
White Horse (
Kiowa
Kiowa ( ) or Cáuigú () people are a Native Americans in the United States, Native American tribe and an Indigenous people of the Great Plains of the United States. They migrated southward from western Montana into the Rocky Mountains in Colora ...
: Tsen-tainte, unknown c. 1840/1845–1892) was a chief of the
Kiowa
Kiowa ( ) or Cáuigú () people are a Native Americans in the United States, Native American tribe and an Indigenous people of the Great Plains of the United States. They migrated southward from western Montana into the Rocky Mountains in Colora ...
. White Horse attended the council between southern
plains tribes
Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nations peoples who have historically lived on the Interior Plains (the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies) of North ...
and the United States at
Medicine Lodge in southern Kansas which resulted in the
Medicine Lodge Treaty
The Medicine Lodge Treaty is the overall name for three treaties signed near Medicine Lodge, Kansas, between the Federal government of the United States and southern Plains Indian tribes in October 1867, intended to bring peace to the area by r ...
. Despite his attendance at the treaty signing he conducted frequent raids upon other tribes and
white settlers. Follower of such elders as
Guipago
Guipago or Lone Wolf the Elder (, ; – July 1879) was the last Principal Chief of the Kiowa tribe. He was a member of the Koitsenko, the Kiowa warrior elite, and was a signer of the Little Arkansas Treaty in 1865.
Background
The Kiowa flourish ...
,
Satanta
Satanta (IPA: eˈtʰæntə (Set'tainte ( éʔ.tˀã́j.dè or ''White Bear'') ( – October 11, 1878) was a Kiowa war chief. He was a member of the Kiowa tribe, born around 1815, during the height of the power of the Plains Tribes, probably ...
and old
Satank
Satank (Set-angya or Set-ankeah, translated as Sitting Bear) was a prestigious Kiowa warrior and medicine man. He was born about 1800, probably in Kansas, and killed June 8, 1871. An able warrior, he became part of the Koitsenko (or Kaitsenko, '' ...
, he was often associated with
Big Tree (or ''Ado-ete'').
In 1867 White Horse joined a war party of
Comanche
The Comanche (), or Nʉmʉnʉʉ (, 'the people'), are a Tribe (Native American), Native American tribe from the Great Plains, Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the List of federally recognized tri ...
s and Kiowas on a revenge raid against the
Navajo
The Navajo or Diné are an Indigenous people of the Southwestern United States. Their traditional language is Diné bizaad, a Southern Athabascan language.
The states with the largest Diné populations are Arizona (140,263) and New Mexico (1 ...
s, who were then living in exile on the reservation near
Fort Sumner
Fort Sumner was a Fortification, military fort in New Mexico Territory charged with the internment of Navajo and Mescalero, Mescalero Apache populations from 1863 to 1868 at nearby Bosque Redondo.
History
On October 31, 1862, Congress of the ...
, New Mexico.
On June 12, 1870, White Horse led a raiding party on an attack on
Fort Sill
Fort Sill is a United States Army post north of Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles (137 km) southwest of Oklahoma City. It covers almost .
The fort was first built during the Indian Wars. It is designated as a National Historic Landmark a ...
in
Indian Territory
Indian Territory and the Indian Territories are terms that generally described an evolving land area set aside by the Federal government of the United States, United States government for the relocation of Native Americans in the United States, ...
and stole seventy-three mules. On June 22 in an attack on a cattle drive on the
Chisolm Trail, White Horse killed and scalped two men, prior to the arrival of a cavalry detachment which drove them off.
On July 9, 1870, the Kiowa Indians made a raid into
Montague County, Texas. They scattered a herd of cattle, killed two yoke of oxen, stole nine horses, one mule, a large amount of provisions, one tent, one wagon-cover, etc., all of which property was at the time owned by and in the possession of Colonel
Samuel Newitt Wood.
In a raid on August 7, 1870, in Montague County, they killed German immigrant farmer, Gottlieb Koozier, and took his wife and five children captive along with fourteen-year-old Martin Kilgore; the family was ransomed for $100 each at Fort Sill.
Quaker
Quakers are people who belong to the Religious Society of Friends, a historically Protestant Christian set of denominations. Members refer to each other as Friends after in the Bible, and originally, others referred to them as Quakers ...
Indian agent
Lawrie Tatum bargained upon behalf of the hostages, not paying until they were all returned. White Horse took part in many raids, including the
Warren Wagon Train Raid
The Warren Wagon Train raid, also known as the Salt Creek massacre, occurred on May 18, 1871. Henry Warren was contracted to haul supplies to forts in the west of Texas, including Fort Richardson, Fort Griffin, and Fort Concho. Traveling down t ...
, on May 11, 1871, on Salt Creek Prairie in Texas, along with Satank, Satanta,
Zepko-ete,
Mamanti, Big Tree (and, perhaps, Guipago himself), but he wasn't arrested nor involved in the trial in Jacksboro.
On April 20, 1872, Zepko-ete and Tsen-tainte, with about one hundred of their Kiowa warriors and Comanche allies, attacked a government wagon train at Howard Wells station, along the San Antonio - El Paso trail, killing 17 Mexicans and kidnapping a woman; two companies (A and H) of 9th Cavalry from Fort Clark, led by capt. N. Cooney and lt. F. R. Vincent, got the Indians, but were forced to retreat after suffering two casualties (lt. Vincent himself, deadly wounded, and a "Buffalo Soldier"); ten Indians (four in the assault on the wagon train and six in the fight against the "Buffalo Soldiers") were reported to have been killed.
After Adobe Walls' fight, in June 1874, he joined Guipago and the Comanche under
Quanah in the Red River War. The raiding would continue until April 19, 1875, when he and his band surrendered at Fort Sill.
When forced by General
Philip Sheridan
Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6, 1831 – August 5, 1888) was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War. His career was noted for his rapid rise to major general and his close association with General-i ...
to choose those among his tribe to be imprisoned in the east, White Horse was among those chosen by
Kicking Bird (''Tene-angopte''). He would join other Kiowa as well as tribe members of the
Comanche
The Comanche (), or Nʉmʉnʉʉ (, 'the people'), are a Tribe (Native American), Native American tribe from the Great Plains, Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the List of federally recognized tri ...
,
Caddo
The Caddo people comprise the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe headquartered in Binger, Oklahoma. They speak the Caddo language.
The Caddo Confederacy was a network of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, who ...
,
Southern Cheyenne and
Arapaho
The Arapaho ( ; , ) are a Native American people historically living on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Lakota and Dakota.
By the 1850s, Arapaho bands formed t ...
imprisoned at
Fort Marion in
St. Augustine, Florida
St. Augustine ( ; ) is a city in and the county seat of St. Johns County, Florida, United States. Located 40 miles (64 km) south of downtown Jacksonville, the city is on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spani ...
.
[Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution Issue 17, Part 1 p. 216 By Smithsonian Institution] While incarcerated at Fort Marion, White Horse was among the prisoners who became artists in what would be called
Ledger Art, for the ledgers they were drawn in.
In 1878 he and the other Kiowa prisoners were returned to the reservation in Indian Territory near Fort Sill.
See also
*
Second Battle of Adobe Walls
The Second Battle of Adobe Walls was fought on June 27, 1874, between Comanche forces and a group of 28 Texan bison hunters defending the settlement of Adobe Walls, Texas, Adobe Walls, in what is now Hutchinson County, Texas. "Adobe Walls was ...
*
List of Native American artists
This is a list of visual artists who are Native Americans in the United States. The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 defines "Native American" as being enrolled in either federally recognized tribes or state recognized tribes or "an individu ...
*
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas
The visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas encompasses the visual artistic practices of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from ancient times to the present. These include works from South America and North America, which in ...
*
Warren Wagon Train Raid
The Warren Wagon Train raid, also known as the Salt Creek massacre, occurred on May 18, 1871. Henry Warren was contracted to haul supplies to forts in the west of Texas, including Fort Richardson, Fort Griffin, and Fort Concho. Traveling down t ...
*
Guipago
Guipago or Lone Wolf the Elder (, ; – July 1879) was the last Principal Chief of the Kiowa tribe. He was a member of the Koitsenko, the Kiowa warrior elite, and was a signer of the Little Arkansas Treaty in 1865.
Background
The Kiowa flourish ...
*
Satanta
Satanta (IPA: eˈtʰæntə (Set'tainte ( éʔ.tˀã́j.dè or ''White Bear'') ( – October 11, 1878) was a Kiowa war chief. He was a member of the Kiowa tribe, born around 1815, during the height of the power of the Plains Tribes, probably ...
*
Satank
Satank (Set-angya or Set-ankeah, translated as Sitting Bear) was a prestigious Kiowa warrior and medicine man. He was born about 1800, probably in Kansas, and killed June 8, 1871. An able warrior, he became part of the Koitsenko (or Kaitsenko, '' ...
*
Tene-angopte
*
Zepko-ete
*
Mamanti
*
Ado-ete
Big Tree, Kiowa: Ado-eete (ca. 1850–1929), was a noted Kiowa warrior and chief. He was a loyal follower of the fighting chiefs party (led by Satank, Satanta, and Guipago), and conducted frequent raids upon other tribes and white settlers, ...
Notes
{{DEFAULTSORT:White Horse
Native American people of the Indian Wars
Native American leaders
Kiowa people
Texas–Indian Wars
Native American painters
Native Americans imprisoned at Fort Marion
Native American drawing artists
1840s births
1892 deaths
19th-century Native American people