|
Lü Zuqian
Lü Zuqian (呂祖謙) (1137-1181), also known by his courtesy name Bogong (伯恭), was a writer, historian, and philosopher during the Southern Song dynasty in China. Lü Zuqian's philosophical teachings are known as the "School of Lü," "School of Wuzhou," or "Donglai School.". Early life His family originally came from modern Shanxi and moved several times. After the Song court relocated to Hangzhou and established the Southern Song dynasty since Jingkang incident, Jinkang incident, Lü Zuqian's grandfather settled in Wuzhou, which is now part of modern-day Jinhua, Zhejiang. Many members of his family held high positions in the Song government, and several are noted in historical records from that time. Academic life Lü Zuqian earned his jinshi degree in 1163 and later became a junior compiler at the Historiography Academy (國史院編修官). He benefited from his family's political power and strong education, which allowed him to connect with famous Neo-Confucian schola ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portraits Of Famous Men - Lü Zuqian
A portrait is a portrait painting, painting, portrait photography, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face is always predominant. In arts, a portrait may be represented as half body and even full body. If the subject in full body better represents personality and mood, this type of presentation may be chosen. The intent is to display the likeness, Personality type, personality, and even the mood of the person. For this reason, in photography a portrait is generally not a Snapshot (photography), snapshot, but a composed image of a person in a still position. A portrait often shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer, to most successfully engage the subject with the viewer, but portrait may be represented as a profile (from aside) and 3/4. History Prehistorical portraiture Plastered human skulls were reconstructed human skulls that were made in the ancient Levant between 9000 and 6000 BC in the Pre-Pottery Ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lu Jiuyuan
Lu Jiuyuan (; 1139–1192), or Lu Xiangshan (陸象山; Lù Xiàngshān), was a Chinese philosopher and writer who founded the school of the universal mind, the second most influential Neo-Confucian school. He was a contemporary and the main rival of Zhu Xi. In East Asia and the Western World, he is known by his honorific name rather than his private name. Lu Jiuyuan's main ideas Lu's Philosophy of the Mind: Unity of the Mind and the Way In his own words, Lu said, "The universe is my mind, and my mind is the universe." Unlike Zhu's emphasis of ''li'', which is the principle that contains and underlies all things and beings, Lu brought forward the concept of the heart/mind as the ultimate one or source that encompasses everything including the universe and the principle. The unity of the mind expressed in the work of Lu means that the mind of humanity and the mind of the Way (Dao) are one and the same. This is in direct opposition to Zhu Xi's idea that the mind of Humanity an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Song Dynasty Philosophers
A song is a musical composition performed by the human voice. The voice often carries the melody (a series of distinct and fixed pitches) using patterns of sound and silence. Songs have a structure, such as the common ABA form, and are usually made of sections that are repeated or performed with variation later. A song without instruments is said to be a cappella. Written words created specifically for music, or for which music is specifically created, are called lyrics. If a pre-existing poem is set to composed music in the classical tradition, it is called an art song. Songs that are sung on repeated pitches without distinct contours and patterns that rise and fall are called chants. Songs composed in a simple style that are learned informally by ear are often referred to as folk songs. Songs composed for the mass market, designed to be sung by professional singers who sell their recordings or live shows, are called popular songs. These songs, which have broad appeal, are o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confucian Classics
The Chinese classics or canonical texts are the works of Chinese literature authored prior to the establishment of the imperial Qin dynasty in 221 BC. Prominent examples include the Four Books and Five Classics in the Neo-Confucian tradition, themselves an abridgment of the Thirteen Classics. The Chinese classics used a form of written Chinese consciously imitated by later authors, now known as Classical Chinese. A common Chinese word for "classic" () literally means ' warp thread', in reference to the techniques by which works of this period were bound into volumes. Texts may include ''shi'' (, ' histories') ''zi'' ( 'master texts'), philosophical treatises usually associated with an individual and later systematized into schools of thought but also including works on agriculture, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, divination, art criticism, and other miscellaneous writings) and ''ji'' ( 'literary works') as well as the cultivation of '' jing'', 'essence' in Chinese medic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cheng Yi (philosopher)
Cheng Yi (1033–1107), also known by various other names and romanization of Chinese, romanizations, was a Chinese classicist, essayist, philosopher, and politician of the Song Dynasty.Tang, Yuyan"Cheng Yi" ''Encyclopedia of China'' (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed. He worked with his older brother Cheng Hao. Like his brother, he was a student of Zhou Dunyi, a friend of Shao Yong, and a nephew of Zhang Zai. The five of them, along with Sima Guang, are called the Six Great Masters by his follower Zhu Xi. He became a prominent figure in neo-Confucianism, and the philosophy of Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao and Zhu Xi is referred to as the Cheng–Zhu school or the Rationalistic School. Life Cheng was born in Luoyang, Henan in 1033. Cheng entered the national university in 1056, and received the "presented scholar" degree in 1059. He lived and taught in Luoyang, and declined numerous appointments to high offices. He campaigned against the reformist policies of Wang Anshi, and after the reformer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cheng Hao
Chéng Hào (, 1032–1085), Courtesy name Bóchún (), was a Chinese philosopher and politician from Luoyang, China. In his youth, he and his younger brother Cheng Yi were students of Zhou Dunyi, one of the architects of Neo-Confucian cosmology. His philosophy was dualistic (between all that is tangible and all that is intangible) and pantheistic (believing that all that is intangible is the same thing, such as god, the human nature, feelings, actions (we see things acting, but not the action itself), movement (likewise), social roles and relations (likewise), chance, etc., and that such a unified, universal principle is ''in'' everything that is sensible Platonism.html" ;"title="Analogy of the divided line">an external reality as in Analogy of the divided line">an external reality as in quotes are "outside ''Li (Neo-Confucianism)">dao'' there are no Qi#Philosophical roots">things and outside things there is no ''dao''", "we call it god to emphasize the wonderful mys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhang Zai
Zhang Zai () (1020–1077) was a Chinese philosopher and politician. He is best known for laying out four ontological goals for intellectuals: to build up the manifestations of Heaven and Earth's spirit, to build up good life for the populace, to develop past sages' endangered scholarship, and to open up eternal peace. Life and work Zhang Zai was born in 1020 CE in Hengqu, in the province of Shaanxi. During his childhood he showed an interest in military affairs, but began to study the Confucian texts. Like many Song A song is a musical composition performed by the human voice. The voice often carries the melody (a series of distinct and fixed pitches) using patterns of sound and silence. Songs have a structure, such as the common ABA form, and are usu ... philosophers, Zhang was initially frustrated with Confucian thought and studied Buddhism along with Daoism for a number of years. But he decided that "The Way" could not be found in Buddhism or Daoism and returned b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhou Dunyi
Zhou Dunyi (; 1017–1073) was a Chinese cosmologist, philosopher, and writer during the Song dynasty. He conceptualized the Neo-Confucianism, Neo-Confucian cosmology of the day, explaining the relationship between human conduct and universal forces. In this way, he emphasizes that humans can master their ''qi'' ("spirit") in order to accord with nature. He was a major influence to Zhu Xi, who was the architect of Neo-Confucianism. Zhou Dunyi was mainly concerned with Taiji (philosophy), Taiji (supreme polarity) and Wuji (philosophy), Wuji (limitless potential), the yin and yang, and the Wuxing (Chinese philosophy), wu xing (the five phases). Life Born in 1017 in Dao County, Yingdao County, Daozhou prefecture, in present-day Yongzhou, southern Hunan, Zhou was originally named Zhou Dunshi. Raised by a scholar-official family, he Chinese naming taboo, changed his name in 1063 to avoid a character in the personal name of the new Emperor Yingzong of Song, Emperor Yingzong. His fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imperial Examinations
The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China administered for the purpose of selecting candidates for the state bureaucracy. The concept of choosing bureaucrats by merit rather than by birth started early in Chinese history, but using written examinations as a tool of selection started in earnest during the Sui dynasty (581–618), then into the Tang dynasty (618–907). The system became dominant during the Song dynasty (960–1279) and lasted for almost a millennium until its abolition during the late Qing dynasty reforms in 1905. The key sponsors for abolition were Yuan Shikai, Yin Chang and Zhang Zhidong. Aspects of the imperial examination still exist for entry into the civil service of both China and Taiwan. The exams served to ensure a common knowledge of writing, Chinese classics, and literary style among state officials. This common culture helped to unify the empire, and the ideal of achievement by merit gave legitimacy to imper ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chen Fuliang
Chen Fuliang (陳傅良) (1137-1203) was a Chinese historian, academician, and philosopher. He was known by the courtesy name Junju (君舉) and had a style name of Zhizhai Xiansheng (止齋先生). He was part of the Yongjia School of the early Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279). As a direct disciple of Xue Jixuan and mentor to Ye Shi, he was influential in spreading the Yongjia learning. He focused on the restoration of North China and believed that institutional reform was essential to regain national power and recover lands taken by the Jurchen Jin. In his teachings, he emphasized history as a way to address current social issues rather than just for ethical development. He also conducted extensive research on history and institutional evolution, which he offered unique ideas on military systems, tax reduction, land reforms, and government operations. His focus on institutional changes solidified his status in the Yongjia School and was his main contribution to the school ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Courtesy Name
A courtesy name ( zh, s=字, p=zì, l=character), also known as a style name, is an additional name bestowed upon individuals at adulthood, complementing their given name. This tradition is prevalent in the East Asian cultural sphere, particularly in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. Courtesy names are a marker of adulthood and were historically given to men at the age of 20, and sometimes to women upon marriage. Unlike art names, which are more akin to pseudonyms or pen names, courtesy names served a formal and respectful purpose. In traditional Chinese society, using someone's given name in adulthood was considered disrespectful among peers, making courtesy names essential for formal communication and writing. Courtesy names often reflect the meaning of the given name or use homophonic characters, and were typically disyllabic after the Qin dynasty. The practice also extended to other East Asian cultures, and was sometimes adopted by Mongols and Manchu people, Manchus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhang Shi (scholar)
Zhang Shi (1133–1181), also known by numerous Chinese courtesy name, courtesy names and various romanization of Chinese, romanizations, was a scholar during the Song Dynasty in China and key figure in Neo-Confucianism. Biography He was a native of Mianzhu (), Sichuan, and the son of a distinguished general and statesman named Zhang Jun (Song chancellor), Zhang Jun (1097–1164), who held the title of Duke of Yi (). After studying under Hu Hong, son of Hu Anguo, Zhang Shi commenced an official career and became aide-de-camp and secretary to his father. He held various posts, including prefect of Yanzhou Prefecture, Yanzhou, Yanzhou Prefecture, Yuanzhou, Jingjiang, and Jiangling County, Jiangling, eventually becoming senior compiler in the Youwen Hall (右文殿). In 1164 his father died, and Zhang Shi buried him according to his wish at the foot of Mount Heng (Hunan), Mount Heng in Hunan, remaining in seclusion near the grave for several years. While there he was visited in 11 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
