HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

''USSR-1'' (russian: СССР-1) was a record-setting, hydrogen-filled
Soviet Air Forces The Soviet Air Forces ( rus, Военно-воздушные силы, r=Voyenno-vozdushnyye sily, VVS; literally "Military Air Forces") were one of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The other was the Soviet Air Defence Forces. The Air Forces ...
high-altitude Altitude or height (also sometimes known as depth) is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The exact definition and reference datum varies according to the context ...
balloon designed to seat a crew of three and perform scientific studies of the Earth's
stratosphere The stratosphere () is the second layer of the atmosphere of the Earth, located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. The stratosphere is an atmospheric layer composed of stratified temperature layers, with the warm layers of air ...
. On September 30, 1933, ''USSR-1'' under
Georgy Prokofiev Georgy (Yegor) Alekseyevich Prokofiev (born August 17, 1902, in Teleshovo, Vyazma District – died April 23, 1939, in Moscow) was a Soviet Air Forces balloonist who coordinated a military stratospheric balloon program in 1931–1939. On Septe ...
's command set an unofficial world altitude record of .Shayler, 2000, p. 20 After the crash of '' Osoaviakhim-1'' in January 1934 ''USSR-1'' was retrofitted with a gondola
parachute A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag or, in a ram-air parachute, aerodynamic lift. A major application is to support people, for recreation or as a safety device for aviators, who ...
and a new gas envelope. June 26, 1935 it flew again as ''USSR-1 Bis''. The balloon reached 16,000 meters where an accidental release of hydrogen, probably caused by a faulty valve, forced it into an unexpected descent. After expending all available ballast, two crew members bailed out on personal
parachute A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag or, in a ram-air parachute, aerodynamic lift. A major application is to support people, for recreation or as a safety device for aviators, who ...
s at low altitudes; the flight commander stayed on board and managed to perform a soft landing.


Design

Auguste Piccard Auguste Antoine Piccard (28 January 1884 – 24 March 1962) was a Switzerland, Swiss physicist, inventor and explorer known for his record-breaking Gas balloon, hydrogen balloon flights, with which he studied the Earth's upper atmosphere. Picca ...
's high-altitude flights of 1930–1932 aroused the interest of
Soviet Air Forces The Soviet Air Forces ( rus, Военно-воздушные силы, r=Voyenno-vozdushnyye sily, VVS; literally "Military Air Forces") were one of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The other was the Soviet Air Defence Forces. The Air Forces ...
and Osoaviakhim, the Soviet paramilitary training organization, as well as individual pilots, designers and flight enthusiasts. Civilian projects by Osoaviakhim and the national Meteorology Committee were delayed by lack of finance, and in the first half 1933 the military stratospheric program had a solid lead in time. Air Forces project was led by commander of the First Airship Division
Georgy Prokofiev Georgy (Yegor) Alekseyevich Prokofiev (born August 17, 1902, in Teleshovo, Vyazma District – died April 23, 1939, in Moscow) was a Soviet Air Forces balloonist who coordinated a military stratospheric balloon program in 1931–1939. On Septe ...
, the future captain of ''USSR-1''. Prokofiev coordinated a close Moscow-based group of designers, notably TsAGI professor
Vladimir Chizhevsky Vladimir may refer to: Names * Vladimir (name) for the Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak and Slovenian spellings of a Slavic name * Uladzimir for the Belarusian version of the name * Volodymyr for the Ukr ...
(gondola) and rubber technologist
Konstantin Godunov The first name Konstantin () is a derivation from the Latin name ''Constantinus'' (Constantine) in some European languages, such as Russian and German. As a Christian given name, it refers to the memory of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great. ...
(gas envelope) who were supported by the staff of Air Forces Institute,
Zhukovsky Airforce Academy Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy () – is a higher military educational institution for training and retraining of engineers for the Russian Air Force. The academy trains specialists – engineers, research engineers in the following sp ...
and Rubber Industry Institute. Consolidation of practically all available expertise and military project management eventually resulted in a sound and safe design. It was, as a joke, called a ''Prokofier'' (a pun on Prokofiev's surname and Montgolfier). Gas envelope of ''USSR-1'' was of conventional design, differing from low-altitude balloons only in its size (24,500 cubic meters at stratospheric altitudes). It employed around five thousand meters of thin fabric made in Noginsk that what impregnated with 25 layers of latex-based sealant and sewn into the desired shape at a rubber factory in
Khamovniki Khamovniki District (russian: Хамо́вники) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. Population: The district extends from Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge into the Luzhniki bend of Moskva River; nort ...
.Druzhinin Spherical gondola was made by riveting 3 millimeter thick
duralumin Duralumin (also called duraluminum, duraluminium, duralum, dural(l)ium, or dural) is a trade name for one of the earliest types of age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The term is a combination of '' Dürener'' and ''aluminium''. Its use as a tra ...
sheets with internal reinforcement bars; the latter passed through the skin through airtight flanges and were connected to two external structural rings, the upper for attaching suspension cables and the lower for attaching
bumper Bumper or Bumpers may refer to: People * Betty Bumpers (1925-2018), American activist, First Lady of Arkansas, wife of Dale Bumpers * Dale Bumpers (1925–2016), American politician, governor of Arkansas and senator * Bumper Robinson (born 197 ...
basket and ballast weights. This setup unlinked the gondola from the dynamic forces exerted by suspension cables; gondola skin was subjected only to static air pressure. The landing basket, like the crumple zones of modern automobiles, was designed and tested to collapse at impact speeds exceeding 5 meters per second. There were two cast aluminum escape hatches, each with a submarine-style fast-opening lock. Lead ballast was stowed outside the landing basket in forty small bags; by pulling a cable through an airtight driveshaft, operators tumbled the bag upside down, dropping the small lead pellets. In case of emergency, an entire metric ton of ballast could be released in less than two minutes. The crew's lives depended on the integrity of the gondola skin: pressure suits, developed by Evgeniy Chertovsky since 1931, were not operational yet. Life support consisted of pressurized oxygen tanks and chemical carbon dioxide absorption packages; all crew members carried personal
parachute A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag or, in a ram-air parachute, aerodynamic lift. A major application is to support people, for recreation or as a safety device for aviators, who ...
s. Radio transceiver was carried within the gondola; most scientific instruments externally. The latter included sets of ingeniously designed bottles for taking samples of air; their sealed necks were broken open by an electromagnetic
actuator An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and controlling a mechanism or system, for example by opening a valve. In simple terms, it is a "mover". An actuator requires a control device (controlled by control signal) a ...
and re-sealed by heating the neck with an electric current running through an exposed platinum wire. New pyranometers designed for ''USSR-1'' were not used on its first mission.


Failed launch

''USSR-1'' was ready to fly in the beginning of September 1933. The upcoming maiden flight, scheduled on September 24, 1933, was widely publicized; the aircraft plant were ''USSR-1'' gondola was prepared to flight attracted masses of visitors, but the actual launch from a military airfield in Kuntsevo ended in a humiliating failure. First, when the envelope was already inflated, it was found that the bottom of the envelope dangerously mingled with the ropes; a volunteer, Fyodor Tereschenko, climbed the rope and untied the knots.Garry, Kassil ''USSR-1'' was then cleared to fly, but failed to lift off due to moisture buildup in foggy weather.
The huge bag rose groggily about 10 ft. It wobbled sideways across the airdrome, but not an inch higher would it go. The ground crew dragged the bag back; part of the heavy apparatus was unloaded. Still no luck. After two hours of struggle, Air Commander Garankidze wearily ordered: "De- flate."


Record flight

Next attempt to launch ''USSR-1'' was scheduled on September 30, 1933; '' Osoaviakhim-1'' was prepared to fly from Kuntsevo later on the same day. Unlike previous attempts, when the balloon was filled from pressurized tanks, this time hydrogen was stored in "elephants" – auxiliary balloons (120 cubic meters each), that, like real animals, were led to the field on leashes. At about 06:00 Moscow time the envelope was filled with 3000 cubic meters of hydrogen, or of the balloon's geometric capacity. At stratospheric altitudes, this amount would have expanded to fill the whole envelope. Prokofiev reported status to Air Forces chief
Jēkabs Alksnis Yakov Ivanovich Alksnis (russian: Яков Иванович Алкснис, lv, Jēkabs Alksnis; – 28 July 1938) was a Soviet military leader and the commander of the Red Army Air Forces from 1931 to 1937. Biography Jēkabs Alksnis was b ...
around 8:00. ''USSR-1'' with Prokofiev, Godunov and radio operator
Ernst Birnbaum Ernst is both a surname and a given name, the German, Dutch, and Scandinavian form of Ernest. Notable people with the name include: Surname * Adolf Ernst (1832–1899) German botanist known by the author abbreviation "Ernst" * Anton Ernst (1975- ...
on board lifted off at 8:40 Moscow Time and established radio contact with ground five minutes later. According to Prokofiev's flight log, at 9:17 am ''USSR-1'' passed 16,800 meter mark, beating Piccard's record; between 9:19 and 9:26 the aircraft, fully expanded, levelled in a static equilibrium at 17,500 meters. Prokofiev released 80 kilograms of ballast to proceed further; after additional ballast drops at 9:47, 10:30, 11:40 and 12:00 the aircraft resumed slow ascent and at 12:55 reached 19,200–19,300 meters. Later, Prokofiev's numbers were adjusted for instrument errors to 19,000 meters max altitude at 12:45. Descent to 10,500 meters took around two hours; at this altitude the crew discharged all electrical batteries as a precaution against short circuit during landing. At 16:36 (8,000 meters) Prokofiev stopped recording flight data and concentrated on airspeed control; around 17:00 the aircraft softly landed on a field near the town of Kolomna, around 110 kilometers from the launch site. Clear skies and benign winds in stratosphere allowed continuous visual contact between ground stations and ''USSR-1'', however, the flight of ''Osoaviakhim-1'', scheduled to take off later than ''USSR-1'', was cancelled due to unexpected strong winds at ground level. Prokofiev's altitude readings, reported by radio, were immediately re-broadcast by TASS and United Press. ''USSR-1'' altitude record, although not recognized by FAI, was publicized worldwide, as well as scientific data released shortly after the flight.
Fully half the 80,000 population of Kolomna, carefully primed by Dictator Stalin's propagandists to witness a great scientific conquest by their nation, poured across the Moscow River to greet the aeronauts. Pilot George Prokofiev mounted the gondola, harangued the crowd with a lecture in which he credited the flight's success entirely to the Proletarian Revolution and the Communist Party.
After the flight the crewmembers, three designers and plant manager responsible for building ''USSR-1'' were awarded the Order of Lenin, then the highest award for military or civil achievement. The flight was commemorated by an issue of postage stamps (
Scott Scott may refer to: Places Canada * Scott, Quebec, municipality in the Nouvelle-Beauce regional municipality in Quebec * Scott, Saskatchewan, a town in the Rural Municipality of Tramping Lake No. 380 * Rural Municipality of Scott No. 98, Saska ...
C37, C38, C39).


''USSR-1 Bis''

After the crash of '' Osoaviakhim-1,'' the military demanded an overhaul of safety procedures and features. While the ''USSR-1'' gondola was deliberately designed for safety, in case of the catastrophic failure of the balloon the crew had to bail out on personal parachutes. The ''Osoaviakhim-1'' envelope and suspension failed at altitudes where humans were not yet able to bail out, its crew members probably incapacitated by high
g-force The gravitational force equivalent, or, more commonly, g-force, is a measurement of the type of force per unit mass – typically acceleration – that causes a perception of weight, with a g-force of 1 g (not gram in mass measure ...
s as the gondola erratically rotated around its remaining suspension cables.Istochnik, investigation commission report dated February 5, 1934. Thus the designers focused on assuring crew survival above 8,000 meters mark. ''USSR-1'' was re-fitted with new suspension with a quick-release latch that enabled instant separation of the gondola from the envelope, and a large (1,000 square meters, 34 meters diameter) parachute capable of stabilizing the fall at safe speeds; the upgraded aircraft was renamed ''USSR-1 Bis''. The ''USSR-1 Bis'' with military pilots Christian Zille (flight commander), Yury Prilutsky (co-pilot) and professor Alexander Verigo as an on-board researcher lifted off from Kuntsevo at 05:25, June 26, 1935. Prokofiev was in charge of ground control. By 8:00 it reached maximum scheduled altitude, 16,000 meters. A brief stay at this level was terminated by an unexpected descent, probably caused by losing hydrogen through a faulty valve; soon, under 15,000 meters, vertical speed passed the safety limits, threatening to destroy the ''USSR-1 Bis'' in an ''Osoaviakhim-1''-like crash dive. Dumping ballast initially slowed the descent, but vertical airspeed picked up again. Zille ordered Verigo and Prilutsky to bail out; they jumped at 3,500 and 2,500 meters, respectively. Zille, aware that the externally carried gondola parachute was tied to the same structural ring that also carried scientific instruments, feared that the dynamic shock caused by parachute deployment would destroy the instruments. Instead of deploying the parachute, he dumped unnecessary items left in the gondola, stabilizing descent speed at three meters per second. Shortly before landing, as a precaution, he stepped outside the gondola, holding onto external ladder steps; the landing near Trufanovo, Tula Oblast turned out to be soft and safe. The crew were hailed as heroes and awarded the Order of Lenin.


Legacy

Fragments from the ''USSR-1'' were used to wrap an issue of ''
USSR in Construction ''USSR in Construction'' (russian: СССР на стройке) was a journal published in the decade of 1930 to 1941, as well as briefly in 1949, in the Soviet Union. It became an artistic gem and counter-current in the first year of socialist r ...
'' about the 17th Congress of the Communist Party.


See also

*
Flight altitude record This listing of flight altitude records are the records set for the highest aeronautical flights conducted in the atmosphere, set since the age of ballooning. Some, but not all of the records were certified by the non-profit international avia ...


Notes and references


Sources

* * * * * * {{S-end Individual balloons (aircraft) 1933 in aviation 1935 in aviation 1933 in the Soviet Union 1935 in the Soviet Union Soviet Air Force