forced her to be decommissioned; she was sunk as a target in 1970.


Namesake

Edward Earl Gyatt was born on 4 September 1921, in
Syracuse, New York Syracuse ( ) is a City (New York), city in and the county seat of Onondaga County, New York, United States. With a population of 148,620 and a Syracuse metropolitan area, metropolitan area of 662,057, it is the fifth-most populated city and 13 ...
, and later enlisted in the
United States Marine Corps The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines or simply the Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is responsible for conducting expeditionar ...
in 1942.
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Gyatt served with the 1st Marine Raider Battalion during the Battle of Tulagi, part of the initial landings of the
Guadalcanal campaign The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by the United States, was an Allies of World War II, Allied offensive against forces of the Empire of Japan in the Solomon Islands during th ...
. He went ashore on
Tulagi Tulagi, less commonly known as Tulaghi, is a small island in Solomon Islands, just off the south coast of Ngella Sule. The town of the same name on the island (pop. 1,750) was the capital of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate from 1896 t ...
on 7 August 1942, and communicated that a
Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...
counterattack was approaching his position that night. He remained at his station and caused heavy casualties to the Japanese forces before he was killed by a
hand grenade A grenade is a small explosive weapon typically thrown by hand (also called hand grenade), but can also refer to a Shell (projectile), shell (explosive projectile) shot from the muzzle of a rifle (as a rifle grenade) or a grenade launcher. A mod ...
. Gyatt was awarded the
Silver Star The Silver Star Medal (SSM) is the United States Armed Forces' third-highest military decoration for valor in combat. The Silver Star Medal is awarded primarily to members of the United States Armed Forces for gallantry in action against a ...
posthumously for his actions. The first ship named after the private was DE-550, a ''John C. Butler''-class
destroyer escort Destroyer escort (DE) was the United States Navy mid-20th-century classification for a warship designed with the endurance necessary to escort mid-ocean convoys of merchant marine ships. Development of the destroyer escort was promoted by th ...
that was canceled before construction began.


Design and construction


Development

During World War II, the ''Fletcher''-class destroyers were the main destroyers operated by the US Navy. Yet by 1943, the force had already identified methods to improve the design based on combat experience and further study. To maintain
mass-production Mass production, also known as mass production, series production, series manufacture, or continuous production, is the production of substantial amounts of standardized products in a constant flow, including and especially on assembly lines. ...
, a vast majority of the old design was retained aside from several details. The most obvious change was the consolidation of the main battery from five single gun turrets to three twin dual mounted turrets, thereby adding one gun barrel with half the turrets, which freed up immense space on and below deck. This design entered service as the ''Allen M. Sumner-''class. Towards the last stages of the
Pacific War The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War or the Pacific Theatre, was the Theater (warfare), theatre of World War II fought between the Empire of Japan and the Allies of World War II, Allies in East Asia, East and Southeast As ...
, destroyers were faced with increasingly distant voyages and faster ships in need of escorting. To rectify this, the ''Sumner''-class design was lengthened by to add greater range and
cruising speed Cruise is the phase of aircraft flight from when the aircraft levels off after a climb until it begins to descend for landing. Cruising usually comprises the majority of a flight, and may include small changes in heading (direction of flight), ...
. The resulting design became the ''Gearing''-class, the most advanced US destroyer class of the war.


Design

The ''Sumner'' and ''Gearing''-classes were the most heavily armed US destroyers of the war. Her main weapons were the aforementioned three twin 5"/38 dual purpose guns, which allowed her to engage air, land, or sea targets at an average of 15 rounds a minute per barrel. While it was planned that she would have carried two quintuple 21-inch torpedo tube mounts, one was removed to make room for more anti-air guns. Due to the constant threat of enemy aircraft and
Kamikaze , officially , were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who flew suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, intending to d ...
s, her nominal anti-air battery was enlarged to include sixteen Bofors 40mm guns in quad and twin mounts and an additional twenty
20 mm Oerlikon The Oerlikon 20 mm cannon is a series of autocannons based on an original German Becker Type M2 20 mm cannon design that appeared very early in World War I. It was widely produced by Oerlikon Contraves and others, with various models employ ...
guns on dual ad-hoc mounts. To engage submarines, she was also fitted with two depth charge tracks and six depth charge projectors.


Characteristics

She had an
overall length The overall length (OAL) of an ammunition cartridge is a measurement from the base of the brass shell casing to the tip of the bullet, seated into the brass casing. Cartridge overall length, or "COL", is important to safe functioning of reloads i ...
of , a beam of , and a
draft Draft, the draft, or draught may refer to: Watercraft dimensions * Draft (hull), the distance from waterline to keel of a vessel * Draft (sail), degree of curvature in a sail * Air draft, distance from waterline to the highest point on a v ...
of , giving her a displacement of 2,425 tons and a fully loaded displacement at 3,479 tons. Four
Babcock & Wilcox Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc. is an American energy technology and service provider that is active and has operations in many international markets with its headquarters in Akron, Ohio. Historically, the company is best known for their stea ...
steam boilers Steam is water vapor, often mixed with air or an aerosol of liquid water droplets. This may occur due to evaporation or due to boiling, where heat is applied until water reaches the enthalpy of vaporization. Saturated or superheated steam is inv ...
produced and a top speed of through two
propeller A propeller (often called a screw if on a ship or an airscrew if on an aircraft) is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to form a helical spiral which, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon a working flu ...
s. Her extended hull allowed her to carry 160 more tons of fuel than ''Sumner''-class ships, increasing her cruising range by 30% to approximately 4,500 miles (7,200km). Most ships of her class were manned by a crew of 345. She was laid down at the Federal Shipbuilding
yard The yard (symbol: yd) is an English units, English unit of length in both the British imperial units, imperial and US United States customary units, customary systems of measurement equalling 3 foot (unit), feet or 36 inches. Sinc ...
in
Kearny, New Jersey Kearny ( ) is a town in the western part of Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, and a suburb of Newark. As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 41,999, an increase of 1,315 (+3.2%) from the 2010 census cou ...
, on 7 September 1944. She was launched on 15 April 1945 and commissioned on 2 July of the same year by the namesake's mother.


Service history


Early history

Following a
shakedown cruise Shakedown cruise is a nautical term in which the performance of a ship is tested. Generally, shakedown cruises are performed before a ship enters service or after major changes such as a crew change, repair, refit or overhaul. The shakedown ...
in the
Caribbean The Caribbean ( , ; ; ; ) is a region in the middle of the Americas centered around the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, mostly overlapping with the West Indies. Bordered by North America to the north, Central America ...
, ''Gyatt'' was stationed in
Norfolk, Virginia Norfolk ( ) is an independent city (United States), independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia. It had a population of 238,005 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it the List of cities in Virginia, third-most populous city ...
, where she conducted patrols along the East Coast. She also participated in training exercises in the
Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico () is an oceanic basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, mostly surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north, and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States; on the southw ...
and Caribbean, visiting several South American ports to demonstrate American naval presence. In 1946, she was reassigned to the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean, where she regularly operated in the region and the
North Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for ...
for the next several years.


Guided missile destroyer

Since World War II, the primary role of destroyers and screening ships in a carrier fleet had been to provide
air defense Anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) is the counter to aerial warfare and includes "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action".AAP-6 It encompasses surface-based, subsurface (Submarine#Armament, submarine-lau ...
. Following this
doctrine Doctrine (from , meaning 'teaching, instruction') is a codification (law), codification of beliefs or a body of teacher, teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the essence of teachings in a given branch of knowledge or in a ...
, the US Navy began developing new escort ships in the early 1950s, equipping them with advanced
surface-to-air missile A surface-to-air missile (SAM), also known as a ground-to-air missile (GTAM) or surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of anti-ai ...
systems that promised greater effectiveness than older weapons. However, many of these new weapons, such as the RIM''-2'' Terrier, were still unproven for use on small destroyers. ''Gyatt'' was chosen to be fitted with a Terrier battery as a proof-of-concept for the weapon as they were slated for use on the upcoming ''Farragut''-class destroyers. A weakness of early American guided missiles was a slow reaction time and difficulty engaging multiple targets, leaving ships susceptible to simultaneous attacks. It was hoped that having numerous small destroyers would mitigate the flaws, allowing a large number of Terriers to protect a carrier.


Terrier System

For her new role, ''Gyatt'' entered the Boston Naval Shipyard on 26 September 1955, and was decommissioned on 31 October for conversion into the world's first
guided missile destroyer A guided-missile destroyer (DDG) is a destroyer whose primary armament is guided missiles so they can provide anti-aircraft warfare screening for the fleet. The NATO standard designation for these vessels is DDG, while destroyers which have a pr ...
(DDG). Her entire aft – including a twin 5"/38 gun and parts of the
superstructure A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline. This term is applied to various kinds of physical structures such as buildings, bridges, or ships. Aboard ships and large boats On water craft, the superstruct ...
and upper deck – were removed. In their place was the Terrier launcher and a 14-missile magazine. To fire, the launcher would align itself along the centerline and with the magazine
deckhouse A cabin or berthing is an enclosed space generally on a ship or an aircraft. A cabin which protrudes above the level of a ship's deck may be referred to as a deckhouse. Sailing ships In sailing ships, the officers and paying passengers wou ...
. Inside was two cylindrical magazines that rotated the next missile into place, which allowed a loading arm to move each missile onto a rail and push it through a blast door and onto the launcher, achieving a reload speed of 2 missiles a minute. While the magazine took up the entire width of the ship, there was only space for 7 missiles per each arm of the launcher, greatly limiting ''Gyatt''s practicality in any engagement. Missiles of the era were powerful and sensitive, and there was major concern regarding an accidental
detonation Detonation () is a type of combustion involving a supersonic exothermic front accelerating through a medium that eventually drives a shock front propagating directly in front of it. Detonations propagate supersonically through shock waves with ...
inside the exposed magazine. To mitigate the threat, it was fitted with
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ducts and pipes while the inside was air-conditioned. With each launch also producing temperatures up to , the superstructure and deck was also reinforced with
Special Treatment Steel Special treatment steel (STS), also known as protective deck plate, was a type of warship armor developed by Carnegie Steel around 1910. History STS is a homogeneous Krupp-type steel developed around 1910. The development of such homogeneous st ...
to absorb the loads. To manage the weapon, she was fitted a variation of the Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System. To identify incoming aircraft, she was the first ship in the Navy to be mounted with the
AN/SPS-49 The AN/SPS-49 is a United States Navy two-dimensional, long range air search radar built by Raytheon that can provide contact bearing and range. It is a primary air-search radar for numerous ships in the U.S. fleet and in Spanish Navy, Spain, Poli ...
search radar. Once a target was identified, her MK 25 gun director would track the target with a radar beam, allowing a launched Terrier to home in on the aircraft. She was armed to fire the RIM-2A and RIM-2B Terriers, initial and immature models of the weapon that had a range of about , a flight ceiling of , and a top speed of
Mach The Mach number (M or Ma), often only Mach, (; ) is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a Boundary (thermodynamic), boundary to the local speed of sound. It is named after the Austrian physi ...
2. To keep the destroyer stable during missile launches, she was equipped with the Navy's first stabilizer fins. The system consisted of two 45 square foot (4m2) retractable fins that extended out from midship below the waterline that mitigated the pitching and
rolling Rolling is a Motion (physics)#Types of motion, type of motion that combines rotation (commonly, of an Axial symmetry, axially symmetric object) and Translation (geometry), translation of that object with respect to a surface (either one or the ot ...
produced by each launch. To compensate for the weight of the new systems, her remaining two Bofors were swapped with twin 3"/50 caliber guns and her torpedo tubes were ripped out. In addition, the Navy wanted ''Gyatt'' and other anti-air escorts to be able to engage threats aside from aircraft. During the refit, she was also equipped with the most modern
anti-submarine An anti-submarine weapon (ASW) is any one of a number of devices that are intended to act against a submarine and its crew, to destroy (sink) the vessel or reduce its capability as a weapon of war. In its simplest sense, an anti-submarine weapon ...
weapon suite available, which consisted of two MK 32 triple torpedo tubes and two Hedgehog depth charge projectors. Once refurbishment was complete, she was recommissioned in December 1956 and assigned the hull number DDG-712 as a guided missile destroyer.


Weapon experimentation

For the next three years, she was evaluated on various sailings along the Atlantic coast. In recognition of her novel position, her hull number was altered to DDG-1, signifying her as the first guided missile destroyer. She then sailed to join the 6th Fleet on January 28, 1960, and became the first DDG to deploy overseas. On August 31, having arrived back at her new home port, ''Gyatt'' had trained with fleets throughout the Mediterranean. Upon her return, she joined the United States' space program. For several days in 1960 and 1961, she was stationed to recover nose-cones that fell to Earth from
Project Mercury Project Mercury was the first human spaceflight program of the United States, running from 1958 through 1963. An early highlight of the Space Race, its goal was to put a man into Earth orbit and return him safely, ideally before the Soviet Un ...
launches. As the Berlin Crisis inflamed
Cold War The Cold War was a period of global Geopolitics, geopolitical rivalry between the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR) and their respective allies, the capitalist Western Bloc and communist Eastern Bloc, which lasted from 1947 unt ...
tensions, she then joined the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean to serve as an American counterbalance. After her return home, she operated out of
Charleston, South Carolina Charleston is the List of municipalities in South Carolina, most populous city in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atla ...
.


Legacy

Her main contributions during the decade was her use as a missile test bed. The ship's various trainings demonstrated the ''Terrier''s application onboard escorts, seeing the system adopted to the Navy's rapidly growing fleet of air-defense destroyer leaders. However, the battery proved to be too large for ''Gyatt''s small hull, as immense strain was placed on her
electrical grid An electrical grid (or electricity network) is an interconnected network for electricity delivery from producers to consumers. Electrical grids consist of power stations, electrical substations to step voltage up or down, electric power tran ...
, so little room was left for other systems or modifications, and the design itself was overly complicated. The experience dissuaded further efforts to convert destroyers into air-defense missile ships, and the Navy instead opted to convert the rest of her class into modernized
anti-submarine An anti-submarine weapon (ASW) is any one of a number of devices that are intended to act against a submarine and its crew, to destroy (sink) the vessel or reduce its capability as a weapon of war. In its simplest sense, an anti-submarine weapon ...
escorts as part of the Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) program. Her weapon tests also demonstrated the need for a smaller surface-to-air missile system, informing the development of the more compact
RIM-24 Tartar The General Dynamics RIM-24 Tartar was a medium-range naval surface-to-air missile (SAM), among the earliest SAMs to equip United States Navy ships. The Tartar was the third of the so-called "3 Ts", the three primary SAMs the Navy fielded in the ...
, which was fitted on the next generation of guided missile destroyers. Issues regarding the Terrier were largely rectified with the larger ''Farragut''-class destroyers as they were the first ships in the Navy built from the keel-up to provide missile air defense. With lessons in mind from ''Gyatt'', the new ships displaced twice as much and carried two launchers and nearly three times as many missiles than her in better protected magazines. In the modern age, all destroyers are fitted with at least one kind of guided missile, especially in relation to air defense.


Radar test ship

With her original goal fulfilled, she was retrofitted for service with the Operational Test and Evaluation Force in 1962. On 29 June, she entered the
Charleston Naval Shipyard Charleston Naval Shipyard (formerly known as the Charleston Navy Yard) was a U.S. Navy ship building and repair facility located along the west bank of the Cooper River, in North Charleston, South Carolina and part of Naval Base Charleston. ...
to have her Terriers removed and a mast fitted on top of the old missile magazine. The purpose of the new mast was to carry electronics and other experimental equipment so they could be tested at sea. Now designated as a radar test ship, her hull number was reverted to DD-712. On 1 January 1963, she reported to
Norfolk Norfolk ( ) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in England, located in East Anglia and officially part of the East of England region. It borders Lincolnshire and The Wash to the north-west, the North Sea to the north and eas ...
and operated with the Naval Electronics Facility and tested new technology, primarily radars and sensors, along the US East Coast and
Caribbean The Caribbean ( , ; ; ; ) is a region in the middle of the Americas centered around the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, mostly overlapping with the West Indies. Bordered by North America to the north, Central America ...
.


Sinking

By the late 1960s, her hull began to crack from stress caused by the missile launches. As it was cheaper to prematurely dispose of her than fix the hull, she was transferred to the
reserve fleet A reserve fleet is a collection of naval vessels of all types that are fully equipped for service but are not currently needed; they are partially or fully Ship decommissioning, decommissioned. A reserve fleet is informally said to be "in mothba ...
and homeported to
Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with ...
in 1968. She was then stricken from the ''
Naval Vessel Register The ''Naval Vessel Register'' (NVR) is the official inventory of ships and service craft in custody of or titled by the United States Navy. It contains information on ships and service craft that make up the official inventory of the Navy from t ...
'' on 22 October 1969, and sunk as a target off
Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the East Coast of the United States ...
on 11 June 1970.


See also

* ''Arleigh Burke''-class destroyer Flight III, series of modern American guided missile destroyers built for air defense * ''Ticonderoga''-class cruiser, modern American air-defense ships * USS ''Timmerman'', '' Sarsfield'', '' Richard E. Kraus'', and ''Witek'', experimental ''Gearing''-class destroyers


Notes


References


External links


''Gyatt'' Association
– Defunct website of the USS ''Gyatt'' veterans' association

– Photo gallery of the ship
YouTubeArchive
- Video of ''Gyatt''s 1956 recommissioning and several closeups of her missile battery
YouTubeArchive
AP
Newsreel A newsreel is a form of short documentary film, containing news, news stories and items of topical interest, that was prevalent between the 1910s and the mid 1970s. Typically presented in a Movie theater, cinema, newsreels were a source of cu ...
from 1958 discussing ''Gyatt'' and featuring a test fire of a Terrier against a target aircraft {{DEFAULTSORT:Gyatt (DD-712) 1945 ships Cold War destroyers of the United States Gearing-class destroyers of the United States Navy Maritime incidents in 1970 Ships built in Kearny, New Jersey Ships sunk as targets Shipwrecks of the Virginia coast World War II destroyers of the United States World War II destroyers