Typhoon Noru was the second-longest-lasting tropical cyclone of the Northwest Pacific Ocean on record—behind only 1986 Pacific typhoon season, 1986's Typhoon Wayne (1986), Wayne and tied with 1972 Pacific typhoon season, 1972's Typhoon Rita (1972), Rita—and the second-most-intense tropical cyclone of the basin in 2017, tied with Typhoon Talim (2017), Talim and Typhoon Lan (2017), Lan. Forming as the fifth named storm of the 2017 Pacific typhoon season, annual typhoon season on July 20, Noru further intensified into the first typhoon of the year on July 23. However, Noru began to Fujiwhara effect, interact with nearby 2017 Pacific typhoon season#Tropical Storm Kulap, Tropical Storm Kulap on July 24, executing a counterclockwise loop southeast of Japan. Weakening to a severe tropical storm on July 28, Noru began to restrengthen as it turned sharply to the west on July 30. Amid favorable conditions, Noru Rapid intensification, rapidly intensified into the season's first super typhoon, and reached peak intensity with annular tropical cyclone, annular characteristics on July 31. In early August, Noru underwent a gradual weakening trend while curving northwestwards and then northwards. After stalling off the Satsunan Islands weakening to a severe tropical storm again on August 5, the system began to accelerate northeastwards towards the Kansai region of Japan, making landfall in Wakayama Prefecture on August 7. Noru became extratropical cyclone, extratropical over the Sea of Japan on August 8, and dissipated one day later. Noru was responsible for two deaths in Kagoshima Prefecture, and at least $100 million (2017 USD) in damages in Japan.

Meteorological history

Origins

A non-tropical low formed about north-northwest of Wake Island at around 00:00 UTC on July 18, 2017, which transitioned into a tropical depression about one day later. In the afternoon of July 19, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began issuing tropical cyclone warnings on the system, expecting a tropical storm within 24 hours. Although outflow (meteorology), outflow was weak for the partially organized system at that time, low vertical wind shear and sea surface temperature (SST) at 29 Celsius, °C were conducive to development. Originally retaining some subtropical cyclone, subtropical characteristics, it began transitioning into a fully tropical cyclone, tropical and warm-core system; therefore, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert to the system early on July 20, when fragmented deep convection, convective bands had wrapped around its broad low-level circulation center (LLCC). A point source positioned over the center also improved outflow aloft. At 12:00 UTC, the system intensified into the fifth Pacific Ocean, Northwest Pacific tropical storm of 2017, which was assigned the international name ''Noru'' half a day later by the JMA operationally. Besides, the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical depression at 21:00 UTC. 12 hours later, the JTWC upgraded Noru to a tropical storm, despite its partially exposed LLCC; at the same time, it started tracking westward along the southwest periphery of the subtropical ridge (STR) positioned to the northeast. Noru struggled to intensify significantly for two days owing to relatively low ocean heat content values and its asymmetric structure, until it developed into a severe tropical storm at around 18:00 UTC on July 22. Subsequently, Noru slowed down and remained stationary, due to a complex steering environment consisting of ridging on three sides. The steering flow also transitioned from a subtropical ridging to the west to a near equatorial ridge to the south of the system. Noru rapidly intensified into the first typhoon of 2017 around 12:00 UTC on July 23, marking the latest occurrence of the first typhoon since 1998 Pacific typhoon season, 1998. It featured a diameter pinhole eye (cyclone), eye that embedded in an extremely central dense overcast, compact core located about east of the Bonin Islands, thanks to moderate eastward outflow, anomalously warm SSTs and low vertical wind shear. After that, the eye repeatedly reappeared and filled due to increasing vertical wind shear offset by improving poleward outflow into the cold-core low, upper-low associated with 2017 Pacific typhoon season#Tropical Storm Kulap, Tropical Storm Kulap. Noru also started to track east-southeastward under the steering influence of a near equatorial ridge to the south.

Interaction with Kulap

On July 24, a Fujiwhara interaction between Noru and Kulap started. As a result, Kulap became directly located to the north of Noru early on July 25, and this situation allowed cold dry air to intrude along the western and southern periphery of the typhoon, making Noru weaken slightly with the significantly shallower convective core. The primary steering influence for Noru was still a near equatorial ridge to the south, but another ridge was also building in to the east, turning Noru northeastward and then northward. Although vertical wind shear relaxed somewhat with the robust eastward outflow channel on July 26, the reduction of mid-level relative humidity and slightly depressed SSTs at 26 °C to 27 °C tempered intensification and even eroded the convective structure. Having finished a cyclonic loop and tracking west-northwestward along the southern periphery of a deep-layered ridge to the northeast, Noru showed some signs of transitioning to a Subtropical cyclone, hybrid system, with an upper-level low nearby and a thermal structure more indicative of a Subtropical cyclone, subtropical storm. However, Noru reformed a diameter eye late on the same day, and while dry air was still entrenched across the southern portion of the typhoon, the extent of the dry air had shrunk and the moisture envelope was expanding, forming a hospitable cocoon for the system to reside in. On July 27, Noru began to track westward along the southern periphery of a deep-layered ridge to the northeast. The upper-level environment was extremely complex, with a tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT) cell having developed just to the southwest, another upper-level low to the southeast and an induced anticyclone just to the south and extending over Noru. The aforementioned TUTT cell to the southwest was also providing a weak source of outflow. Moreover, the combination of the complex upper-level outflow and low vertical wind shear was helping Noru to maintain intensity. At around 00:00 UTC on July 28, Noru slightly weakened into a severe tropical storm when approaching the Bonin Islands. Dry air completely surrounded the system with weak convection wrapping around a ragged eye; moreover, vertical wind shear was high, but the shear vector was in general alignment with the storm motion, with resultant relative shear values in the low to moderate range. At the same time, the steering flow transitioned to the subtropical ridge centered over the East China Sea, causing Noru to track southwestward along the eastern boundary of this STR. Despite warmer SSTs at 28 °C to 29 °C which supported intensification for Noru in the area, the complex upper-level environment with a TUTT cell to the southeast and a ridge far to the north combining limit outflow, while dry air continued enveloping the typhoon and isolating it from any significant moisture.

Re-intensification and peak intensity

Noru reformed an eye at around 09:00 Japan Standard Time, JST (00:00 UTC) on July 29 while situated to the east of Chichijima, the largest Ogasawara, Tokyo, Ogasawara island. Based on the observations from Iwo Jima, Iwo To, the JTWC downgraded Noru to a tropical storm at around 18:00 UTC, at which time the system was tracking directly southward along the eastern periphery of an extension of the STR positioned to the west. Early on July 30, Noru began to improve its convective structure, making both of the JMA and the JTWC upgrade Noru to a typhoon again. Over the following 24 hours, Noru rapid intensification, rapidly intensified, and the JTWC reported that it had become a Saffir–Simpson scale, Category 4 super typhoon about south of Iwo To at around 18:00 UTC, with one-minute sustained winds at , though operationally it was put at Category 5 strength with winds at . The typhoon took on Annular tropical cyclone, annular characteristics, with a symmetric ring of deep convection surrounding a well-defined eye and fairly uniform cloud top temperatures. Environmental conditions were favorable with radial outflow, enhanced by a poleward outflow channel into the TUTT and a Jet stream, subtropical jet to the east-northeast. Noru's previous southward motion also led itself to the warmer area with SSTs at 29 °C to 30 °C, favoring intensification. At this time, Noru began to drift westward within a competing steering environment. Noru 2017-08-03 0354Z

On July 31, Noru reached its peak intensity at around 00:00 UTC with ten-minute sustained winds at and the central pressure at 935 hPa (27.61 inHg). It remained an impressively annular system with a clear eye but lacking banding features, yet the JTWC downgraded it to a typhoon in the afternoon because of recently warming cloud tops. Traveling northwestward over an area of low ocean heat content and isolated from well-defined outflow, Noru's gradual weakening trend became more evident early on the next day, which is also indicated by the JMA. A microwave imagery depicted a weakened eyewall, while the eye was temporarily not as clear as before. Since late August 1, Noru presented a diameter large but ragged eye, yet the convective ring surrounding the eye gradually elongated, especially on the northwestern quadrant; meanwhile, microwave imageries even depicted a break from the northwestern portion of the eyewall. Noru was establishing a poleward outflow channel that tapped into a passing mid-latitude trough (meteorology), trough located to the north on August 2, and a strong near-equatorial ridge was steering the typhoon towards a weak area in the subtropical ridge to the northwest, being the result of that passing mid-latitude trough.

Landfall

The ragged eye of Noru became enormous on August 3, with the diameter about . Despite maintaining a good poleward outflow channel into an upper-level low to the northeast, the mid-latitude trough just to the northwest caused subsidence (atmosphere), subsidence along the northwest quadrant and offset the favorable conditions including low vertical wind shear and warm SSTs, making deep convective bands shallower more and more. Having tracked westward relatively faster for one day, Noru slowed down again and turned northwestward on August 4, along the southern periphery of a deep-layered subtropical ridge over the Korean Peninsula and western Japan. Deep convection in the northern portion was very shallow early on the same day that prompted the JTWC reporting a partially exposed system. In the afternoon, convective bands re-intensified and surrounded a eye, yet the JMA radar depicted a much larger eye, with the diameter about . On August 5, deep convective banding presented predominantly in the southern semi-circle of Typhoon Noru, owing to strong equatorward outflow and the terrain of Kyushu as well as the Ōsumi Islands. In spite of moderate vertical wind shear, the very warm SSTs at 31 °C of the Kuroshio Current, Kuroshio still helped sustain the strength of Noru. However, the system weakened into a severe tropical storm again about noon when the eye had completely deteriorated, as an extension of the subtropical ridge was suffocating the typhoon on the northern periphery, resulting in the deteriorating poleward outflow channel. Noru remained almost stationary and looping around Yakushima until it accelerated northeastward off the southeastern coast of Kyushu on August 6, along the western boundary of a deep-layered ridge extension located to the southeast. While the eye was struggling to reform, a strong convective structure started to wrap around a growing ragged eye feature later, over the SSTs at 29 °C. On August 7, Noru passed near Muroto, Kōchi, Muroto, Kōchi Prefecture, Kōchi at 10:00 JST (01:00 UTC) on August 7 and made landfall over the northern part of Wakayama Prefecture at 15:30 JST (06:30 UTC). Both of the JMA and the JTWC downgraded Noru to a tropical storm at around 24:00 JST (15:00 UTC), for the weakening system tracked over the Japanese Alps. Noru emerged over the Sea of Japan from Toyama Prefecture at around 05:00 JST on August 8 (20:00 UTC on August 7) and then continued weakening, as deep convection had gradually deteriorated because of the mountainous terrain. Thus, the JTWC downgraded Noru to a tropical depression about five hours later and issued their final warning owing to the poorly-defined and disorganized LLCC in the afternoon. Noru subsequently became an extratropical cyclone, extratropical cyclone at around 21:00 JST (12:00 UTC), before the system was declared dissipated by the JMA on August 9.

Preparation and impact

In Japan, hundreds of flights were cancelled ahead of the storm, including 120 flights cancelled at the Kansai International Airport, and 280 flights cancelled originating from All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines. Thousands of people were moved to evacuation zones. The West Japan Railway Company halted operations in Japan. Six areas were notified for evacuation in fear of landslides, massive floods, and other major concerns. 7,000 people were told to evacuate in the city of Fukui (city), Fukui, though the warning was lifted a few hours later. Two Japanese oil refiners halted their shipments because of the storm. Another 9,000 residents were called to evacuate Amami Ōshima as the storm brought high rains to the island.100 other flights were halted in the region. Because of slow motion, areas found risk of landslides and rainfall. As of August 7, two people had been killed by the passage of Typhoon Noru, both in Kagoshima Prefecture. One man died due to Noru's high winds. The other Noru victim was a fisherman. On August 8, the Sister River in Nagahama, Shiga flooded, covering the surrounded villages. 16 houses and other buildings were flooded, 550 people, including 100 people from a nursing home were evacuated temporarily. 15,000 people lost power in Kagoshima because of high winds. A total of 50 people was injured by the storm. Flooding persisted in multiple areas, mainly the Ane River, which also flooded nearby areas. Big waves crashed at breakwaters in Wakayama (city), Wakayama, while roof tiles were ripped out in Mie Prefecture, Mie. Many communication outages were reported on Kyushu. Two people were dead, nine were missing, two were seriously injured, and 49 were slightly injured. Two houses were destroyed, 14 houses were seriously damaged, 208 houses were damaged, 48 houses were flooded for about one floor, and 326 houses were flooded below one floor. 426 houses lost water because of the storm while signals were lost in 116 base stations in Japan. Total economic losses in Japan were counted to be US$100 million.

Tornado

On August 7, 4:30 p.m., a tornado formed. It traveled north for before dissipating. 30 houses were blown, and a truck was overturned. Because of the tornado, three boys were injured.

Aftermath and records

According to the Japan Meteorological Agency, Noru is the fourth longest-lived typhoon in history. They also added that an event like this happens "once in every 50 years".

Notes

References

External links

JMA General Information
of Typhoon Noru (1705) from Digital Typhoon
JMA Best Track Data
of Typhoon Noru (1705)
07W.NORU
from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory {{DEFAULTSORT:Noru 2017 Pacific typhoon season August 2017 in Asia Typhoons in Japan Tropical cyclones in 2017, Noru