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The ''Twenty-Four Histories'', also known as the ''Orthodox Histories'' (), are a collection of official histories detailing the
dynasties of China For most of its history, China was organized into various dynastic states under the rule of hereditary monarchs. Beginning with the establishment of dynastic rule by Yu the Great , and ending with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in ...
, from the legendary Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors in the 4th millennium BC to the
Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...
in the 17th century. The
Han dynasty The Han dynasty was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC ...
official
Sima Qian Sima Qian () was a Chinese historian during the early Han dynasty. He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for the ''Shiji'' (sometimes translated into English as ''Records of the Grand Historian''), a general history of China cov ...
established many of the conventions of the genre, but the form was not fixed until much later. Starting with the
Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, c=唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an Wu Zhou, interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed ...
, each dynasty established an official office to write the history of its predecessor using official court records, partly in order to establish its own link to the earliest times. As fixed and edited in the
Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...
, the whole set contains 3,213 volumes and about 40 million words. It is considered one of the most important sources on
Chinese history The history of China spans several millennia across a wide geographical area. Each region now considered part of the Chinese world has experienced periods of unity, fracture, prosperity, and strife. Chinese civilization first emerged in the Y ...
and culture. The title ''Twenty-Four Histories'' dates from 1775, which was the 40th year in the reign of the
Qianlong Emperor The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, personal name Hongli, was the fifth Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China pr ...
. This was when the last volume, the '' History of Ming'', was reworked and a complete set of the histories was produced.


History

The idea of compiling a collection of Chinese official histories have existed as the Three Kingdoms era, when the ''Three Histories'' consisted of ''Shiji'', ''Book of Han'', and '' Dongguan Hanji''. ''Book of the Later Han'' would later gradually replace the ''Dongguan Hanji''. After the ''Records of the Three Kingdoms'' appeared, it was soon tacked on to produce the ''Early Four Historiographies'' . By the
Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, c=唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an Wu Zhou, interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed ...
, the ten official histories starting from ''Records of the Three Kingdoms'' and ending with ''Book of Sui'' were collectively called the ''Ten Histories''. Combined with the earlier three, they make the ''Thirteen Histories''. Two Tang scholars have written works based on the ''Thirteen Histories'': ''Criticism of the Thirteen Histories'' by (20 volumes) and ''Index of the Thirteen Histories'' by Song Jian (10 volumes). During the
Song dynasty The Song dynasty ( ) was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Fiv ...
, on top of on the ''Thirteen Histories'', ''History of the Southern Dynasties'', ''History of the Northern Dynasties'', ''New Book of Tang'', and ''New History of the Five Dynasties'' were added to form the ''Seventeen Histories''. Northern Song's wrote ''Master Wang's Enlightenment on the Seventeen Histories'', and Southern Song's
Lü Zuqian Lü Zuqian (呂祖謙) (1137-1181), also known by his courtesy name Bogong (伯恭), was a writer, historian, and philosopher during the Southern Song dynasty in China. Lü Zuqian's philosophical teachings are known as the "School of Lü," "Schoo ...
wrote ''Detailed Excerpts of the Seventeen Histories''. The ''Twenty-One Histories'' was formed during the
Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...
. Qing dynasty's Gu Yanwu wrote in ''Daily Knowledge Records: Official Edition of Twenty-One Histories'' : "In Song times there were only seventeen histories, now with the addition of the histories of Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan, there are twenty-one histories." During the Yongzheng period of the
Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...
, after the completion of the ''History of Ming'', they were collectively known as the ''Twenty-Two Histories'', and Zhao Yi's ''Notes on the Twenty-Two Histories'' was named accordingly. Later, with the addition of the ''Old Book of Tang'', it became the ''Twenty-Three Histories''. When compiling the Complete Library in Four Sections, the ''Old History of the Five Dynasties'', which was extracted from the
Yongle Encyclopedia The ''Yongle Encyclopedia'' () or ''Yongle Dadian'' () is a Chinese ''leishu'' encyclopedia commissioned by the Yongle Emperor (1402–1424) of the Ming dynasty in 1403 and completed by 1408. It comprised 22,937 manuscript rolls in 11,095 vol ...
, was also included, making it the ''Twenty-Four Histories''.


Collection


Inheritance works

These works were begun by one historian and completed by an heir, usually of the next generation. * The ''
Shiji The ''Shiji'', also known as ''Records of the Grand Historian'' or ''The Grand Scribe's Records'', is a Chinese historical text that is the first of the Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. It was written during the late 2nd and early 1st cen ...
'', inherited from Sima Tan by
Sima Qian Sima Qian () was a Chinese historian during the early Han dynasty. He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for the ''Shiji'' (sometimes translated into English as ''Records of the Grand Historian''), a general history of China cov ...
* '' Book of Han'', inherited from Ban Biao, Ban Gu by Ban Zhao * '' Book of Liang'' and '' Book of Chen'', inherited from Yao Cha () by Yao Silian * '' Book of Northern Qi'', inherited from Li Delin by Li Baiyao * '' History of the Southern Dynasties'' and '' History of the Northern Dynasties'', inherited from Li Dashi by Li Yanshou ()


Related works

There were attempts at producing new traditional histories after the fall of the Qing dynasty, but they either never gained widespread acceptance as part of the official historical canon or they remain unfinished.


Modern attempts at creating the official Qing history

In 1961, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the
Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...
(ROC), the ROC government in
Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...
published the ''History of Qing'', adding 21 supplementary chapters to the ''Draft History of Qing'' and revising many existing chapters to denounce the
People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
(PRC) as an illegitimate, impostor regime. It also removed passages that were derogatory towards the
Xinhai Revolution The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC). The revolution was the culmination of a decade ...
. This edition has not been widely accepted as the official Qing history because it is recognized that it was a rushed job motivated by political objectives. It does not correct most of the errors known to exist in the ''Draft History of Qing''. An additional project, attempting to write a ''New History of Qing'' incorporating new materials and improvements in historiography, lasted from 1988 to 2000. Only 33 chapters out of the projected 500 were published. This project was later abandoned following the rise of the Taiwanese nationalist Pan-Green Coalition, which argues that it is not the duty of Taiwan to compile the history of mainland China. In 1961, the PRC also attempted to complete the Qing history, but historians were prevented from doing so against the backdrop of the
Cultural Revolution The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a Social movement, sociopolitical movement in the China, People's Republic of China (PRC). It was launched by Mao Zedong in 1966 and lasted until his de ...
. In 2002, the PRC once again announced that it would complete the ''History of Qing''. The project was approved in 2002, and put under the leadership of historian Dai Yi. Initially planned to be completed in 10 years, the project suffered multiple delays, pushing completion of the first draft to 2016. ''Chinese Social Sciences Today'' reported in April 2020 that the project's results were being reviewed. However, in 2023, the manuscript was reportedly rejected, and there are also rumors that the project has been indefinitely halted.


Modern editions

In China, the
Zhonghua Book Company Zhonghua Book Company (), formerly spelled Chunghwa or Chung-hua Shu-chü, and sometimes translated as Zhonghua Publishing House, are Chinese publishing houses that focuses on the humanities, especially classical Chinese works. Currently it ha ...
have edited a number of these histories. They have been collated, edited, and punctuated by Chinese specialists.Xu Elina-Qian, p. 19. From 1991 to 2003, it was translated from Literary Chinese into modern written vernacular Chinese, by Xu Jialu and other scholars.


Translations

One of the ''Twenty-Four Histories'' is in the process of being fully translated into English: '' Records of the Grand Historian'' by William Nienhauser, in nine volumes.''The Grand Scribe's Records'' (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994- ) In Korean and Vietnamese, only the ''Records'' has been translated. Most of the histories have been translated into Japanese.


See also

* Chinese classic texts *'' Draft History of Qing'', a continuation of the histories through 1911 *
History of China The history of China spans several millennia across a wide geographical area. Each region now considered part of the Chinese world has experienced periods of unity, fracture, prosperity, and strife. Chinese civilization first emerged in the ...
* Official communications in imperial China *''
Zizhi Tongjian The ''Zizhi Tongjian'' (1084) is a chronicle published during the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) that provides a record of Chinese history from 403 BC to 959 AD, covering 16 dynasties and spanning almost 1400 years. The main text is ...
''


Notes


References


Citations


Sources

*


External links


Chinese Literature The Ershiwushi 二十五史 "The Twenty-five Official Dynastic Histories" (zhengshi 正史)
Ulrich Theobold

{{Twenty-Four Histories Series of history books