A twin-boom aircraft has two longitudinal auxiliary spars, or “auxiliary booms” , that may contain ancillary components such as fuel tanks and/or provide a supporting structure for other items. Typically, twin tailbooms support the tail surfaces, although on some types such as the Rutan Model 72 Grizzly the booms run forward of the wing. The twin-boom configuration is distinct from twin-fuselage designs in that it retains a central fuselage.

Design

The twin-boom configuration is distinct from the twin fuselage type in having a separate, short fuselage housing the pilot and payload. It has been adopted to resolve various design problems with the conventional

empennage The empennage ( or ), also known as the tail or tail assembly, is a structure at the rear of an aircraft that provides stability during flight, in a way similar to the feathers on an arrow.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third ed ...

for aircraft in different roles.

Engine mounting

For a single engine with a propeller in the

pusher configuration In aeronautical and naval engineering, pusher configuration is the term used to describe a drivetrain of air- or watercraft with propulsion device(s) after the engine(s). This is in contrast to the more conventional tractor configuration, wh ...

or a

jet engine A jet engine is a type of reaction engine, discharging a fast-moving jet (fluid), jet of heated gas (usually air) that generates thrust by jet propulsion. While this broad definition may include Rocket engine, rocket, Pump-jet, water jet, and ...

, a conventional tail requires the propeller or exhaust to be moved far aft, requiring either a very long

driveshaft A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, tailshaft (Australian English), propeller shaft (prop shaft), or Cardan shaft (after Girolamo Cardano) is a component for transmitting mechanical power, torque, and rotation, usually used to connect ...

or jet pipe and thus reducing propulsive efficiency. The twin-boom configuration allows a much shorter and more efficient installation. The Saab 21 was originally built as a pusher type and was later adapted to jet power as the 21R. In these designs, the tailplane (horizontal stabilizer) is typically high-mounted on twin tail fins to keep it clear of the engine wake. The

Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne SpaceShipOne is an experimental air-launched rocket-powered aircraft with sub-orbital spaceflight capability at speeds of up to / using a hybrid rocket motor. The design features a unique " feathering" atmospheric reentry system where the r ...

and

SpaceShipTwo The Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo (SS2) was an air-launched suborbital spaceplane type designed for space tourism. It was manufactured by The Spaceship Company, a California-based company owned by Virgin Galactic. SpaceShipTwo was ...

sub-orbital spaceplanes adopted twin booms with

outboard tail An outboard tail is a type of aircraft tail or empennage which is split in two, with each half mounted on a short boom just behind and outboard of each wing tip. It comprises outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) and may or may not include addition ...

s or outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) to keep the airframe clear of the more widely-spreading rocket engine exhaust. Twin booms have also been adopted for twin-engined designs where the engine system includes bulky additional items such as turbochargers and heat exchangers, taking up a large volume of space. Examples include the

Lockheed P-38 Lightning The Lockheed P-38 Lightning is an American single-seat, twin piston-engined fighter aircraft that was used during World War II. Developed for the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) by the Lockheed Corporation, the P-38 incorporated a distinc ...

Field of view

For a rear observation or gunnery position to have an unobstructed field of view, placing it at the rear of a conventional tail moves it so far aft that problems arise with the centre of mass and balancing the aircraft. Getting rid of the conventional empennage allows the rear position to be located more forward, resolving the balance problem. An example is provided by the Focke-Wulf Fw 189. However the twin booms and bridging tailplane still obstruct the field of view to some extent and guns in this position are especially restricted in firing to the side.

Transport access

Loading and unloading large freight or cargo items such as vehicles and containers requires large access doors. In conventional designs these doors must be located at the nose or side of the fuselage, necessitating heavy reinforcement of the main structure. Side doors limit the length of an item to the width of the door and access may also be obstructed by engines or undercarriage. The twin-boom configuration allows a large door to be placed at the rear of the fuselage, free from obstruction by the tail assembly, as on the Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy. However access to the rear door remains limited, especially for trucks backing up to it, and a high-mounted conventional rear fuselage is often preferred.

Efficiency

Twin booms typically offer greater drag than a conventional arrangement. They are also typically shallower than the fuselage and thus inherently less stiff, requiring additional reinforcement to maintain a rigid tail position in pitch. On the other hand, tip effects on the tailplane are avoided and it is supported at both ends, allowing it to be made smaller and lighter. Moreover, span loading along the wing can reduce the structural forces between the booms and thus overall weight. Some modern high-efficiency designs have twin booms which distribute the load along the wing span and/or stiffen the overall structure. Capable of flying non-stop round the world, the Rutan Voyager was a canard design with tractor propeller, in which the twin booms extended forwards to brace the foreplane as well as aft to support twin fins. The later Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer was jet propelled but with a similar range, still with large twin booms to accommodate the jet fuel in a lightweight span-loaded structure, but with a small conventional tail on each boom.

History

Twin boom designs can trace their history back to the lattices of booms used on many early boxkite aircraft. With the recognition of the tremendous drag these imposed, more compact structures covered in fabric were developed during the

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

. Prime examples include the Caproni series of trimotor bombers. Around the same time, the first wooden

monocoque Monocoque ( ), also called structural skin, is a structural system in which loads are supported by an object's external skin, in a manner similar to an egg shell. The word ''monocoque'' is a French term for "single shell". First used for boats, ...

fuselages appeared, and it wasn't long before this technique was applied to provide twin booms. Possibly the first of these was the pre-war Nieuport pusher, which used paper impregnated with

Bakelite Bakelite ( ), formally , is a thermosetting polymer, thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from a condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. The first plastic made from synthetic components, it was developed by Belgian chemist ...

however the most successful were the AGO C.I and C.II which used a more conventional wooden shell, built up from strips of wood glued over a form. With the development of

aluminium Aluminium (or aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol Al and atomic number 13. It has a density lower than that of other common metals, about one-third that of steel. Aluminium has ...

stressed skin monocoques later in World War I, the same technique was extended to twin boom designs, beginning in the 1920s. Most of the early designs used twin booms to clear a rear mounted propeller, however even in World War I, several larger aircraft used them to provide a gunner with the ability to cover the underside of the tail without having to have the weight at the very extreme end of the aircraft where it posed balance and control problems. Only in World War II, with the increasing prevalence of transporting bulky items and vehicles by air was the utility of a rear door, in line with the cabin to ease loading realized, and with it, the utility of moving the rear fuselage structure to the sides to avoid excessive height in the rear fuselage as on the Gotha Go 242 glider. With the beginning of the jet age, the need for clearance for the propeller was replaced with the need to provide a clear path for hot exhaust gases. Jet engine efficiency was hampered by long intake and exhaust trunks, as were used on many early designs, and one solution was to use twin booms to shorten the exhaust trunking to the minimum, such as de Havilland used on their successful

Vampire A vampire is a mythical creature that subsists by feeding on the Vitalism, vital essence (generally in the form of blood) of the living. In European folklore, vampires are undead, undead humanoid creatures that often visited loved ones and c ...

and

Venom Venom or zootoxin is a type of toxin produced by an animal that is actively delivered through a wound by means of a bite, sting, or similar action. The toxin is delivered through a specially evolved ''venom apparatus'', such as fangs or a sti ...

jet fighters. A small number of designs used twin booms for other reasons, most notable being the

, whose booms contained the overly lengthy engine turbo-superchargers, which would have made for an unusually long nacelle. The final use for a twin boom to be developed was in tying together very high aspect ratio wings and canards as on the Rutan Voyager, to reduce flexing, and the weight needed to otherwise constrain it. Also, by having the mass from most of the fuel mid-span, it reduces the forces on the wings considerably, much in the same manner mounting the engines mid-span on most jet transports does. Despite these anticipated benefits, twin booms remain unusual. For most cases, the booms are less efficient structurally in providing pitch stiffness, and produce more drag. In the case of those using twin booms to improve the field of fire downwards, it severely reduces it laterally, and often directly astern. For transports, the booms may facilitate access to the fuselage, but trucks then have to be extremely careful to not hit parts of the aircraft that they are then getting closer to. As a result, the C-119 remained an anomaly, and most successful post-war transports, such as the

C-130 Hercules The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is an American four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built by Lockheed Corporation, Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin). Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings, the C-130 w ...

, reverted to a single rear fuselage.

List of twin-boom aircraft

, - , AAI RQ-7 Shadow, , US, , UAV, , UAV, , 1991, , , , , , , - ,

Abrams P-1 Explorer The Abrams P-1 Explorer is an American purpose-designed aerial photography and survey aircraft that first flew in November 1937. Design and development The Explorer was designed by aerial survey pioneer Talbert Abrams, to meet his needs for a ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Survey, , 1937, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , AD Seaplane Type 1000, , UK, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1916, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Adam A500, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 2002, , Prototype, , 7, , , - , Adam A700, , US, , Jet, , Transport, , 2003 , , Prototype, , 2, , , - , ADI Condor, , US, , Propeller, , Motor glider, , 1981 , , Prototype, , 1, , , - , AeroRIK Dingo, , Russia, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1997, , Prototype, , 1-5, , , - , AGO C.I, , Germany, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1915 , , Production, , 64, , , - , AGO C.II, , Germany, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1915 , , Production, , 15, , , - , AHRLAC Holdings Ahrlac, , South Africa, , Propeller, , Attack, , 2014, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Air Utility AU-18, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1945, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Airmaster Avalon 680, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1983, , Prototype, , , 1, , , - , Airsport Song, , Czech Republic , , Propeller, , Ultralight, , 2009 , , Production, , , , , - , AISA GN, , Spain, , Autogyro, , Utility, , 1982, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Akaflieg Stuttgart fs28 Avispa, , Germany, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1972, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Alaparma Baldo, , Italy, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1949, , Production, , 35 ca., , , - , Alenia Aermacchi Sky-Y, , Italy, , UAV, , UAV, , 2007, , , , , , , - , American Gyro AG-4 Crusader, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1935, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Antonov LEM-2/OKA-33, , USSR, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1937, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Anderson Greenwood AG-14, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1947, , Prototype, , 5, , , - , ANTEX-M, , Portugal, , UAV, , UAV, , 2002, , , , , , , - , Antonov A-40, , USSR, , Glider, , Transport, , 1942, , Prototype, , 1, , Air towed gliding tank , - , Arado E.340, , Germany, , Propeller, , Bomber, , n/a, , Project, , 0, , , - , Armstechno NITI, , Bulgaria, , UAV, , UAV, , 2006, , , , , , , - , Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy, , UK, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1959, , Production, , 74, , , - , Arpin A-1, , UK, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1938, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , AVE Mizar, , US, , Propeller, , Flying car, , 1973, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , BAE Systems Phoenix, , UK, , UAV, , UAV, , 1986, , , , , , , - , BAE Systems SkyEye, , UK, , UAV, , UAV, , 1973, , , , , , , - , BAT Crow, , UK, , Propeller, , Ultralight, , 1920, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Baykar Bayraktar TB2, , Turkey, , UAV, , UAV, , 2014, , , , , , , - , Baykar Bayraktar TB3, , Turkey, , UAV, , UAV, , 2022, , Project, , , , , - , Bell XP-52, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1940, , Project, , 0, , , - , Belyayev EOI, , USSR, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1939, , Project, , 0, , , - ,

Bendix 51 Bendix may refer to: People First name * Bendix Hallenstein (1835–1905), New Zealand businessman Middle name * Kim Bendix Petersen (born 1956), Danish singer known by the stage name King Diamond Last name * John E. Bendix (1835–1905), Amer ...

& 51A, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1945, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Bestetti BN.1, , Italy, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1940, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Blériot 125, , France, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1931, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Blohm & Voss BV 138, , Germany, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1937, , Production, , 297, , , - ,

Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack The Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack, company name Integrator, is an American unmanned air vehicle designed and built by Boeing Insitu to meet a United States Navy requirement for a small tactical unmanned air system (STUAS). It is a twin-boom, ...

, , US, , UAV, , UAV, , 2012, , , , , , , - , Bryan Autoplane, , US, , Propeller, , Flying car, , 1953, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Bryant Dole Racer Angel of Los Angeles, , US, , Propeller, , Racer, , 1927, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Burnelli CBY-3, , Canada, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1944, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Burnelli GX-3, , US, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1929, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Burnelli UB-14, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1934, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Burnelli UB-20, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1930, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Buscaylet-de Monge 7-4, , France, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1923, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Buscaylet-de Monge 7-5, , France, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1925, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Campbell Model F, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1935, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Canaero Toucan, , Canada, , Propeller, , Ultralight, , 1983, , Production, , 41+, , , - , Caproni Ca.1, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1914, , Production, , 162, , , - , Caproni Ca.2, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1915, , Production, , 9, , , - , Caproni Ca.3, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1916, , Production, , 269-383, , , - , Caproni Ca.4, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1917, , Production, , 44-53, , , - , Caproni Ca.5, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1917, , Production, , 662, , , - , Caproni Ca.37, , Italy, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1916, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Caproni Ca.61, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1922, , Prototype, , 1-2, , , - , CarterCopter, , US, , Autogyro, , Transport, , 1998, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Celier Xenon 2, , Poland, , Autogyro, , Utility, , 2005, , Production, , 100+, , , - , Cessna Skymaster, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1961, , Production, , 2,993, , , - , Cessna XMC, , US, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1971, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Commuter Craft Innovator, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 2015, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Conroy Stolifter, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1968, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Continental KB-1, , US, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1916, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Convair 106 Skycoach, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1946, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Convair Model 48 Charger, , US, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1964, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Creative Flight Aerocat, , Canada, , Propeller, , Transport, , 2001, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Cunliffe-Owen OA-1, , UK, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1939, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Curtis Wright 21, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1947, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Curtiss Autoplane, , US, , Propeller, , Flying car, , 1917, , Project, , 1, , , - , Curtiss CT, , US, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1921, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , De Havilland Sea Vixen, , UK, , Jet, , Fighter, , 1951, , Production, , 145, , , - ,

De Havilland Vampire The de Havilland DH100 Vampire is a British jet fighter which was developed and manufactured by the de Havilland, de Havilland Aircraft Company. It was the second jet fighter to be operated by the Royal Air Force, RAF, after the Gloster Meteo ...

, , UK, , Jet, , Fighter, , 1943, , Production, , 3,268, , , - , De Havilland Venom & Sea Venom, , UK, , Jet, , Fighter, , 1952, , Production, , 1,431, , , - , De Schelde S.20, , Netherlands, , Propeller, , Trainer, , 1940, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , De Schelde S.21, , Netherlands, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1940, , Project, , 1, , , - , Diemert Defender, , Canada, , Propeller, , Counter-insurgency, , 1989, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Difoga 421, , Netherlands, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1946, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Dyle et Bacalan DB-70, , France, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1929, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Doblhoff WNF 342, , Germany, , Helicopter, , Reconnaissance, , 1943, , Prototype, , 3, , , - ,

DRDO Nishant The DRDO Nishant () - is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by India's Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), a branch of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian Armed Forces. The Nishant UAV is primari ...

, , India, , UAV, , UAV, , 1996, , , , , , , - ,

Edgley Optica The Edgley EA-7 Optica is a British light aircraft designed for low-speed Surveillance aircraft, observation work, and intended as a low-cost alternative to helicopters. The Optica has a loiter speed of 130 km/h (70 kn; 81 mph) a ...

, , UK, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1979, , Production, , 22, , , - , Eldred Flyer's Dream, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1946, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Emsco B-8 Flying Wing, , US, , Propeller, , Record, , 1930, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Fairchild C-82 Packet, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1944, , Production, , 223, , , - ,

Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar The Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (Navy and Marine Corps designation R4Q) is an American military transport aircraft developed from the World War II-era Fairchild C-82 Packet, designed to carry cargo, personnel, Litter (rescue basket), litte ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1947, , Production, , 1,183, , , - ,

Fairchild XC-120 Packplane The Fairchild XC-120 Packplane was an American experimental modular aircraft first flown in 1950. It was developed from the company's C-119 Flying Boxcar, and was unique in the unconventional use of removable cargo pods that were attached belo ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1950, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Fieseler Fi 168, , Germany, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1938, , Project, , , , , - , Focke-Wulf Fw 189, , Germany, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1938, , Production, , 864, , , - , Focke-Wulf Flitzer, , Germany, , Jet, , Fighter, , 1944, , Project, , 0, , , - ,

Focke-Wulf Project VIII __NOTOC__ The Focke-Wulf ''Peterle'' was a design study for a turboprop-powered Strike fighter, fighter-bomber, undertaken in Nazi Germany, Germany during World War II. Development It was based on the work previously done on Focke-Wulf Flitzer. ...

, , Germany, , Propeller, , Fighter, , n/a, , Project, , 0, , , - , Fokker D.XXIII, , Netherlands, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1939, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Fokker F.25, , Netherlands, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1946, , Production, , 20, , , - , Fokker G.I, , Netherlands, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1937, , Production, , 63, , , - , Friedrichshafen FF.34, , Germany, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1916, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , General Airborne XCG-16, , US, , Glider, , Transport, , 1943, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , General Aircraft Cagnet, , UK, , Propeller, , Trainer, , 1939, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , General Aircraft GAL.47, , UK, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1940, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Ghods Mohajer, , Iran, , UAV, , UAV, , 1981, , , , , , , - , Gotha Go 242, , Germany, , Glider, , Transport, , 1941, , Production, , 1,528, , , - , Gotha Go 244, , Germany, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1942, , Production, , 174, , , - , Gotha WD.3, , Germany, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1915, , Prototype, , 1, , , - ,

Grahame-White Ganymede The Grahame-White Ganymede was a prototype British heavy night bomber intended to serve with the Royal Air Force in the First World War. A large, three-engined, twin-boom biplane, the sole prototype Ganymede did not fly until after the war ...

, , UK, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1918, , Prototype, , 1, , , - ,

Groen Hawk 4 The Groen Hawk 4 was a single engine, pusher configuration, four seat autogyro built in the United States in the late 1990s. Three prototypes, two piston engined and one turboprop powered, were flown but the Hawk did not go into production. De ...

, , US, , Autogyro, , Utility, , 1997, , Prototype, , 3, , , - , Grokhovsky G-37, , USSR, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1934, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Grokhovsky G-38, , USSR, , Propeller, , Fighter-bomber, , 1934, , Project, , 0, , , - , Grokhovsky G-39 Cucaracha, , USSR, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1935, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Häfeli DH-1, , Switzerland, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1916, , Production, , 6, , , - , Hanriot H.110 & H.115, , France, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1933, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Harbin BZK-005, , China, , UAV, , UAV, , 2006, , Production, , 100+, , , - , Henderson H.S.F.1, , UK, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1929, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Heston JC.6, , UK, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1947, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Hughes D-2, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter-bomber, , 1942, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Hughes XF-11, , US, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1946, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , HWL Pegaz, , Poland, , Propeller, , Motor glider, , 1949, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Hydra Technologies Ehécatl, , Mexico, , UAV, , UAV, , 2006, , , , , , , - ,

IAI Arava The Israeli Aircraft Industries Arava (, "Willow" or "Steppe" or "Desert", named after the Aravah of the Jordan Rift Valley) is a light STOL utility transport aircraft developed and produced by Israeli aerospace company Israel Aerospace Industri ...

, , Israel, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1969, , Production, , 103, , , - , IAI Heron, , Israel, , UAV, , UAV, , 1994, , , , , , , - , IAI Scout, , Israel, , UAV, , UAV, , 1981, , , , , , , - , IAI Searcher, , Israel, , UAV, , UAV, , 1992, , , , , , , - , Ikarus 452M, , Yugoslavia, , Jet, , Experimental, , 1953, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Ion Aircraft Ion, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 2007, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , I.S.T. XL-15 Tagak, , Philippines, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1954, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Johns Multiplane, , US, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1919, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Kalinin K-7, , USSR, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1933, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Kaman HH-43 Huskie, , US, , Helicopter, , Utility, , 1947, , Production, , 193, , , - , Kamov Ka-26, , USSR, , Helicopter, , Utility, , 1965, , Production, , 816, , , - , Kamov Ka-126, , USSR, , Helicopter, , Utility, , 1988, , Production, , 17, , , - , Kamov Ka-226, , Russia, , Helicopter, , Utility, , 1997, , Production, , 69, , , - , Kingsford Smith PL.7, , Australia, , Propeller, , Agricultural, , 1956, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Kokusai Ki-105 Otori, , Japan, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1945, , Prototype, , 9, , , - , Kokusai Ku-7, , Japan, , Glider, , Transport, , 1942, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Kortenbach & Rauh Kora 1, , Germany, , Propeller, , Motor glider, , 1973, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Larkin Skylark, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1973, , Prototype, , 1, , , - ,

Lawrence Special Lawrence may refer to: Education Colleges and universities * Lawrence Technological University, a university in Southfield, Michigan, United States * Lawrence University, a liberal arts university in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States Preparator ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Racer, , 1949, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Levasseur PL.200/201, , France, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1935, , Prototype, , 1, , , - ,

, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1939, , Production, , 10,037, , , - , Lockheed XP-49, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1942, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1944, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Lloyd 40.08 Luftkreuzer, , Germany, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1916, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , LWF model H Owl, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1919, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Maeda Ku-1, , Japan, , Glider, , Trainer, , 1941, , Production, , 100, , , - , Macchi M.12, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1918, , Production, , 10 ca., , , - , Mansyū Ki-98, , Japan, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1945, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , McCulloch J-2, , US, , Autogyro, , Utility, , 1962, , Production, , 83+, , , - , McDonnell XV-1, , US, , Autogyro, , Experimental, , 1954, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , McGaffey Aviate, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1935, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Millet Lagarde ML-10, , France, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1949, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Mikoyan MiG-110, , Russia, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1995, , Project, , 0, , , - , Mirach 26, , Italy, , UAV, , UAV, , 1992, , , , , , , - , Mitsubishi J4M, , Japan, , Propeller, , Fighter, , n/a, , Project, , 0, , , - , Moskalyev SAM-13, , USSR, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1940, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Moskalyev SAM-23, , USSR, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1943, , Project, , 0, , , - , Myasishchev M-17 and M-55, , USSR, , Jet, , Reconnaissance, , 1978, , Production, , 8+, , , - , NASA Mini-Sniffer (II and III), , US, , Propeller, , UAV, , n/a, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Nieuport seaplane pusher, , France, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1913, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Nord Noratlas, , France, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1949, , Production, , 425, , , - ,

North American OV-10 Bronco The North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco is an American twin-turboprop light attack and observation aircraft. It was developed in the 1960s as a special aircraft for counter-insurgency (COIN) combat, and one of its primary missions was as a forw ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1965, , Production, , 360, , , - , Northrop F-15 Reporter, , US, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1945, , Production, , 36, , , - , Northrop Flying Wing, , US, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1929, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Northrop Grumman Firebird, , US, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 2010, , Prototype, , 1, , , - ,

Northrop P-61 Black Widow The Northrop P-61 Black Widow is a twin-engine United States Army Air Forces fighter aircraft of World War II. It was the first operational U.S. warplane designed specifically as a night fighter. Named for the North American spider '' Latrodec ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1942, , Production, , 706, , , - , NPO Molniya Molniya-1, , Russia, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1992, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , OMA SUD Skycar, , Italy, , Propeller, , Utility, , 2007, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Otto C.I, , Germany, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1915, , Production, , 25, , , - , PAL-V, , Netherlands, , Helicopter, , Flying car, , 2012, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Piper PA-7 Skycoupe, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1944, , Prototype, , 1, , , - ,

Pitcairn XO-61 The Pitcairn XO-61 was an American autogyro designed by Pitcairn Aircraft Inc, Pitcairn Aircraft. One of the last autogyros produced, in competition with the Kellett YO-60 and the Sikorsky R-4, it fell victim to cooling problems with its rear-moun ...

, , US, , Autogyro, , Reconnaissance, , 1943, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Pocino PJ.1A, , France, , Propeller, , Ultralight, , 1989, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Portsmouth Aerocar, , UK, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1947, , Prototype, , 1, , , - ,

Potez 75 The Potez 75 was a low-cost, simple, ground-support, observation and launch aircraft for anti-tank missiles, designed and built in the early 1950s, for use in colonial conflicts. One hundred and fifteen were ordered in 1956, but cancelled in 1957 ...

, , France, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1953, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Praga E-51, , Czechoslovakia, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1938, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Puget Pacific Wheelair III-A, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1947, , Prototype, , 1, , , - ,

PZL M-15 Belphegor The PZL M-15 was a jet-powered sesquiplane designed and manufactured by the Polish aircraft company PZL Mielec, WSK PZL-Mielec for agricultural aircraft, agricultural aviation. In reference to both its strange looks and relatively loud jet engine ...

, , Poland, , Jet, , Agricultural, , 1973, , Production, , 175, , , - , PZL M-17, , Poland, , Propeller, , Trainer, , 1973, , Prototype, , 1, , , - ,

Raybird-3 Raybird-3 (ACS-3) is an Unmanned aerial vehicle#Terminology, unmanned aircraft system designed for various long-term missions and ISTAR operations. It corresponds to the class I of NATO classification and the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Created by A ...

, , Ukraine, , UAV, , UAV, , 2014, , In service, , , , , - , Rice Knowlton Volante, , US, , Propeller, , Flying Car, , 1981, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Rutan Grizzly, , US, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1982, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Rocheville Arctic Tern, , US, , Propeller, , Record, , 1932, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Rotor Flight Dynamics LFINO, , US, , Autogyro, , Experimental, , 2006, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , RTAF-5, , Thailand, , Propeller, , Trainer, , 1984, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , RUAG Ranger, , Switzerland / Israel, , UAV, , UAV, , 1999, , , , , , , - , Rutan Voyager, , US, , Propeller, , Record, , 1984, , Production, , 1, , , - , S-TEC Sentry, , US, , UAV, , UAV, , 1986, , , , , , , - , Saab 21, , Sweden, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1943, , Production, , 298, , , - , Saab 21R, , Sweden, , Jet, , Fighter, , 1947, , Production, , 64, , , - , SAB AB-20 & 21, , France, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1932, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Sadler Vampire, , US, , Propeller, , Ultralight, , 1982, , Production, , , , , - , SAIMAN LB.2, , Italy, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1937, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Savoia-Marchetti S.64, , Italy, , Propeller, , Record, , 1928, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Savoia-Marchetti S.65, , Italy, , Propeller, , Racer, , 1929, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Savoia-Marchetti SM.88, , Italy, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1939, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Savoia-Marchetti SM.91, , Italy, , Propeller, , Fighter-bomber, , 1943, , Prototype, , 1, , , - ,

Scaled Composites ARES The Scaled Composites ARES is a demonstrator aircraft built by Scaled Composites. ARES is an acronym for ''Agile Responsive Effective Support''. Development In 1981, United States Army Aviation Branch, U.S. Army Aviators Jim Kreutz and Milo Bu ...

, , US, , Jet, , Attack, , 1990, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Scaled Composites ATTT, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1986, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Scaled Composites Pond Racer, , US, , Propeller, , Racer, , 1991, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Scaled Composites Proteus, , US, , Jet, , Experimental, , 1991, , Prototype, , 1, , , - ,

, , US, , Rocket, , Spaceplane, , 2003, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo, , US, , Rocket, , Spaceplane, , 2010, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Scaled Composites White Knight, , US, , Jet, , Transport, , 2002, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Schneider Sch-10M, , France, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1925, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Schwade Kampfeinsitzer Nr 2, , Germany, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1916, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Schweizer RU-38 Twin Condor, , US, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1995, , Prototype, , 5, , , - , SECAN Courlis, , France, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1946, , Production, , 144, , , - , Selex ES Falco, , Italy, , UAV, , UAV, , 2003, , , , , , , - , SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera, , Italy, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1952, , Production, , 29, , , - , Siemens-Schuckert L.I, , Germany, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1918, , Prototype, , 3, , , - , Siemens-Schuckert R.I, , Germany, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1915, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Sikorsky S-38, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1928, , Production, , 101, , , - , Sikorsky S-39, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1929, , Production, , 23+, , , - , Sikorsky S-40, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1931, , Production, , 3, , , - , Sikorsky S-41, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1930, , Production, , 7, , , - , SIPA S.200 Minijet, , France, , Jet, , Trainer, , 1952, , Prototype, , 7, , , - ,

Škoda Kauba Sk V6 Škoda means "pity" in the Czech and Slovak languages. It may also refer to: Czech brands and enterprises * Škoda Auto Škoda Auto Akciová společnost, a.s. (), often shortened to Škoda, is a Czech automobile manufacturer established in ...

, , Czechoslovakia, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1944, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , SNCAC NC.1070, , France, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1947, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , SNCAC NC.1071, , France, , Jet, , Attack, , 1948, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , SNCASO SO.8000 Narval, , France, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1949, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , SPCA 30, , France, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1931, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Spectrum SA-550, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1983, , Prototype, , 2+, , , - ,

Stearman-Hammond Y-1 The Stearman-Hammond Y-1 is a 1930s United States, American utility monoplane built by the Stearman-Hammond Aircraft Corporation and evaluated by the United States Navy and the United Kingdom, British Royal Air Force. Development In the early 1 ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1931, , Production, , 20 ca., , , - , Stout Skycar, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1941, , Prototype, , 4, , , - , Sukhoi Su-12, , USSR, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1947, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Sukhoi Su-80, , Russia, , Propeller, , Transport, , 2001, , Prototype, , 8, , , - , Tachikawa Ki-94-I, , Japan, , Propeller, , Fighter, , n/a, , Project, , 0, , , - , TAI Baykuş, , Turkey, , UAV, , UAV, , 2003, , , , , , , - , Teledyne Ryan Model 410, , US, , UAV, , UAV, , 1988, , , , , , , - , Tengden TB-001, , China, , UAV, , UAV, , 2017, , Production, , , , , - ,

Terrafugia Transition The Terrafugia Transition is a light sport aircraft, light sport, roadable aircraft, roadable airplane under development by Terrafugia since 2006. The Rotax 912#Variants, Rotax 912ULS piston engine powered, carbon-fiber vehicle is planned to h ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Flying car, , 2009, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , THK-11, , Turkey, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1947, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Thomas-Morse MB-4, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1920, , Prototype, , 4, , , - , Transavia PL-12 Airtruk, , Australia, , Propeller, , Agricultural, , 1965, , Production, , 118, , , - , Trella T-106, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1949, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Trella T-107, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1954, , Project, , 0, , , - , Tupolev I-12/ANT-23, , USSR, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1931, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Vance Viking, , US, , Propeller, , Racer, , 1932, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer, , US, , Jet, , Record, , 2005, , Production, , 1, , , - , Voisin E.28, , France, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1919, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Voisin Triplane, , France, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1915, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Vultee XP-54, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1943, , Prototype, , 2, , , - , Vultee XP-68 Tornado, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , n/a, , Project, , 0, , , - , Wagner Aerocar, , Germany, , Helicopter, , Flying car, , 1965, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Weick W-1, , US, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1934, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Weymann 66, , France, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1933, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Willoughby Delta 8, , UK, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1939, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Willoughby Delta 9, , UK, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1939, , Project, , 0, , , - , WLT Sparrow, , Czech Republic, , Propeller, , Ultralight, , 2010, , Production, , 13, , , - , WNF Wn 16, , Austria, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1939, , Prototype, , 1, , , - , Yakovlev Yak-58, , Russia, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1993, , Prototype, , 7, , , - ,

Yakovlev Yak-141 The Yakovlev Yak-141 (; NATO reporting name "Freestyle"), also known as the Yak-41, is a Soviet supersonic VTOL, vertical takeoff/landing (VTOL) fighter aircraft designed by Yakovlev. Intended as a replacement for the Yak-38, it was designed as ...

, , Russia, , Jet, , Fighter, , 1987, , Prototype, , 4, ,

References

Citations

Bibliography

{{Commons category, Twin boom aircraft *Green, W. and Swanborough, G.; ''The complete book of fighters'', Salamander, 1994. Aircraft configurations