The Tuparí languages of

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

form a branch of the

Tupian The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani. Homeland and ''urheimat'' Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian urheimat to be somewhere between ...

language family.

Internal classification

The Tupari languages are:Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019
Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama
''Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli'', v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305.
PDF
* Makuráp * Nuclear Tupari **

Akuntsu The Akuntsu (also known as Akunt'su or Akunsu) are an indigenous people of Rondônia, Brazil. Their land is part of the Rio Omerê Indigenous Territory, a small indigenous territory which is also inhabited by a group of Kanoê. The Akuntsu were ...

– Mekéns (Sakirabiá, Waratégaya) ** Tuparí, Kepkiriwát, Wayoró None are spoken by more than a few hundred people. A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:Nikulin, Andrey; Rafael Andrade. 2020
The rise and fall of approximants in the Tuparian languages
''Journal of Language Relationship'' 18/4 (2020), pp. 284–319. *Tuparian **'' Makurap'' **Core Tuparian ***Wayoró–Tuparí ****'' Wayoró'' ****'' Tuparí'' ***Corumbiara ****'' Mekéns'' ****'' Akuntsú''

Varieties

Below is a list of Tupari language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. ;Macuráp group *Macuráp - spoken at the sources of the

Colorado River (Rondônia) The Colorado River ( es, Río Colorado) is one of the principal rivers (along with the Rio Grande) in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The river drains an expansive, arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. sta ...

. *Kanuːa / Koaratíra / Canoê - spoken in the valley of Apidía and on the middle course of the

Verde River The Verde River (Yavapai: Haka'he:la) is a major tributary of the Salt River in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is about long and carries a mean flow of at its mouth. It is one of the largest perennial streams in Arizona. Description The riv ...

, Rondônia. *Amniapé - spoken at the sources of the Mequéns River. *Guaratégaja / Mequen - spoken at the sources of the

and Mequéns River in the same region. *Kabishiana - spoken between the

Corumbiara River The Corumbiara River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia List of rivers in Rondônia (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each l ...

and

, Rondônia. *Wayoró / Wyarú - spoken at the sources of the Terevinto River and

. *Apichum - spoken in the same region but exact location unknown. *Tupari / Wakaraü - once spoken on the upper course of the

Branco River The Branco River ( pt, Rio Branco; Engl: ''White River'') is the principal affluent of the Rio Negro from the north. Basin The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. It is enriched by many streams from the Tepui highlands ...

or São Simão River, the same territory; now probably extinct. ;Kepkeriwát group *Kepkeriwát / Quepi-quiri-uate - spoken on the right bank of the

Pimenta Bueno River The Pimenta Bueno River is a river of Rondônia Rondônia () is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the northern subdivision of the country (central-western part). To the west is a short border with the state of Acre, to the north is th ...

Proto-language

Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994):Moore, D. & Vilacy Galucio, A. (1994). Reconstruction of Proto-Tupari consonants and vowels. In Langdon, M. (eds.), Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 8. 119-30, Columbus: Ohio State University. Accessed fro
DiACL
9 February 2020. :

Syntax

In all Tuparian languages, the main clauses follow the cross-linguistically rare nominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are

absolutive In grammar, the absolutive case (abbreviated ) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative� ...

, i.e., they index the sole

argument An argument is a statement or group of statements called premises intended to determine the degree of truth or acceptability of another statement called conclusion. Arguments can be studied from three main perspectives: the logical, the dialect ...

of an

intransitive verb In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb whose context does not entail a direct object. That lack of transitivity distinguishes intransitive verbs from transitive verbs, which entail one or more objects. Additionally, intransitive verbs a ...

(S) and the

patient A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, nurse, optometrist, dentist, veterinarian, or other health ...

argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are

nominative In grammar, the nominative case ( abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or (in Latin and formal variants of ...

: they may encode the sole

of an

(S) or the

agent Agent may refer to: Espionage, investigation, and law *, spies or intelligence officers * Law of agency, laws involving a person authorized to act on behalf of another ** Agent of record, a person with a contractual agreement with an insuran ...

argument of a

transitive verb A transitive verb is a verb that accepts one or more objects, for example, 'cleaned' in ''Donald cleaned the window''. This contrasts with intransitive verbs, which do not have objects, for example, 'panicked' in ''Donald panicked''. Transiti ...

(A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is from Wayoró. ''Eamõjãn (en).'' s-V (S) /e-amõc-a-t (ẽt)/ 2-dance- TH- NFUT (2. NOM) ‘You danced.’ ''Etopkwap nã on.'' p-V A /e-top-kʷ-a-p nã õt/ 2-see- PL- TH-''p'' FUT 1. NOM ‘I’ll see you every day.’

References

External links

Amazonian Languages of Rondônia and Bolivia
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tupari languages Tupian languages *